Dealing with Semantic Heterogeneity Issues on the Web

The Semantic Web is an extension of the traditional Web in which meaning of information is well defined, thus allowing a better interaction between people and computers. To accomplish its goals, mechanisms are required to make explicit the semantics of Web resources, to be automatically processed by software agents (this semantics being described by means of online ontologies). Nevertheless, issues arise caused by the semantic heterogeneity that naturally happens on the Web, namely redundancy and ambiguity. For tackling these issues, we present an approach to discover and represent, in a non-redundant way, the intended meaning of words in Web applications, while taking into account the (often unstructured) context in which they appear. To that end, we have developed novel ontology matching, clustering, and disambiguation techniques. Our work is intended to help bridge the gap between syntax and semantics for the Semantic Web construction

DBpedia spotlight: shedding light on the web of documents

Interlinking text documents with Linked Open Data enables the Web of Data to be used as background knowledge within document-oriented applications such as search and faceted browsing. As a step towards interconnecting the Web of Documents with the Web of Data, we developed DBpedia Spotlight, a system for automatically annotating text documents with DBpedia URIs. DBpedia Spotlight allows users to congure the annotations to their specic needs through the DBpedia Ontology and quality measures such as prominence, topical pertinence, contextual ambiguity and disambiguation condence. We compare our approach with the state of the art in disambiguation, and evaluate our results in light of three baselines and six publicly available annotation systems, demonstrating the competitiveness of our system. DBpedia Spotlight is shared as open source and deployed as a Web Service freely available for public use.

DBpedia Spotlight: Shedding Light on the Web of Documents

Interlinking text documents with Linked Open Data enables the Web of Data to be used as background knowledge within document-oriented applications such as search and faceted browsing. As a step towards interconnecting the Web of Documents with the Web of Data, we developed DBpedia Spotlight, a system for automatically annotating text documents with DBpedia URIs. DBpedia Spotlight allows users to configure the annotations to their specific needs through the DBpedia Ontology and quality measures such as prominence, topical pertinence, contextual ambiguity and disambiguation confidence. We compare our approach with the state of the art in disambiguation, and evaluate our results in light of three baselines and six publicly available annotation systems, demonstrating the competitiveness of our system. DBpedia Spotlight is shared as open source and deployed as a Web Service freely available for public use.

Arquitecturas de lo invisible. Una salida frente a la posmodernización de la arquitectura

Resumen: El camino por el que discurre la arquitectura actual, está condicionado por varios factores, entre otros: la sobre exposición económica, una marcada ambigüedad teórica y el cambio de paradigma que ha supuesto la revolución digital. En este caldo de cultivo, resulta imposible encontrar una única dirección a la que dirigirse sino más bien un amplio abanico de apuestas que de distinta forma, tratan de capear este ambiente de incertidumbre. Abstract: The current course of Architecture is conditioned by factors such as economical overexposure, deep theoretical ambiguity, or the shift of paradigm derived from the digital revolution, amongst others. In such an environment, it is no longer possible to find a single direction to follow. Instead, we find a wide range of initiatives to try to deal with this feeling of uncertainty in different ways.

Semantic Heterogeneity Issues on the Web

The Semantic Web is an extension of the traditional Web in which meaning of information is well defined, thus allowing a better interaction between people and computers. To accomplish its goals, mechanisms are required to make explicit the semantics of Web resources, to be automatically processed by software agents (this semantics being described by means of online ontologies). Nevertheless, issues arise caused by the semantic heterogeneity that naturally happens on the Web, namely redundancy and ambiguity. For tackling these issues, we present an approach to discover and represent, in a non-redundant way, the intended meaning of words in Web applications, while taking into account the (often unstructured) context in which they appear. To that end, we have developed novel ontology matching, clustering, and disambiguation techniques. Our work is intended to help bridge the gap between syntax and semantics for the Semantic Web construction.

