A Motor-less and Gear-less Bio-mimetic Robotic Fish Design

In this paper, we describe our current work on bio-inspired locomotion systems using a deformable structure and smart materials, concretely Shape Memory Alloys, exploring the possibility of building motor-less and gear-less robots. A swimming underwater robot has been developed whose movements are generated using such actuators, used for bending the backbone of the fish, which in turn causes a change on the curvature of the body. This paper focuses on how standard swimming patterns can be reproduced with the proposed design, using an actuation dynamics model identified in prior work.

Bio-inspired FPGA Architecture for Self-Calibration of an Image Compression Core based on Wavelet Transforms in Embedded Systems

A generic bio-inspired adaptive architecture for image compression suitable to be implemented in embedded systems is presented. The architecture allows the system to be tuned during its calibration phase. An evolutionary algorithm is responsible of making the system evolve towards the required performance. A prototype has been implemented in a Xilinx Virtex-5 FPGA featuring an adaptive wavelet transform core directed at improving image compression for specific types of images. An Evolution Strategy has been chosen as the search algorithm and its typical genetic operators adapted to allow for a hardware friendly implementation. HW/SW partitioning issues are also considered after a high level description of the algorithm is profiled which validates the proposed resource allocation in the device fabric. To check the robustness of the system and its adaptation capabilities, different types of images have been selected as validation patterns. A direct application of such a system is its deployment in an unknown environment during design time, letting the calibration phase adjust the system parameters so that it performs efcient image compression. Also, this prototype implementation may serve as an accelerator for the automatic design of evolved transform coefficients which are later on synthesized and implemented in a non-adaptive system in the final implementation device, whether it is a HW or SW based computing device. The architecture has been built in a modular way so that it can be easily extended to adapt other types of image processing cores. Details on this pluggable component point of view are also given in the paper.

Bio recuperación de suelos salinos con el uso de materiales orgánicos.

