Testing of Android testing tools: development of a benchmark for the evaluation

With the ever growing trend of smart phones and tablets, Android is becoming more and more popular everyday. With more than one billion active users i to date, Android is the leading technology in smart phone arena. In addition to that, Android also runs on Android TV, Android smart watches and cars. Therefore, in recent years, Android applications have become one of the major development sectors in software industry. As of mid 2013, the number of published applications on Google Play had exceeded one million and the cumulative number of downloads was more than 50 billionii. A 2013 survey also revealed that 71% of the mobile application developers work on developing Android applicationsiii. Considering this size of Android applications, it is quite evident that people rely on these applications on a daily basis for the completion of simple tasks like keeping track of weather to rather complex tasks like managing one���s bank accounts. Hence, like every other kind of code, Android code also needs to be verified in order to work properly and achieve a certain confidence level. Because of the gigantic size of the number of applications, it becomes really hard to manually test Android applications specially when it has to be verified for various versions of the OS and also, various device configurations such as different screen sizes and different hardware availability. Hence, recently there has been a lot of work on developing different testing methods for Android applications in Computer Science fraternity. The model of Android attracts researchers because of its open source nature. It makes the whole research model more streamlined when the code for both, application and the platform are readily available to analyze. And hence, there has been a great deal of research in testing and static analysis of Android applications. A great deal of this research has been focused on the input test generation for Android applications. Hence, there are a several testing tools available now, which focus on automatic generation of test cases for Android applications. These tools differ with one another on the basis of their strategies and heuristics used for this generation of test cases. But there is still very little work done on the comparison of these testing tools and the strategies they use. Recently, some research work has been carried outiv in this regard that compared the performance of various available tools with respect to their respective code coverage, fault detection, ability to work on multiple platforms and their ease of use. It was done, by running these tools on a total of 60 real world Android applications. The results of this research showed that although effective, these strategies being used by the tools, also face limitations and hence, have room for improvement. The purpose of this thesis is to extend this research into a more specific and attribute-����� oriented way. Attributes refer to the tasks that can be completed using the Android platform. It can be anything ranging from a basic system call for receiving an SMS to more complex tasks like sending the user to another application from the current one. The idea is to develop a benchmark for Android testing tools, which is based on the performance related to these attributes. This will allow the comparison of these tools with respect to these attributes. For example, if there is an application that plays some audio file, will the testing tool be able to generate a test input that will warrant the execution of this audio file? Using multiple applications using different attributes, it can be visualized that which testing tool is more useful for which kinds of attributes. In this thesis, it was decided that 9 attributes covering the basic nature of tasks, will be targeted for the assessment of three testing tools. Later this can be done for much more attributes to compare even more testing tools. The aim of this work is to show that this approach is effective and can be used on a much larger scale. One of the flagship features of this work, which also differentiates it with the previous work, is that the applications used, are all specially made for this research. The reason for doing that is to analyze just that specific attribute in isolation, which the application is focused on, and not allow the tool to get bottlenecked by something trivial, which is not the main attribute under testing. This means 9 applications, each focused on one specific attribute. The main contributions of this thesis are: A summary of the three existing testing tools and their respective techniques for automatic test input generation of Android Applications. ��� A detailed study of the usage of these testing tools using the 9 applications specially designed and developed for this study. ��� The analysis of the obtained results of the study carried out. And a comparison of the performance of the selected tools.

Solid catadioptric telephoto lens design with SMS method

Two new optical structures are designed using the Simultaneous Multiple Surfaces (SMS) method, comprised of 2 reflecting surfaces and 2 refracting surfaces, 800mm focal length, f/8 (aperture diameter 100 mm) and 1.180 diagonal field of view in the SWIR band. The lens surfaces are rotational symmetric and calculated to have good control of non-paraxial rays. We have achieved designs with excellent performance, and with total system length of less than 60 mm.

Advances in the SMS design method for imaging optics

In this work, two SMS algorithms are presented for an objective design with different selected ray-bundles: three meridian ray-bundles (3M) and one meridian and two skew ray-bundles (1M-2S), the latter from pin hole point of view, provides a better sampling of the phase space. Results obtained with different algorithms will be compared.