Contradictio in terminis: dialéctica de la ambigüedad en la arquitectura contemporánea

The twentieth century brought a new sensibility characterized by the discredit of cartesian rationality and the weakening of universal truths, related with aesthetic values as order, proportion and harmony. In the middle of the century, theorists such as Theodor Adorno, Rudolf Arnheim and Anton Ehrenzweig warned about the transformation developed by the artistic field. Contemporary aesthetics seemed to have a new goal: to deny the idea of art as an organized, finished and coherent structure. The order had lost its privileged position. Disorder, probability, arbitrariness, accidentality, randomness, chaos, fragmentation, indeterminacy... Gradually new terms were coined by aesthetic criticism to explain what had been happening since the beginning of the century. The first essays on the matter sought to provide new interpretative models based on, among other arguments, the phenomenology of perception, the recent discoveries of quantum mechanics, the deeper layers of the psyche or the information theories. Overall, were worthy attempts to give theoretical content to a situation as obvious as devoid of founding charter. Finally, in 1962, Umberto Eco brought together all this efforts by proposing a single theoretical frame in his book Opera Aperta. According to his point of view, all of the aesthetic production of twentieth century had a characteristic in common: its capacity to express multiplicity. For this reason, he considered that the nature of contemporary art was, above all, ambiguous. The aim of this research is to clarify the consequences of the incorporation of ambiguity in architectural theoretical discourse. We should start making an accurate analysis of this concept. However, this task is quite difficult because ambiguity does not allow itself to be clearly defined. This concept has the disadvantage that its signifier is as imprecise as its signified. In addition, the negative connotations that ambiguity still has outside the aesthetic field, stigmatizes this term and makes its use problematic. Another problem of ambiguity is that the contemporary subject is able to locate it in all situations. This means that in addition to distinguish ambiguity in contemporary productions, so does in works belonging to remote ages and styles. For that reason, it could be said that everything is ambiguous. And that’s correct, because somehow ambiguity is present in any creation of the imperfect human being. However, as Eco, Arnheim and Ehrenzweig pointed out, there are two major differences between current and past contexts. One affects the subject and the other the object. First, it’s the contemporary subject, and no other, who has acquired the ability to value and assimilate ambiguity. Secondly, ambiguity was an unexpected aesthetic result in former periods, while in contemporary object it has been codified and is deliberately present. In any case, as Eco did, we consider appropriate the use of the term ambiguity to refer to the contemporary aesthetic field. Any other term with more specific meaning would only show partial and limited aspects of a situation quite complex and difficult to diagnose. Opposed to what normally might be expected, in this case ambiguity is the term that fits better due to its particular lack of specificity. In fact, this lack of specificity is what allows to assign a dynamic condition to the idea of ambiguity that in other terms would hardly be operative. Thus, instead of trying to define the idea of ambiguity, we will analyze how it has evolved and its consequences in architectural discipline. Instead of trying to define what it is, we will examine what its presence has supposed in each moment. We will deal with ambiguity as a constant presence that has always been latent in architectural production but whose nature has been modified over time. Eco, in the mid-twentieth century, discerned between classical ambiguity and contemporary ambiguity. Currently, half a century later, the challenge is to discern whether the idea of ambiguity has remained unchanged or have suffered a new transformation. What this research will demonstrate is that it’s possible to detect a new transformation that has much to do with the cultural and aesthetic context of last decades: the transition from modernism to postmodernism. This assumption leads us to establish two different levels of contemporary ambiguity: each one related to one these periods. The first level of ambiguity is widely well-known since many years. Its main characteristics are a codified multiplicity, an interpretative freedom and an active subject who gives conclusion to an object that is incomplete or indefinite. This level of ambiguity is related to the idea of indeterminacy, concept successfully introduced into contemporary aesthetic language. The second level of ambiguity has been almost unnoticed for architectural criticism, although it has been identified and studied in other theoretical disciplines. Much of the work of Fredric Jameson and François Lyotard shows reasonable evidences that the aesthetic production of postmodernism has transcended modern ambiguity to reach a new level in which, despite of the existence of multiplicity, the interpretative freedom and the active subject have been questioned, and at last denied. In this period ambiguity seems to have reached a new level in which it’s no longer possible to obtain a conclusive and complete interpretation of the object because it has became an unreadable device. The postmodern production offers a kind of inaccessible multiplicity and its nature is deeply contradictory. This hypothetical transformation of the idea of ambiguity has an outstanding analogy with that shown in the poetic analysis made by William Empson, published in 1936 in his