El suelo es un importante recurso natural que necesita ser preservado y mejorado para permitirle mantener su calidad y capacidad productiva, para ello se deben proponer y aplicar prácticas sostenibles que permitan recuperar aquellos suelos degradados por un mal manejo del hombre, como por ejemplo la salinización. El objetivo planteado fue evaluar la biorecuperación de un suelo con problemas salino-sódico con la aplicación de dos proporciones (1,5 y 3% (p/p)) de tres enmiendas orgánicas: compost, vermicompost sólido y Lemna mesclados o no con el 100% de los requerimientos de fosfoyeso, generándose 15 tratamientos (incluyendo tres controles). La evaluación se realizó a través de tres ensayos: 1. Columnas simuladas de suelo. 2. Evolución de CO2 y 3. Crecimiento de plántulas de tomate. El suelo objeto de estudio está clasificado my como Fluventic Haplustepts, y fue tomado de una zona de la Hacienda Alto Viento, con una latitud de 10° 2' 15 N y una longitud de 72 ° 34' 15 W, en el estado de Zulia – Venezuela. Se tomó una muestra compuesta por 20 submuestras de 20 cm de profundidad del área problema, se secó al aire (2,3% de humedad), se tamizó y homogenizó. El suelo y las enmiendas orgánicas fueron caracterizadas. Los materiales orgánicos; compost y vermicompost fueron procesados en la misma Hacienda con el uso de estiércol de ganado bovino; la Lemna fue recolectada de orillas del Lago de Maracaibo en la ciudad de Maracaibo. El suelo se mezcló a las proporciones indicadas se le midió respiración basal y el efecto sobre la germinación de semillas de tomate y se empaquetó en un tubo de polietileno de 7,1 cm de diámetro y 70 a 90 cm de longitud, según la altura de la mezcla del suelo con la enmienda. El fondo de cada columna fue rellenado con 40 cm de arena lavada para facilitar el drenaje. En cada columna se utilizó la misma cantidad de suelo (1055 mg), la altura que ocupó dentro de las columnas dependió del tipo de enmienda orgánica y su proporción, la cual modificó la Da del suelo (1,328±0,05 g•cm-3). La altura dentro de la columna varió desde 20 cm para el suelo sin enmienda hasta 38,33±0,8 cm para el suelo enmendado con Lemna al 3,0%. Transcurrido el periodo de tres meses tiempo en el cual el suelo enmendado y colocado en las columnas fue lavado con una cantidad de agua que equivalente a la tasa de infiltración, la cual se calculó a partir de la precipitación anual de la zona y las perdidas por evaporación y escorrentía; se fraccionó en tres secciones de 7, 7 y 6 cm de longitud, y el suelo de cada fracción se secó al aire y se tamizó, y se le midió CEextr, pH, cationes en solución y cationes extraíbles para calcular el RAS y el PSI. Se tomó una cantidad equivalente de cada sección para conformar una muestra de 50 g de suelos a los cuales se le midió respiración basal e igualmente se tomó suelo para evaluar la germinación y crecimiento de plántulas de tomate. Se detectaron diferencias significativa (p<0,05) entre tratamientos, según la prueba de Tukey, para la variables evaluadas, aunque no hubo diferencias entre las proporciones ni entre la utilización del fosfoyeso mezclado con las enmiendas orgánicas. La enmienda que mostró menos potencial en la bio remediación fue la Lemna por sus altos contenidos de Na+. La metodología de las columnas simuladas del suelo, bajo las condiciones de estudio, no fue del todo adecuada para evaluar la bio remediación debido que en el suelo control por efecto de la aplicación de agua también hubo recuperación del mismo por su disminución en el la CE, RAS y PSI y en algunas variables su recuperación fue mayor que en aquellos enmendados con Lemna. Tomando en la respuesta del cultivo la mejor enmienda fue el vermicompost Abstract The soil is an important natural resource that needs to be preserved and improved to maintain its quality and production potential. Therefore, it is necessary to propose and apply sustainable practices that permit the recovery of soils that have been degraded by inadequate management, among these saline soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bioremediation of a saline-sodic soil through the application of two proportions (1,5 and 3% (p/p) of three organic amendments: compost, vermicompost and Lemna, mixed or not with gypsum phosphate, resulting in 15 treatments (including 3 controls). The evaluation was conducted through three tests: 1. Simulated soil columns. 2. Evolution of CO2 and 3. Growth of tomato seedlings The soil under evaluation was classified as Fluventic Haplustepts and was collected from the Alto Viento farm located at 10° 2' 15 North Latitude and 72° 34' 15 West longitude, in Zulia State, Venezuela. A composite soil sample, integrated of 20 subsamples taken to a depth of 20 cm collected in the problem area, was air dried (2.3 % moisture), sieved and homogenized. Soil and organic amendments were characterized. Organic material for the compost and vermicompost were obtained on the farm using cattle manure, whereas the Lemna was collected from the shores of Lake Maracaibo outside Maracaibo city. The soil was mixed in the above-mentioned proportions and its baseline respiration rate and effect on the germination of tomato seeds were recorded. Soil was packed in a PVC pipe (7,1 cm diameter and 70-90 cm length) to simulate a soil column. The bottom of each column was filled out with 40 cm of washed sand to facilitate drainage. The same amount of soil was used in each column (1,055 mg), but the height of the column varied according to the organic amendment and its proportion, which modified the apparent density of the soil (1,328±0,05 g•cm-3). The height of each column varied from 20 cm for the soil without amendment to 38,33±0,8 cm for the soil with 3% Lemna. After three months, the soil was treated with water (using the equivalent of the problem area infiltration rate), and was divided into three sections (7, 7 and 6 cm length). The soil from each section was air dried, sieved and its cationic exchange capacity, pH, cation solutions and extractable cations were measured to estimate RAS and PSI. An equivalent portion of each section was collected to compose a 50 g soil sample, and baseline respiration rate and tomato seedlings growth were recorded. Statistical differences (p<0,05) were observed among treatments for the variables under evaluation. Tukey test showed no differences among the proportions of organic amendments nor with the addition of gypsum phosphate to the organic amendments. The amendment which showed the lowest bioremediation potential was the Lemna, as a result of its high Na+ concentration. Under the conditions of this study, the soil column methodology used showed limitations to evaluate bioremediation because the control soil column, after being rinsed with water, also showed improvements as CE, RAS and PSI values were reduced. For some variables, the improvement noted in the control soil column surpassed those obtained with the soil amended with Lemna. Based on the best crop response amendment was vermicompost 3%.

