Connexin-43 in the osteogenic BM niche regulates its cellular composition and the bidirectional traffic of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors

Connexin-43 (Cx43), a gap junction protein involved in control of cell proliferation, differentiation and migration, has been suggested to have a role in hematopoiesis. Cx43 is highly expressed in osteoblasts and osteogenic progenitors (OB/P). To elucidate the biologic function of Cx43 in the hematopoietic microenvironment (HM) and its influence in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) activity, we studied the hematopoietic function in an in vivo model of constitutive deficiency of Cx43 in OB/P. The deficiency of Cx43 in OB/P cells does not impair the steady state hematopoiesis, but disrupts the directional trafficking of HSC/progenitors (Ps) between the bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB). OB/P Cx43 is a crucial positive regulator of transstromal migration and homing of both HSCs and progenitors in an irradiated microenvironment. However, OB/P Cx43 deficiency in nonmyeloablated animals does not result in a homing defect but induces increased endosteal lodging and decreased mobilization of HSC/Ps associated with proliferation and expansion of Cxcl12-secreting mesenchymal/osteolineage cells in the BM HM in vivo. Cx43 controls the cellular content of the BM osteogenic microenvironment and is required for homing of HSC/Ps in myeloablated animals

A comparative analysis of ABE Bachelor of Science programs in European and US Universities.

European Universities are involved in series of great changes regarding teaching and education organization during the last few years. The origin of these changes is the creation of the so-called European Higher Education Area (EHEA), which main target is to harmonize the different University studies throughout Europe. As a consequence, most of the programs of studies in all degrees are suffering changes in order to converge to common structures. Taking advantage of the actual process, some European universities are moving from traditional Agricultural Engineering programs to a more wide discipline named recently as Biosystems Engineering, which is a science- based engineering discipline that integrates engineering science and design with applied biological, environmental and agricultural sciences, broadening in this way the area of application of Engineering sciences not strictly to agricultural sciences, but to the biologic al sciences in general, including the agricultural sciences. This paper presents a comparative study of different Bachelor of Science degrees offered by American and European Universities in the field of Agricultural/Biosystems Engineering. To carry out the analysis 40 programs accredited by ABET in American Universities and 50 European programs. Among other questions, the total number of credits, the number of semesters, the kind of modules and the distribution of subjects in groups (Basic Sciences, Engineering Fundamentals, Agricultural/Biological Sciences, Humanities & Economic Sciences, Applied Agricultural/Biological Engineering and electives) are discussed in the paper. The information provided can be an useful starting point in future definitions of new or renewed degrees with the aim of advancing in internationalization of the programs and helping student’s mobility.

Uso de técnicas de minería de texto para la identificación de ensayos clínicos en nanomedicina