Seven Types of Ambiguity. Empson established different levels of ambiguity and classified them according to their poetic effect. This layout had an ascendant logic towards incoherence. In seventh level, where ambiguity is higher, he located the contradiction between irreconcilable opposites. It could be said that contradiction, once it undermines the coherence of the object, was the better way that contemporary aesthetics found to confirm the Hegelian judgment, according to which art would ultimately reject its capacity to express truth. Much of the transformation of architecture throughout last century is related to the active involvement of ambiguity in its theoretical discourse. In modern architecture ambiguity is present afterwards, in its critical review made by theoreticians like Colin Rowe, Manfredo Tafuri and Bruno Zevi. The publication of several studies about Mannerism in the forties and fifties rescued certain virtues of an historical style that had been undervalued due to its deviation from Renacentist canon. Rowe, Tafuri and Zevi, among others, pointed out the similarities between Mannerism and certain qualities of modern architecture, both devoted to break previous dogmas. The recovery of Mannerism allowed joining ambiguity and modernity for first time in the same sentence. In postmodernism, on the other hand, ambiguity is present ex-professo, developing a prominent role in the theoretical discourse of this period. The distance between its analytical identification and its operational use quickly disappeared because of structuralism, an analytical methodology with the aspiration of becoming a modus operandi. Under its influence, architecture began to be identified and studied as a language. Thus, postmodern theoretical project discerned between the components of architectural language and developed them separately. Consequently, there is not only one, but three projects related to postmodern contradiction: semantic project, syntactic project and pragmatic project. Leading these projects are those prominent architects whose work manifested an especial interest in exploring and developing the potential of the use of contradiction in architecture. Thus, Robert Venturi, Peter Eisenman and Rem Koolhaas were who established the main features through which architecture developed the dialectics of ambiguity, in its last and extreme level, as a theoretical project in each component of architectural language. Robert Venturi developed a new interpretation of architecture based on its semantic component, Peter Eisenman did the same with its syntactic component, and also did Rem Koolhaas with its pragmatic component. With this approach this research aims to establish a new reflection on the architectural transformation from modernity to postmodernity. Also, it can serve to light certain aspects still unaware that have shaped the architectural heritage of past decades, consequence of a fruitful relationship between architecture and ambiguity and its provocative consummation in a contradictio in terminis. Esta investigación centra su atención fundamentalmente sobre las repercusiones de la incorporación de la ambigüedad en forma de contradicción en el discurso arquitectónico postmoderno, a través de cada uno de sus tres proyectos teóricos. Está estructurada, por tanto, en torno a un capítulo principal titulado Dialéctica de la ambigüedad como proyecto teórico postmoderno, que se desglosa en tres, de títulos: Proyecto semántico. Robert Venturi; Proyecto sintáctico. Peter Eisenman; y Proyecto pragmático. Rem Koolhaas. El capítulo central se complementa con otros dos situados al inicio. El primero, titulado Dialéctica de la ambigüedad contemporánea. Una aproximación realiza un análisis cronológico de la evolución que ha experimentado la idea de la ambigüedad en la teoría estética del siglo XX, sin entrar aún en cuestiones arquitectónicas. El segundo, titulado Dialéctica de la ambigüedad como crítica del proyecto moderno se ocupa de examinar la paulatina incorporación de la ambigüedad en la revisión crítica de la modernidad, que sería de vital importancia para posibilitar su posterior introducción operativa en la postmodernidad. Un último capítulo, situado al final del texto, propone una serie de Proyecciones que, a tenor de lo analizado en los capítulos anteriores, tratan de establecer una relectura del contexto arquitectónico actual y su evolución posible, considerando, en todo momento, que la reflexión en torno a la ambigüedad todavía hoy permite vislumbrar nuevos horizontes discursivos. Cada doble página de la Tesis sintetiza la estructura tripartita del capítulo central y, a grandes rasgos, la principal herramienta metodológica utilizada en la investigación. De este modo, la triple vertiente semántica, sintáctica y pragmática con que se ha identificado al proyecto teórico postmoderno se reproduce aquí en una distribución específica de imágenes, notas a pie de página y cuerpo principal del texto. En la columna de la izquierda están colocadas las imágenes que acompañan al texto principal. Su distribución atiende a criterios estéticos y compositivos, cualificando, en la medida de lo posible, su condición semántica. A continuación, a su derecha, están colocadas las notas a pie de página. Su disposición es en columna y cada nota está colocada a la misma altura que su correspondiente llamada en el texto principal. Su distribución reglada, su valor como notación y su posible equiparación con una estructura profunda aluden a su condición sintáctica. Finalmente, el cuerpo principal del texto ocupa por completo la mitad derecha de cada doble página. Concebido como un relato continuo, sin apenas interrupciones, su papel como responsable de satisfacer las demandas discursivas que plantea una investigación doctoral está en correspondencia con su condición pragmática.