Estrategias Bio-Inspiradas para Locomoción de Robots Ápodos

Este trabajo realiza un estudio de los métodos de locomoción utilizados por diversas familias de animales ápodos, haciendo énfasis en el aspecto bio-mecánico. Dichos métodos se clasifican en tres grupos: arrastre con dos puntos de Apoyo, movimiento peristáltico, y Ondulación Lateral. Para cada forma de locomoción se realiza un estudio cinemático y de su posible aplicación en robótica. Finalmente se presentan implementaciones de dichos métodos tanto en simulación como en robots reales.

Efficient design and optimization of bio-photonic sensing cells (BICELLs) for label free biosensing

In previous works we demonstrated the benefits of using micro–nano patterning materials to be used as bio-photonic sensing cells (BICELLs), referred as micro–nano photonic structures having immobilized bioreceptors on its surface with the capability of recognizing the molecular binding by optical transduction. Gestrinone/anti-gestrinone and BSA/anti-BSA pairs were proven under different optical configurations to experimentally validate the biosensing capability of these bio-sensitive photonic architectures. Moreover, Three-Dimensional Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) models were employed for simulating the optical response of these structures. For this article, we have developed an effective analytical simulation methodology capable of simulating complex biophotonic sensing architectures. This simulation method has been tested and compared with previous experimental results and FDTD models. Moreover, this effective simulation methodology can be used for efficiently design and optimize any structure as BICELL. In particular for this article, six different BICELL's types have been optimized. To carry out this optimization we have considered three figures of merit: optical sensitivity, Q-factor and signal amplitude. The final objective of this paper is not only validating a suitable and efficient optical simulation methodology but also demonstrating the capability of this method for analyzing the performance of a given number of BICELLs for label-free biosensing.

Merging person-specific bio-markers for predicting oral cancer recurrence through an ontology

One of the major problems related to cancer treatment is its recurrence. Without knowing in advance how likely the cancer will relapse, clinical practice usually recommends adjuvant treatments that have strong side effects. A way to optimize treatments is to predict the recurrence probability by analyzing a set of bio-markers. The NeoMark European project has identified a set of preliminary bio-markers for the case of oral cancer by collecting a large series of data from genomic, imaging, and clinical evidence. This heterogeneous set of data needs a proper representation in order to be stored, computed, and communicated efficiently. Ontologies are often considered the proper mean to integrate biomedical data, for their high level of formality and for the need of interoperable, universally accepted models. This paper presents the NeoMark system and how an ontology has been designed to integrate all its heterogeneous data. The system has been validated in a pilot in which data will populate the ontology and will be made public for further research.

Optical digital chaos cryptography

In this work we present a new way to mask the data in a one-user communication system when direct sequence - code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) techniques are used. The code is generated by a digital chaotic generator, originally proposed by us and previously reported for a chaos cryptographic system. It is demonstrated that if the user's data signal is encoded with a bipolar phase-shift keying (BPSK) technique, usual in DS-CDMA, it can be easily recovered from a time-frequency domain representation. To avoid this situation, a new system is presented in which a previous dispersive stage is applied to the data signal. A time-frequency domain analysis is performed, and the devices required at the transmitter and receiver end, both user-independent, are presented for the optical domain.

Bio-inspired enhancement of reputation systems for intelligent environments

Providing security to the emerging field of ambient intelligence will be difficult if we rely only on existing techniques, given their dynamic and heterogeneous nature. Moreover, security demands of these systems are expected to grow, as many applications will require accurate context modeling. In this work we propose an enhancement to the reputation systems traditionally deployed for securing these systems. Different anomaly detectors are combined using the immunological paradigm to optimize reputation system performance in response to evolving security requirements. As an example, the experiments show how a combination of detectors based on unsupervised techniques (self-organizing maps and genetic algorithms) can help to significantly reduce the global response time of the reputation system. The proposed solution offers many benefits: scalability, fast response to adversarial activities, ability to detect unknown attacks, high adaptability, and high ability in detecting and confining attacks. For these reasons, we believe that our solution is capable of coping with the dynamism of ambient intelligence systems and the growing requirements of security demands.

Simulating Metabolic Processes Using an Architecture Based on Networks of Bio-inspired Processors.