Ultra-compact SWIR telephoto lens design with SMS method

In this work, we propose two new optical structures, using the Simultaneous Multiple Surfaces (SMS) method, comprised of 2 reflecting surfaces and 2 refracting surfaces, 800mm focal length, f/8 (aperture diameter 100 mm) and 1.18 0 diagonal field of view in the SWIR band. The lens surfaces are rotational symmetric and calculated to have good control of non-paraxial rays. We have achieved designs with excellent performance, and with total system length of less than 60 mm.

Progress in the SMS design method for imaging optics

In this work, two SMS algorithms are presented for an objective design with different selected ray-bundles: three meridian ray-bundles (3M) and one meridian and two skew ray-bundles (1M-2S), the latter from pin hole point of view, provides a better sampling of the phase space. Results obtained with different algorithms will be compared

Overview of the SMS design method applied to imaging optics

The Simultaneous Multiple Surfaces (SMS) was developed as a design method in Nonimaging Optics during the 90s. Later, the method was extended for designing Imaging Optics. We present an overview of the method applied to imaging optics in planar (2D) geometry and compare the results with more classical designs based on achieving aplanatism of different orders. These classical designs are also viewed as particular cases of SMS designs. Systems with up to 4 aspheric surfaces are shown. The SMS design strategy is shown to perform always better than the classical design (in terms of image quality). Moreover, the SMS method is a direct method, i.e., it is not based in multi-parametric optimization techniques. This gives the SMS method an additional interest since it can be used for exploring solutions where the multiparameter techniques can get lost because of the multiple local minima

An application of the SMS method for imaging designs.

The Simultaneous Multiple Surface (SMS) method in planar geometry (2D) is applied to imaging designs, generating lenses that compare well with aplanatic designs. When the merit function utilizes image quality over the entire field (not just paraxial), the SMS strategy is superior. In fact, the traditional aplanatic approach is actually a particular case of the SMS strategy

SMS-based optimization strategy for ultra-compact SWIR telephoto lens design: erratum

We report and correct an error in [Opt. Express 20, 9726���9735 (2012)]. The author list has been modified. All other contents are unchanged.

Beam-steering array optics with the SMS method

In this work, a new design concept of SMS moving optics is developed, in which the movement is no longer lateral but follows a curved trajectory calculated in the design process. Curved tracking trajectory helps to broaden the incident angle?s range significantly. We have chosen an afocal-type structure which aim to direct the parallel rays of large incident angles to parallel output rays. The RMS of the divergence angle of the output rays remains below 1 degree for an incident angular range of ��450. Potential applications of this beam-steering device are: skylights to provide steerable natural illumination, building integrated CPV systems, and steerable LED illumination.

SMS design and aberration theory

The SMS, Simultaneous Multiple Surfaces, design was born to Nonimaging Optics applications and is now being applied also to Imaging Optics. In this paper the wave aberration function of a selected SMS design is studied. It has been found the SMS aberrations can be analyzed with a little set of parameters, sometimes two. The connection of this model with the conventional aberration expansion is also presented. To verify these mathematical model two SMS design systems were raytraced and the data were analyzed with a classical statistical methods: the plot of discrepancies and the quadratic average error. Both the tests show very good agreement with the model for our systems.

Novel lateral moving tracking optics with the SMS design method

Lateral moving optics along straight path has already been studied in the past. However, their relative small angular range can be a limitation to potential applications. In this work, a new design concept of SMS moving optics is developed, in which the movement is no longer lateral but follows a curved trajectory, which is calculated in the design process. We have chosen an afocal system, which aim to direct the parallel rays of large incident angles to parallel output rays, and we have obtained that the RMS of the divergence angle of the output rays remains below 1 degree within a input angular range of ��45 output. Potential applications of this beam-steering device are: skylights to provide steerable natural illumination, building integrated CPV systems, and steerable LED illumination.

SMS-based optimization strategy for ultra-compact SWIR telephoto lens design

A new optical design strategy for rotational aspheres using very few parameters is presented. It consists of using the SMS method to design the aspheres embedded in a system with additional simpler surfaces (such as spheres, parabolas or other conics) and optimizing the free-parameters. Although the SMS surfaces are designed using only meridian rays, skew rays have proven to be well controlled within the optimization. In the end, the SMS surfaces are expanded using Forbes series and then a second optimization process is carried out with these SMS surfaces as a starting point. The method has been applied to a telephoto lens design in the SWIR band, achieving ultra-compact designs with an excellent performance.