Discernment of bee pollen loads using computer vision and one-class classification techniques

In this paper, we propose a system for authenticating local bee pollen against fraudulent samples using image processing and classification techniques. Our system is based on the colour properties of bee pollen loads and the use of one-class classifiers to reject unknown pollen samples. The latter classification techniques allow us to tackle the major difficulty of the problem, the existence of many possible fraudulent pollen types. Also presented is a multi-classifier model with an ambiguity discovery process to fuse the output of the one-class classifiers. The method is validated by authenticating Spanish bee pollen types, the overall accuracy of the final system of being 94%. Therefore, the system is able to rapidly reject the non-local pollen samples with inexpensive hardware and without the need to send the product to the laboratory.

Sistema de control borroso en lazo cerrado para terapias con insulina en diabetes tipo I

La diabetes mellitus es un trastorno del metabolismo de los carbohidratos producido por la insuficiente o nula producción de insulina o la reducida sensibilidad a esta hormona. Es una enfermedad crónica con una mayor prevalencia en los países desarrollados debido principalmente a la obesidad, la vida sedentaria y disfunciones en el sistema endocrino relacionado con el páncreas. La diabetes Tipo 1 es una enfermedad autoinmune en la que son destruidas las células beta del páncreas, que producen la insulina, y es necesaria la administración de insulina exógena. Un enfermo de diabetes Tipo 1 debe seguir una terapia con insulina administrada por la vía subcutánea que debe estar adaptada a sus necesidades metabólicas y a sus hábitos de vida, esta terapia intenta imitar el perfil insulínico de un páncreas no patológico. La tecnología actual permite abordar el desarrollo del denominado “páncreas endocrino artificial”, que aportaría precisión, eficacia y seguridad para los pacientes, en cuanto a la normalización del control glucémico y reducción del riesgo de hipoglucemias. Permitiría que el paciente no estuviera tan pendiente de su enfermedad. El páncreas artificial consta de un sensor continuo de glucosa, una bomba de infusión de insulina y un algoritmo de control, que calcula la insulina a infusionar usando la glucosa como información principal. Este trabajo presenta un método de control en lazo semi-cerrado mediante un sistema borroso experto basado en reglas. La regulación borrosa se fundamenta en la ambigüedad del lenguaje del ser humano. Esta incertidumbre sirve para la formación de una serie de reglas que representan el pensamiento humano, pero a la vez es el sistema que controla un proceso, en este caso el sistema glucorregulatorio. Este proyecto está enfocado en el diseño de un controlador borroso que haciendo uso de variables como la glucosa, insulina y dieta, sea capaz de restaurar la función endocrina del páncreas de forma tecnológica. La validación del algoritmo se ha realizado principalmente mediante experimentos en simulación utilizando una población de pacientes sintéticos, evaluando los resultados con estadísticos de primer orden y algunos más específicos como el índice de riesgo de Kovatchev, para después comparar estos resultados con los obtenidos por otros métodos de control anteriores. Los resultados demuestran que el control borroso (FBPC) mejora el control glucémico con respecto a un sistema predictivo experto basado en reglas booleanas (pBRES). El FBPC consigue reducir siempre la glucosa máxima y aumentar la mínima respecto del pBRES pero es en terapias desajustadas, donde el FBPC es especialmente robusto, hace descender la glucosa máxima 8,64 mg/dl, el uso de insulina es 3,92 UI menor, aumenta la glucosa mínima 3,32 mg/dl y lleva al rango de glucosa 80 – 110 mg/dl 15,33 muestras más. Por lo tanto se puede concluir que el FBPC realiza un mejor control glucémico que el controlador pBRES haciéndole especialmente efectivo, robusto y seguro en condiciones de desajustes de terapia basal y con gran capacidad de mejora futura. SUMMARY The diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder caused by a poor or null insulin secretion or a reduced sensibility to insulin. Diabetes is a chronic disease with a higher prevalence in the industrialized countries, mainly due to obesity, the sedentary life and endocrine disfunctions connected with the pancreas. Type 1 diabetes is a self-immune disease where the beta cells of the pancreas, which are the responsible of secreting insulin, are damaged. Hence, it is necessary an exogenous delivery of insulin. The Type 1 diabetic patient has to follow a therapy with subcutaneous insulin administration which should be adjusted to his/her metabolic needs and life style. This therapy tries to mimic the insulin profile of a non-pathological pancreas. Current technology lets the development of the so-called endocrine artificial pancreas that would provide accuracy, efficiency and safety to patients, in regards to the glycemic control normalization and reduction of the risk of hypoglycemic. In addition, it would help the patient not to be so concerned about his disease. The artificial pancreas has a continuous glucose sensor, an insulin infusion pump and a control algorithm, that calculates the insulin infusion using the glucose as main information. This project presents a method of control in semi-closed-loop, through an expert fuzzy system based on rules. The fuzzy regulation is based on the human language ambiguity. This uncertainty serves for construction of some rules that represent the human language besides it is the system that controls a process, in this case the glucoregulatory system. This project is focus on the design of a fuzzy controller that, using variables like glucose insulin and diet, will be able to restore the pancreas endocrine function with technology. The algorithm assessment has mainly been done through experiments in simulation using a population of synthetic patients, evaluating the results with first order statistical parameters and some other more specific such as the Kovatchev risk index, to compare later these results with the ones obtained in others previous methods of control. The results demonstrate that the fuzzy control (FBPC) improves the glycemic control connected with a predictive expert system based on Booleans rules (pBRES). The FBPC is always able to reduce the maximum level of glucose and increase the minimum level as compared with pBRES but it is in unadjusted therapies where FBPC is especially strong, it manages to decrease the maximum level of glucose and insulin used by 8,64 mg/dl and 3,92 UI respectively, also increases the value of minimum glucose by 3,32 mg/dl, getting 15,33 samples more inside the 80-110 mg/dl glucose rank. Therefore we can conclude that FBPC achieves a better glycemic control than the controller pBRES doing it especially effective, robust and safe in conditions of mismatch basal therapy and with a great capacity for future improvements.