In this work, we propose the Networks of Evolutionary Processors (NEP) [2] as a computational model to solve problems related with biological phenomena. In our first approximation, we simulate biological processes related with cellular signaling and their implications in the metabolism, by using an architecture based on NEP (NEP architecture) and their specializations: Networks of Polarized Evolutionary Processors (NPEP) [1] and NEP Transducers (NEPT) [3]. In particular, we use this architecture to simulate the interplay between cellular processes related with the metabolism as the Krebs cycle and the malate-aspartate shuttle pathway (MAS) both being altered by signaling by calcium.

An Architecture forRepresenting Biological Processes based on Networks of Bio-inspired Processors

n this paper we propose the use of Networks of Bio-inspired Processors (NBP) to model some biological phenomena within a computational framework. In particular, we propose the use of an extension of NBP named Network Evolutionary Processors Transducers to simulate chemical transformations of substances. Within a biological process, chemical transformations of substances are basic operations in the change of the state of the cell. Previously, it has been proved that NBP are computationally complete, that is, they are able to solve NP complete problems in linear time, using massively parallel computations. In addition, we propose a multilayer architecture that will allow us to design models of biological processes related to cellular communication as well as their implications in the metabolic pathways. Subsequently, these models can be applied not only to biological-cellular instances but, possibly, also to configure instances of interactive processes in many other fields like population interactions, ecological trophic networks, in dustrial ecosystems, etc.

Incertidumbre en bio-sensores ópticos asociada al desplazamiento espectral de los modos de interferencia de la señal de transducción

El análisis del comportamiento de los modos de interferencia tiene una aplicación cada vez mas amplia, especialmente en el campo de los biosensores opticos. En este tipo de sensores se observa el desplazamiento Δν de los modos de interferencia de la señal de transducción al reconocer un determinado agente biologico. Para medir ese desplazamiento se debe detectar la posición de un máximo o minimo de la senal antes y después de dicho desplazamiento. En este tipo de biosensores un parámetro de gran importancia es el periodo Pν de la senal el cual es inversamente proporcional al espesor óptico h0 del sensor en ausencia de agente biologico. El aumento de dicho periodo mejora la sensibilidad del sensor pero parece dificultar la detección del minimo o maximo. Por tanto, su efecto sobre la incetidumbre del resultado de la medida presentados efectos contrapuestos: la mejora de la sensibilidad frente a la dificultad creciente en la detección del minimo o maximo. En este trabajo, los autores analizan la propagación de incertidumbres en estos sensores utilizando herramientas de ajuste por MM.CC. para la detección de los minimos o máximos de la senal y técnicas de propagación de incertidumbres descritas en los suplementos 2 de la Guia ISO-GUM. El resultado del análisis permite dar una respuesta, justificada desde el punto de vista metrologico, de en que condiciones es conveniente o no aumentar el periodo Pν de la senal.

Marco computacional para la definición de un modelo bio-inspirado en la señalización celular