Multiprotocol Android Application for Smart Control and Monitoring in Buildings

This paper presents a multiprotocol mobile application for building automation which supports and enables the integration of the most representative control technologies such as KNX, LonWorks and X-10. The application includes a real-time monitoring service. Finally, advanced control functionalities based on gestures recognition and predefined scenes have been implemented. This application has been developed and tested in the Energy Efficiency Research Facility located at CeDInt-UPM, where electrical loads, blinds and HVAC and lighting systems can be controlled.

Optical systems design using the SMS method and optimizations

Resumen El dise��o de sistemas ��pticos, entendido como un arte por algunos, como una ciencia por otros, se ha realizado durante siglos. Desde los egipcios hasta nuestros d��as los sistemas de formaci��n de imagen han ido evolucionando as�� como las t��cnicas de dise��o asociadas. Sin embargo ha sido en los ��ltimos 50 a��os cuando las t��cnicas de dise��o han experimentado su mayor desarrollo y evoluci��n, debido, en parte, a la aparici��n de nuevas t��cnicas de fabricaci��n y al desarrollo de ordenadores cada vez m��s potentes que han permitido el c��lculo y an��lisis del trazado de rayos a trav��s de los sistemas ��pticos de forma r��pida y eficiente. Esto ha propiciado que el dise��o de sistemas ��pticos evolucione desde los dise��os desarrollados ��nicamente a partir de la ��ptica paraxial hasta lo modernos dise��os realizados mediante la utilizaci��n de diferentes t��cnicas de optimizaci��n multiparam��trica. El principal problema con el que se encuentra el dise��ador es que las diferentes t��cnicas de optimizaci��n necesitan partir de un dise��o inicial el cual puede fijar las posibles soluciones. Dicho de otra forma, si el punto de inicio est�� lejos del m��nimo global, o dise��o ��ptimo para las condiciones establecidas, el dise��o final puede ser un m��nimo local cerca del punto de inicio y lejos del m��nimo global. Este tipo de problem��tica ha llevado al desarrollo de sistemas globales de optimizaci��n que cada vez sean menos sensibles al punto de inicio de la optimizaci��n. Aunque si bien es cierto que es posible obtener buenos dise��os a partir de este tipo de t��cnicas, se requiere de muchos intentos hasta llegar a la soluci��n deseada, habiendo un entorno de incertidumbre durante todo el proceso, puesto que no est�� asegurado el que se llegue a la soluci��n ��ptima. El m��todo de las Superficies M��ltiples Simultaneas (SMS), que naci�� como una herramienta de c��lculo de concentradores anid��licos, se ha demostrado como una herramienta tambi��n capaz utilizarse para el dise��o de sistemas ��pticos formadores de imagen, aunque hasta la fecha se ha utilizado para el dise��o puntual de sistemas de formaci��n de imagen. Esta tesis tiene por objeto presentar el SMS como un m��todo que puede ser utilizado de forma general para el dise��o de cualquier sistema ��ptico de focal fija o v afocal con un aumento definido as�� como una herramienta que puede industrializarse para ayudar al dise��ador a afrontar de forma sencilla el dise��o de sistemas ��pticos complejos. Esta tesis est�� estructurada en cinco cap��tulos: El cap��tulo 1, es un cap��tulo de fundamentos donde se presentan los conceptos fundamentales necesarios para que el lector, aunque no posea una gran base en ��ptica formadora de imagen, pueda entender los planteamientos y resultados que se presentan en el resto de cap��tulos El capitulo 2 aborda el problema de la optimizaci��n de sistemas ��pticos, donde se presenta el m��todo SMS como una herramienta id��nea para obtener un punto de partida para el proceso de optimizaci��n. Mediante un ejemplo aplicado se demuestra la importancia del punto de partida utilizado en la soluci��n final encontrada. Adem��s en este cap��tulo se presentan diferentes t��cnicas que permiten la interpolaci��n y optimizaci��n de las superficies obtenidas a partir de la aplicaci��n del SMS. Aunque en esta tesis se trabajar�� ��nicamente utilizando el SMS2D, se presenta adem��s un m��todo para la interpolaci��n y optimizaci��n de las nubes de puntos obtenidas a partir del SMS3D basado en funciones de base radial (RBF). En el cap��tulo 3 se presenta el dise��o, fabricaci��n y medidas de un objetivo catadi��ptrico panor��mico dise��ado para trabajar en la banda del infrarrojo lejano (8-12 ��m) para aplicaciones de vigilancia perimetral. El objetivo presentado se dise��a utilizando el m��todo SMS para tres frentes de onda de entrada utilizando cuatro superficies. La potencia del m��todo de dise��o utilizado se hace evidente en la sencillez con la que este complejo sistema se dise��a. Las im��genes presentadas demuestran c��mo el prototipo desarrollado cumple a la perfecci��n su prop��sito. El cap��tulo 4 aborda el problema del dise��o de sistemas ��pticos ultra compactos, se introduce el concepto de sistemas multicanal, como aquellos sistemas ��pticos compuestos por una serie de canales que trabajan en paralelo. Este tipo de sistemas resultan particularmente id��neos para ��l dise��o de sistemas afocales. Se presentan estrategias de dise��o para sistemas multicanal tanto monocrom��ticos como policrom��ticos. Utilizando la novedosa t��cnica de dise��o que en este cap��tulo se presenta el dise��o de un telescopio de seis aumentos y medio. En el cap��tulo 5 se presenta una generalizaci��n