Camera localization using trajectories and maps

We propose a new Bayesian framework for automatically determining the position (location and orientation) of an uncalibrated camera using the observations of moving objects and a schematic map of the passable areas of the environment. Our approach takes advantage of static and dynamic information on the scene structures through prior probability distributions for object dynamics. The proposed approach restricts plausible positions where the sensor can be located while taking into account the inherent ambiguity of the given setting. The proposed framework samples from the posterior probability distribution for the camera position via data driven MCMC, guided by an initial geometric analysis that restricts the search space. A Kullback-Leibler divergence analysis is then used that yields the final camera position estimate, while explicitly isolating ambiguous settings. The proposed approach is evaluated in synthetic and real environments, showing its satisfactory performance in both ambiguous and unambiguous settings.

Diferencias y relaciones entre los Intangibles: Identidad, Imagen y Reputación Organizacional

The main objective of this research is to review in the academic literature the terms Corporate Identity, Corporate Image and Organizational Reputation in an effort to condense and organize the existing knowledge in the field of business, in order to help clarify the ambiguity that is generated when using these terms in business and academic circles as manifested by the resistence of problems in identifying the differences among them. The methodology followed consists of a strategy which corresponds to a non-experimental descriptive design, which uses three criteria to review the state of the art. This approach can help identify a set of aspects that are considered to have been insufficiently addressed in the studies conducted to date, in order to contribute to the accurate differentiation of the terms.