Las Redes de Procesadores Evolutivos-NEP propuestas en [Mitrana et al., 2001], son un modelo computacional bio-inspirado a partir de la evolución de poblaciones de células, definiendo a nivel sintáctico algunas propiedades biológicas. En este modelo, las células están representadas por medio de palabras que describen secuencias de ADN. Informalmente, en algún instante de tiempo, el sistema evolutivo está representado por una colección de palabras cada una de las cuales representa una célula. El espacio genotipo de las especies, es un conjunto que recoge aquellas palabras que son aceptadas como sobrevivientes (es decir, como \correctas"). Desde el punto de vista de la evolución, las células pertenecen a especies y su comunidad evoluciona de acuerdo a procesos biológicos como la mutación y la división celular. éstos procesos representan el proceso natural de evolución y ponen de manifiesto una característica intrínseca de la naturaleza: el paralelismo. En este modelo, estos procesos son vistos como operaciones sobre palabras. Formalmente, el modelo de las NEP constituyen una arquitectura paralela y distribuida de procesamiento simbólico inspirada en la Máquina de conexión [Hillis, 1981], en el Paradigma de Flujo Lógico [Errico and Jesshope, 1994] y en las Redes de Procesadores Paralelos de Lenguajes (RPPL) [Csuhaj-Varju and Salomaa, 1997]. Al modelo NEP se han ido agregando nuevas y novedosas extensiones hasta el punto que actualmente podemos hablar de una familia de Redes de Procesadores Bio-inspirados (NBP) [Mitrana et al., 2012b]. Un considerable número de trabajos a lo largo de los últimos años han demostrado la potencia computacional de la familia NBP. En general, éstos modelos son computacionalmente completos, universales y eficientes [Manea et al., 2007], [Manea et al., 2010b], [Mitrana and Martín-Vide, 2005]. De acuerdo a lo anterior, se puede afirmar que el modelo NEP ha adquirido hasta el momento un nivel de madurez considerable. Sin embargo, aunque el modelo es de inspiración biológica, sus metas siguen estando motivadas en la Teoría de Lenguajes Formales y las Ciencias de la Computación. En este sentido, los aspectos biológicos han sido abordados desde una perspectiva cualitativa y el acercamiento a la realidad biológica es de forma meramente sintáctica. Para considerar estos aspectos y lograr dicho acercamiento es necesario que el modelo NEP tenga una perspectiva más amplia que incorpore la interacción de aspectos tanto cualitativos como cuantitativos. La contribución de esta Tesis puede considerarse como un paso hacia adelante en una nueva etapa de los NEPs, donde el carácter cuantitativo del modelo es de primordial interés y donde existen posibilidades de un cambio visible en el enfoque de interés del dominio de los problemas a considerar: de las ciencias de la computación hacia la simulación/modelado biológico y viceversa, entre otros. El marco computacional que proponemos en esta Tesis extiende el modelo de las Redes de Procesadores Evolutivos (NEP) y define arquitectura inspirada en la definición de bloques funcionales del proceso de señalización celular para la solución de problemas computacionales complejos y el modelado de fenómenos celulares desde una perspectiva discreta. En particular, se proponen dos extensiones: (1) los Transductores basados en Redes de Procesadores Evolutivos (NEPT), y (2) las Redes Parametrizadas de Procesadores Evolutivos Polarizados (PNPEP). La conservación de las propiedades y el poder computacional tanto de NEPT como de PNPEP se demuestra formalmente. Varias simulaciones de procesos relacionados con la señalización celular son abordadas sintáctica y computacionalmente, con el _n de mostrar la aplicabilidad e idoneidad de estas dos extensiones. ABSTRACT Network of Evolutionary Processors -NEP was proposed in [Mitrana et al., 2001], as a computational model inspired by the evolution of cell populations, which might model some properties of evolving cell communities at the syntactical level. In this model, cells are represented by words which encode their DNA sequences. Informally, at any moment of time, the evolutionary system is described by a collection of words, where each word represents one cell. Cells belong to species and their community evolves according to mutations and division which are defined by operations on words. Only those cells accepted as survivors (correct) are represented by a word in a given set of words, called the genotype space of the species. This feature is analogous with the natural process of evolution. Formally, NEP is based on an architecture for parallel and distributed processing inspired from the Connection Machine [Hillis, 1981], the Flow Logic Paradigm [Errico and Jesshope, 1994] and the Networks of Parallel Language Processors (RPPL) [Csuhaj-Varju and Salomaa, 1997]. Since the date when NEP was proposed, several extensions and variants have appeared engendering a new set of models named Networks of Bio-inspired Processors (NBP) [Mitrana et al., 2012b]. During this time, several works have proved the computational power of NBP. Specifically, their efficiency, universality, and computational completeness have been thoroughly investigated [Manea et al., 2007, Manea et al., 2010b, Mitrana and Martín-Vide, 2005]. Therefore, we can say that the NEP model has reached its maturity. Nevertheless, although the NEP model is biologically inspired, this model is mainly motivated by mathematical and computer science goals. In this context, the biological aspects are only considered from a qualitative and syntactical perspective. In view of this lack, it is important to try to keep the NEP theory as close as possible to the biological reality, extending their perspective incorporating the interplay of qualitative and quantitative aspects. The contribution of this Thesis, can be considered as a starting point in a new era of the NEP model. Then, the quantitative character of the NEP model is mandatory and it can address completely new different types of problems with respect to the classical computational domain (e.g. from the computer science to system biology). Therefore, the computational framework that we propose extends the NEP model and defines an architecture inspired by the functional blocks from cellular signaling in order to solve complex computational problems and cellular phenomena modeled from a discrete perspective. Particularly, we propose two extensions, namely: (1) Transducers based on Network of Evolutionary Processors (NEPT), and (2) Parametrized Network of Polarized Evolutionary Processors (PNPEP). Additionally, we have formally proved that the properties and computational power of NEP is kept in both extensions. Several simulations about processes related with cellular signaling both syntactical and computationally have been considered to show the model suitability.