del m��todo SMS para rayos meridianos. En este cap��tulo se presenta el algoritmo que debe utilizarse para el dise��o de cualquier sistema ��ptico de focal fija. La denominada optimizaci��n fase 1 se vi introduce en el algoritmo presentado de forma que mediante el cambio de las condiciones in��ciales del dise��o SMS que, aunque el dise��o se realice para rayos meridianos, los rayos skew tengan un comportamiento similar. Para probar la potencia del algoritmo desarrollado se presenta un conjunto de dise��os con diferente n��mero de superficies. La estabilidad y potencia del algoritmo se hace evidente al conseguirse por primera vez el dise��o de un sistema de seis superficies dise��ado por SMS. vii Abstract The design of optical systems, considered an art by some and a science by others, has been developed for centuries. Imaging optical systems have been evolving since Ancient Egyptian times, as have design techniques. Nevertheless, the most important developments in design techniques have taken place over the past 50 years, in part due to the advances in manufacturing techniques and the development of increasingly powerful computers, which have enabled the fast and efficient calculation and analysis of ray tracing through optical systems. This has led to the design of optical systems evolving from designs developed solely from paraxial optics to modern designs created by using different multiparametric optimization techniques. The main problem the designer faces is that the different optimization techniques require an initial design which can set possible solutions as a starting point. In other words, if the starting point is far from the global minimum or optimal design for the set conditions, the final design may be a local minimum close to the starting point and far from the global minimum. This type of problem has led to the development of global optimization systems which are increasingly less sensitive to the starting point of the optimization process. Even though it is possible to obtain good designs from these types of techniques, many attempts are necessary to reach the desired solution. This is because of the uncertain environment due to the fact that there is no guarantee that the optimal solution will be obtained. The Simultaneous Multiple Surfaces (SMS) method, designed as a tool to calculate anidolic concentrators, has also proved useful for the design of image-forming optical systems, although until now it has occasionally been used for the design of imaging systems. This thesis aims to present the SMS method as a technique that can be used in general for the design of any optical system, whether with a fixed focal or an afocal with a defined magnification, and also as a tool that can be commercialized to help designers in the design of complex optical systems. The thesis is divided into five chapters. Chapter 1 establishes the basics by presenting the fundamental concepts which the reader needs to acquire, even if he/she doesn���t have extensive knowledge in the field viii of image-forming optics, in order to understand the steps taken and the results obtained in the following chapters. Chapter 2 addresses the problem of optimizing optical systems. Here the SMS method is presented as an ideal tool to obtain a starting point for the optimization process. The importance of the starting point for the final solution is demonstrated through an example. Additionally, this chapter introduces various techniques for the interpolation and optimization of the surfaces obtained through the application of the SMS method. Even though in this thesis only the SMS2D method is used, we present a method for the interpolation and optimization of clouds of points obtained though the SMS3D method, based on radial basis functions (RBF). Chapter 3 presents the design, manufacturing and measurement processes of a catadioptric panoramic lens designed to work in the Long Wavelength Infrared (LWIR) (8-12 microns) for perimeter surveillance applications. The lens presented is designed by using the SMS method for three input wavefronts using four surfaces. The powerfulness of the design method used is revealed through the ease with which this complex system is designed. The images presented show how the prototype perfectly fulfills its purpose. Chapter 4 addresses the problem of designing ultra-compact optical systems. The concept of multi-channel systems, such as optical systems composed of a series of channels that work in parallel, is introduced. Such systems are especially suitable for the design of afocal systems. We present design strategies for multichannel systems, both monochromatic and polychromatic. A telescope designed with a magnification of six-and-a-half through the innovative technique exposed in this chapter is presented. Chapter 5 presents a generalization of the SMS method for meridian rays. The algorithm to be used for the design of any fixed focal optics is revealed. The optimization known as phase 1 optimization is inserted into the algorithm so that, by changing the initial conditions of the SMS design, the skew rays have a similar behavior, despite the design being carried out for meridian rays. To test the power of the developed algorithm, a set of designs with a different number of surfaces is presented. The stability and strength of the algorithm become apparent when the first design of a system with six surfaces if obtained through the SMS method.