Bayesian scene analysis for multi-camera 3D tracking and camera positioning

Los sistemas de seguimiento mono-cámara han demostrado su notable capacidad para el análisis de trajectorias de objectos móviles y para monitorización de escenas de interés; sin embargo, tanto su robustez como sus posibilidades en cuanto a comprensión semántica de la escena están fuertemente limitadas por su naturaleza local y monocular, lo que los hace insuficientes para aplicaciones realistas de videovigilancia. El objetivo de esta tesis es la extensión de las posibilidades de los sistemas de seguimiento de objetos móviles para lograr un mayor grado de robustez y comprensión de la escena. La extensión propuesta se divide en dos direcciones separadas. La primera puede considerarse local, ya que está orientada a la mejora y enriquecimiento de las posiciones estimadas para los objetos móviles observados directamente por las cámaras del sistema; dicha extensión se logra mediante el desarrollo de un sistema multi-cámara de seguimiento 3D, capaz de proporcionar consistentemente las posiciones 3D de múltiples objetos a partir de las observaciones capturadas por un conjunto de sensores calibrados y con campos de visión solapados. La segunda extensión puede considerarse global, dado que su objetivo consiste en proporcionar un contexto global para relacionar las observaciones locales realizadas por una cámara con una escena de mucho mayor tamaño; para ello se propone un sistema automático de localización de cámaras basado en las trayectorias observadas de varios objetos móviles y en un mapa esquemático de la escena global monitorizada. Ambas líneas de investigación se tratan utilizando, como marco común, técnicas de estimación bayesiana: esta elección está justificada por la versatilidad y flexibilidad proporcionada por dicho marco estadístico, que permite la combinación natural de múltiples fuentes de información sobre los parámetros a estimar, así como un tratamiento riguroso de la incertidumbre asociada a las mismas mediante la inclusión de modelos de observación específicamente diseñados. Además, el marco seleccionado abre grandes posibilidades operacionales, puesto que permite la creación de diferentes métodos numéricos adaptados a las necesidades y características específicas de distintos problemas tratados. El sistema de seguimiento 3D con múltiples cámaras propuesto está específicamente diseñado para permitir descripciones esquemáticas de las medidas realizadas individualmente por cada una de las cámaras del sistema: esta elección de diseño, por tanto, no asume ningún algoritmo específico de detección o seguimiento 2D en ninguno de los sensores de la red, y hace que el sistema propuesto sea aplicable a redes reales de vigilancia con capacidades limitadas tanto en términos de procesamiento como de transmision. La combinación robusta de las observaciones capturadas individualmente por las cámaras, ruidosas, incompletas y probablemente contaminadas por falsas detecciones, se basa en un metodo de asociación bayesiana basado en geometría y color: los resultados de dicha asociación permiten el seguimiento 3D de los objetos de la escena mediante el uso de un filtro de partículas. El sistema de fusión de observaciones propuesto tiene, como principales características, una gran precisión en términos de localización 3D de objetos, y una destacable capacidad de recuperación tras eventuales errores debidos a un número insuficiente de datos de entrada. El sistema automático de localización de cámaras se basa en la observación de múltiples objetos móviles y un mapa esquemático de las áreas transitables del entorno monitorizado para inferir la posición absoluta de dicho sensor. Para este propósito, se propone un novedoso marco bayesiano que combina modelos dinámicos inducidos por el mapa en los objetos móviles presentes en la escena con las trayectorias observadas por la cámara, lo que representa un enfoque nunca utilizado en la literatura existente. El sistema de localización se divide en dos sub-tareas diferenciadas, debido a que cada una de estas tareas requiere del diseño de algoritmos específicos de muestreo para explotar en profundidad las características del marco desarrollado: por un lado, análisis de la ambigüedad del caso específicamente tratado y estimación aproximada de la localización de la cámara, y por otro, refinado de la localización de la cámara. El sistema completo, diseñado y probado para el caso específico de localización de cámaras en entornos de tráfico urbano, podría tener aplicación también en otros entornos y sensores de diferentes modalidades tras ciertas adaptaciones. ABSTRACT Mono-camera tracking systems have proved their capabilities for moving object trajectory analysis and scene monitoring, but their robustness and semantic possibilities are strongly limited by their local and monocular nature and are often insufficient for realistic surveillance applications. This thesis is aimed at extending the possibilities of moving object tracking systems to a higher level of scene understanding. The proposed extension comprises two separate directions. The first one is local, since is aimed at enriching the inferred positions of the moving objects within the area of the monitored scene directly covered by the cameras of the system; this task is achieved through the development of a multi-camera system for robust 3D tracking, able to provide 3D tracking information of multiple simultaneous moving objects from the observations reported by a set of calibrated cameras with semi-overlapping fields of view. The second extension is global, as is aimed at providing local observations performed within the field of view of one camera with a global context relating them to a much larger scene; to this end, an automatic camera positioning system relying only on observed object trajectories and a scene map is designed. The two lines of research in this thesis are addressed using Bayesian estimation as a general unifying framework. Its suitability for these two applications is justified by the flexibility and versatility of that stochastic framework, which allows the combination of multiple sources of information about the parameters to estimate in a natural and elegant way, addressing at the same time the uncertainty associated to those sources through the inclusion of models designed to this end. In addition, it opens multiple possibilities for the creation of different numerical methods for achieving satisfactory and efficient practical solutions to each addressed application. The proposed multi-camera 3D tracking method is specifically designed to work on schematic descriptions of the observations performed by each camera of the system: this choice allows the use of unspecific off-the-shelf 2D detection and/or tracking subsystems running independently at each sensor, and makes the proposal suitable for real surveillance networks with moderate computational and transmission capabilities. The robust combination of such noisy, incomplete and possibly unreliable schematic descriptors relies on a Bayesian association method, based on geometry and color, whose results allow the tracking of the targets in the scene with a particle filter. The main features exhibited by the proposal are, first, a remarkable accuracy in terms of target 3D positioning, and second, a great recovery ability after tracking losses due to insufficient input data. The proposed system for visual-based camera self-positioning uses the observations of moving objects and a schematic map of the passable areas of the environment to infer the absolute sensor position. To this end, a new Bayesian framework combining trajectory observations and map-induced dynamic models for moving objects is designed, which represents an approach to camera positioning never addressed before in the literature. This task is divided into two different sub-tasks, setting ambiguity analysis and approximate position estimation, on the one hand, and position refining, on the other, since they require the design of specific sampling algorithms to correctly exploit the discriminative features of the developed framework. This system, designed for camera positioning and demonstrated in urban traffic environments, can also be applied to different environments and sensors of other modalities after certain required adaptations.