La nanotecnología es el estudio que la mayoría de veces es tomada como una meta tecnológica que nos ayuda en el área de investigación para tratar con la manipulación y el control en forma precisa de la materia con dimensiones comprendidas entre 1 y 100 nanómetros. Recordando que el prefijo nano proviene del griego vavoc que significa enano y corresponde a un factor de 10^-9, que aplicada a las unidades de longitud corresponde a una mil millonésima parte de un metro. Ahora sabemos que esta ciencia permite trabajar con estructuras moleculares y sus átomos, obteniendo materiales que exhiben fenómenos físicos, químicos y biológicos, muy distintos a los que manifiestan los materiales usados con una longitud mayor. Por ejemplo en medicina, los compuestos manométricos y los materiales nano estructurados muchas veces ofrecen una mayor eficacia con respecto a las formulaciones químicas tradicionales, ya que muchas veces llegan a combinar los antiguos compuestos con estos nuevos para crear nuevas terapias e inclusive han llegado a reemplazarlos, revelando así nuevas propiedades diagnósticas y terapéuticas. A su vez, la complejidad de la información a nivel nano es mucho mayor que en los niveles biológicos convencionales y, por tanto, cualquier flujo de trabajo en nano medicina requiere, de forma inherente, estrategias de gestión de información avanzadas. Muchos investigadores en la nanotecnología están buscando la manera de obtener información acerca de estos materiales nanométricos, para mejorar sus estudios que muchas veces lleva a probar estos métodos o crear nuevos compuestos para ayudar a la medicina actual, contra las enfermedades más poderosas como el cáncer. Pero en estos días es muy difícil encontrar una herramienta que les brinde la información específica que buscan en los miles de ensayos clínicos que se suben diariamente en la web. Actualmente, la informática biomédica trata de proporcionar el marco de trabajo que permita lidiar con estos retos de la información a nivel nano, en este contexto, la nueva área de la nano informática pretende detectar y establecer los vínculos existentes entre la medicina, la nanotecnología y la informática, fomentando así la aplicación de métodos computacionales para resolver las cuestiones y problemas que surgen con la información en la amplia intersección entre la biomedicina y la nanotecnología. Otro caso en la actualidad es que muchos investigadores de biomedicina desean saber y comparar la información dentro de los ensayos clínicos que contiene temas de nanotecnología en las diferentes paginas en la web por todo el mundo, obteniendo en si ensayos clínicos que se han creado en Norte América, y ensayos clínicos que se han creado en Europa, y saber si en este tiempo este campo realmente está siendo explotado en los dos continentes. El problema es que no se ha creado una herramienta que estime un valor aproximado para saber los porcentajes del total de ensayos clínicos que se han creado en estas páginas web. En esta tesis de fin de máster, el autor utiliza un mejorado pre-procesamiento de texto y un algoritmo que fue determinado como el mejor procesamiento de texto en una tesis doctoral, que incluyo algunas pruebas con muchos de estos para obtener una estimación cercana que ayudaba a diferenciar cuando un ensayo clínico contiene información sobre nanotecnología y cuando no. En otras palabras aplicar un análisis de la literatura científica y de los registros de ensayos clínicos disponibles en los dos continentes para extraer información relevante sobre experimentos y resultados en nano medicina (patrones textuales, vocabulario en común, descriptores de experimentos, parámetros de caracterización, etc.), seguido el mecanismo de procesamiento para estructurar y analizar dicha información automáticamente. Este análisis concluye con la estimación antes mencionada necesaria para comparar la cantidad de estudios sobre nanotecnología en estos dos continentes. Obviamente usamos un modelo de datos de referencia (gold standard) —un conjunto de datos de entrenamiento anotados manualmente—, y el conjunto de datos para el test es toda la base de datos de estos registros de ensayos clínicos, permitiendo distinguir automáticamente los estudios centrados en nano drogas, nano dispositivos y nano métodos de aquellos enfocados a testear productos farmacéuticos tradicionales.---ABSTRACT---Nanotechnology is the scientific study that usually is seen as a technological goal that helps us in the investigation field to deal with the manipulation and precise control of the matter with dimensions that range from 1 to 100 nanometers. Remembering that the prefix nano comes from the Greek word νᾶνος, meaning dwarf and denotes a factor of 10^-9, that applyied the longitude units is equal to a billionth of a meter. Now we know that this science allows us to work with molecular structures and their atoms, obtaining material that exhibit physical, chemical and biological phenomena very different to those manifesting in materials with a bigger longitude. As an example in medicine, the nanometric compounds and the materials in nano structures are often offered with more effectiveness regarding to the traditional chemical formulas. This is due to the fact that many occasions combining these old compounds with the new ones, creates new therapies and even replaced them, reveling new diagnostic and therapeutic properties. Even though the complexity of the information at nano level is greater than that in conventional biologic level and, thus, any work flow in nano medicine requires, in an inherent way, advance information management strategies. Many researchers in nanotechnology are looking for a way to obtain information about these nanometric materials to improve their studies that leads in many occasions to prove these methods or to create a new compound that helps modern medicine against powerful diseases, such as cancer. But in these days it is difficult to find a tool that searches and provides a specific information in the thousands of clinic essays that are uploaded daily on the web. Currently, the bio medic informatics tries to provide the work frame that will allow to deal with these information challenge in nano level. In this context, the new area of nano informatics pretends to detect and establish the existing links between medicine, nanotechnology and informatics, encouraging the usage of computational methods to resolve questions and problems that surge with the wide information intersection that is between biomedicine and nanotechnology. Another present case, is that many biomedicine researchers want to know and be able to compare the information inside those clinic essays that contains subjects of nanotechnology on the different webpages across the world, obtaining the clinic essays that has been done in North America and the essays done in Europe, and thus knowing if in this time, this field is really being exploited in both continents. In this master thesis, the author will use an enhanced text pre-processor with an algorithm that was defined as the best text processor in a doctoral thesis, that included many of these tests to obtain a close estimation that helps to differentiate when a clinic essay contains information about nanotechnology and when it does not. In other words, applying an analysis to the scientific literature and clinic essay available in both continents, in order to extract relevant information about experiments and the results in nano-medicine (textual patterns, common vocabulary, experiments descriptors, characterization parameters, etc.), followed by the mechanism process to structure and analyze said information automatically. This analysis concludes with the estimation, mentioned before, needed to compare the quantity of studies about nanotechnology in these two continents. Obviously we use a data reference model (Gold standard) – a set of training data manually annotated –, and the set of data for the test conforms the entire database of these clinic essay registers, allowing to distinguish automatically the studies centered on nano drugs, nano devices and nano methods of those focus on testing traditional pharmaceutical products.