Herramientas de programaci��n multimedia en IOS y Android

En este proyecto se realiza un estudio sobre herramientas que facilitan la creaci��n y distribuci��n de aplicaciones en distintas plataformas m��viles, con el fin de poder seleccionar la herramienta m��s apropiada en funci��n del proyecto a desarrollar. Previo al estudio de las herramientas para el desarrollo en plataformas m��ltiples se realiza un estudio de las herramientas y metodolog��as que facilitan los propietarios de los entornos IOS y Android. Este estudio previo permitir�� al lector conocer en m��s detalle las particularidades de cada uno de estos dos entornos, as�� como las pautas y buenas pr��cticas a seguir en el desarrollo de aplicaciones para dispositivos m��viles. Una vez finalizado el estudio, el lector sabr�� escoger una herramienta de desarrollo adaptada a cada proyecto en funci��n de su objeto, los recursos disponibles y las habilidades de los miembros del equipo de desarrollo. Adicionalmente al estudio, y como ejemplo de aplicaci��n, en el proyecto se realiza un caso pr��ctico de selecci��n de herramienta y aplicaci��n de la herramienta seleccionada a un proyecto de desarrollo concreto. El caso pr��ctico consiste en la creaci��n de un entorno que permite generar aplicaciones para la visualizaci��n de apuntes. Las aplicaciones permitir��n ver contenidos de tipo multimedia como ficheros de texto, sonidos, im��genes, v��deos y enlaces a contenidos externos. Adem��s estas aplicaciones se generar��n sin que el autor de las mismas tenga que modificar alguna de las l��neas del c��digo. Para ello, se han definido una serie de ficheros de configuraci��n en los que el autor de la aplicaci��n deber�� indicar los contenidos a mostrar y su ubicaci��n. Se han seleccionado recursos de tipo ���c��digo abierto��� para el desarrollo del caso pr��ctico, con el fin de evitar los costes asociados a las posibles licencias. El equipo de desarrollo del caso pr��ctico estar�� formado ��nicamente por el autor de este proyecto de fin de grado, lo que hace del caso de estudio un desarrollo sencillo, de manera que su futuro mantenimiento y escalabilidad no deber��an verse afectados por la necesidad de contar con equipos de desarrolladores con conocimientos espec��ficos o complejos. ABSTRACT. This document contains a study of tools that ease the creation and the distribution of the applications through different mobile platforms. The objective o this document is to allow the selection of the most appropriate tool, depending on the development objectives. Previous to this study about the tools for developing on multiple platforms, a study of IOS and Android tools and their methodologies is included on this document. This previous analysis will allow the reader to know in more detail the peculiarities of each of these environments, together with theirs requirements and the best practices of the applications development for mobile devices. By the end of this document the reader would be able to choose the adequate development tool for a project depending of its objective, its available resources and the developers team���s capabilities. Beside this study and as example of case study this final project includes a practical case of tool selection and its application to a specific development. The case study consists in the creation of an environment that allows generating applications to visualise notes. These applications will allow seeing contents of multimedia type such as: text files, sounds, images, videos, and links to external content. Furthermore these applications will be generated without their author having to modify any line of code, because a group of configuration files will be defined for such purpose. The author of the application only has to update this configuration with the content to show by the application and its location. The selected resources for the case study were of the type ���open source��� in order to avoid the cost associated to the potential licenses. The developers��� team for this case study has only one member, the author of this final project document and practical case developer. As a result the case study is a very simple development in a way that the future potential maintenance and scalability should not depend on the necessity of a highly qualified developers��� teams with a very specific knowledge on mobile platforms development.