Diseño e implementación de una herramienta para el reconocimiento automático de términos compuestos dentro de vocabularios biomédicos

En los vocabularios biomédicos actuales más utilizados, suelen existir mecanismos de composición de términos a partir de términos pre-existentes. Estos mecanismos de composición aumentan la potencia de los lenguajes que los poseen pero parten con la desventaja de la posibilidad de representar un mismo concepto con diferentes conceptos base, lo que incluye un componente de ambigüedad en los mismos. Este trabajo de fin de grado consiste en la realización de una herramienta que permita reconocer términos de estos vocabularios biomédicos complejos, es decir, vocabularios con términos compuestos por otros términos como puede ser el caso de SNOMED. Con la consecución de este proyecto, obtendremos una herramienta capaz de identificar las ambigüedades presentes en la representación de estos conceptos compuestos y representar de una forma homogénea dichos conceptos. Para favorecer la interoperabilidad y accesibilidad de la herramienta se ha decidido ofrecerla mediante una interfaz web accesible desde cualquier dispositivo o lugar con acceso a internet. ---ABSTRACT---In the latest and most used biomedical languages, we usually and term composition operations from existing terms. These mechanisms increase the utility of those terminologies they belong to. Despite this, these operations present a disadvantage, that is, the possibility of representing the same concept with diferent base concepts which introduces a certain degree of ambiguity in those complex terms. The objective of this final degree project consists in developing a tool that allows recognizing terms from those complex biomedical vocabularies, that is, terminologies with terms comprised of simpler terms such as SNOMED. By completing this project, we obtained a tool capable of identifying the present ambiguities in the representation of those composite concepts and represent them in a homogenous format. To facilitate the interoperability and accessibility of the tool it was decided to other it through a web interface loadable from any place or device with access to the internet.