An eco-friendly way to fire retardant flexible polyurethane foam: layer-by-layer assembly of fully bio-based substances

The objective of the present study is to develop fully renewable and environmentally benign techniques for improving the fire safety of flexible polyurethane foams (PUFs). A multilayered coating made from cationic chitosan (CS) and anionic alginate (AL) was deposited on PUFs through layer-by-layer assembly. This coating system exhibits a slight influence on the thermal stability of PUF, but significantly improves the char formation during combustion. Cone calorimetry reveals that 10 CS-AL bilayers (only 5.7% of the foams weight) lead to a 66% and 11% reduction in peak heat release rate and total heat release, respectively, compared with those of the uncoated control. The notable decreased fire hazards of PUF are attributed to the CS-AL coatings being beneficial to form an insulating protective layer on the surface of burning materials that inhibits the oxygen and heat permeation and slows down the flammable gases in the vapor phase, and thereby improves the flame resistance. This water-based, environmentally benign natural coating will stimulate further efforts in improving fire safety for a variety of polymer substrates.

Perspectivas del cultivo de sorgo azucarero para bio-etanol en España en base a resultados varietales en ensayos multilocales

La especie Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench., perteneciente a la familia de las gramíneas (Poaceae), es una planta de origen tropical, sensible al fotoperiodo y a la temperatura, que muestra una alta eficiencia fotosintética en condiciones adecuadas de cultivo.

Uncertainty in optical bio-sensors due to the spectral displacement of the interference modes of the transduction signal. Incertidumbre en bio-sensores ópticos asociada al desplazamiento espectral de los modos de interferencia de la señal de transducción

The analysis of the interference modes has an increasing application, especially in the field of optical biosensors. In this type of sensors, the displacement Δν of the interference modes of the transduction signal is observed when a particular biological agent is placed over the biosensor. In order to measure this displacement, the position of a maximum (or a minimum) of the signal must be detected before and after placing the agent over the sensor. A parameter of great importance for this kind of sensors is the period Pν of the signal, which is inversely proportional to the optical thickness h0 of the sensor in the absence of the biological agent. The increase of this period improves the sensitivity of the sensor but it worsens the detection of the maximum. In this paper, authors analyze the propagation of uncertainties in these sensors when using least squares techniques for the detection of the maxima (or minima) of the signal. Techniques described in supplement 2 of the ISO-GUM Guide are used. The result of the analysis allows a metrological educated answer to the question of which is the optimal period Pν of the signal. El análisis del comportamiento de los modos de interferencia tiene una aplicación cada vez más amplia, especialmente en el campo de los biosensores ópticos. En este tipo de sensores se observa el desplazamiento Δν de los modos de interferencia de la señal de transducción al reconocer un de-terminado agente biológico. Para medir ese desplazamiento se debe detectar la posición de un máximo o mínimo de la señal antes y después de dicho desplazamiento. En este tipo de biosensores un parámetro de gran importancia es el periodo Pν de la señal el cual es inversamente proporcional al espesor óptico h0 del sensor en ausencia de agente biológico. El aumento de dicho periodo mejora la sensibilidad del sensor pero parece dificultar la detección del mínimo o máximo. Por tanto, su efecto sobre la incertidumbre del resultado de la medida presenta dos efectos contrapuestos: la mejora de la sensibilidad frente a la dificultad creciente en la detección del mínimo ó máximo. En este trabajo, los autores analizan la propagación de incertidumbres en estos sensores utilizando herramientas de ajuste por MM.CC. para la detección de los mínimos o máximos de la señal y técnicas de propagación de incertidumbres descritas en el suplemento 2 de la Guía ISO-GUM. El resultado del análisis permite dar una respuesta, justificada desde el punto de vista metrológico, de en que condiciones es conveniente o no aumentar el periodo Pν de la señal.