Desarrollo de un proceso de normalización semántica de bases de datos en ensayos clínicos

El trabajo se enmarca dentro de los proyecto INTEGRATE y EURECA, cuyo objetivo es el desarrollo de una capa de interoperabilidad semántica que permita la integración de datos e investigación clínica, proporcionando una plataforma común que pueda ser integrada en diferentes instituciones clínicas y que facilite el intercambio de información entre las mismas. De esta manera se promueve la mejora de la práctica clínica a través de la cooperación entre instituciones de investigación con objetivos comunes. En los proyectos se hace uso de estándares y vocabularios clínicos ya existentes, como pueden ser HL7 o SNOMED, adaptándolos a las necesidades particulares de los datos con los que se trabaja en INTEGRATE y EURECA. Los datos clínicos se representan de manera que cada concepto utilizado sea único, evitando ambigüedades y apoyando la idea de plataforma común. El alumno ha formado parte de un equipo de trabajo perteneciente al Grupo de Informática de la UPM, que a su vez trabaja como uno de los socios de los proyectos europeos nombrados anteriormente. La herramienta desarrollada, tiene como objetivo realizar tareas de homogenización de la información almacenada en las bases de datos de los proyectos haciendo uso de los mecanismos de normalización proporcionados por el vocabulario médico SNOMED-CT. Las bases de datos normalizadas serán las utilizadas para llevar a cabo consultas por medio de servicios proporcionados en la capa de interoperabilidad, ya que contendrán información más precisa y completa que las bases de datos sin normalizar. El trabajo ha sido realizado entre el día 12 de Septiembre del año 2014, donde comienza la etapa de formación y recopilación de información, y el día 5 de Enero del año 2015, en el cuál se termina la redacción de la memoria. El ciclo de vida utilizado ha sido el de desarrollo en cascada, en el que las tareas no comienzan hasta que la etapa inmediatamente anterior haya sido finalizada y validada. Sin embargo, no todas las tareas han seguido este modelo, ya que la realización de la memoria del trabajo se ha llevado a cabo de manera paralela con el resto de tareas. El número total de horas dedicadas al Trabajo de Fin de Grado es 324. Las tareas realizadas y el tiempo de dedicación de cada una de ellas se detallan a continuación:  Formación. Etapa de recopilación de información necesaria para implementar la herramienta y estudio de la misma [30 horas.  Especificación de requisitos. Se documentan los diferentes requisitos que ha de cumplir la herramienta [20 horas].  Diseño. En esta etapa se toman las decisiones de diseño de la herramienta [35 horas].  Implementación. Desarrollo del código de la herramienta [80 horas].  Pruebas. Etapa de validación de la herramienta, tanto de manera independiente como integrada en los proyectos INTEGRATE y EURECA [70 horas].  Depuración. Corrección de errores e introducción de mejoras de la herramienta [45 horas].  Realización de la memoria. Redacción de la memoria final del trabajo [44 horas].---ABSTRACT---This project belongs to the semantic interoperability layer developed in the European projects INTEGRATE and EURECA, which aims to provide a platform to promote interchange of medical information from clinical trials to clinical institutions. Thus, research institutions may cooperate to enhance clinical practice. Different health standards and clinical terminologies has been used in both INTEGRATE and EURECA projects, e.g. HL7 or SNOMED-CT. These tools have been adapted to the projects data requirements. Clinical data are represented by unique concepts, avoiding ambiguity problems. The student has been working in the Biomedical Informatics Group from UPM, partner of the INTEGRATE and EURECA projects. The tool developed aims to perform homogenization tasks over information stored in databases of the project, through normalized representation provided by the SNOMED-CT terminology. The data query is executed against the normalized version of the databases, since the information retrieved will be more informative than non-normalized databases. The project has been performed from September 12th of 2014, when initiation stage began, to January 5th of 2015, when the final report was finished. The waterfall model for software development was followed during the working process. Therefore, a phase may not start before the previous one finishes and has been validated, except from the final report redaction, which has been carried out in parallel with the others phases. The tasks that have been developed and time for each one are detailed as follows:  Training. Gathering the necessary information to develop the tool [30 hours].  Software requirement specification. Requirements the tool must accomplish [20 hours].  Design. Decisions on the design of the tool [35 hours].  Implementation. Tool development [80 hours].  Testing. Tool evaluation within the framework of the INTEGRATE and EURECA projects [70 hours].  Debugging. Improve efficiency and correct errors [45 hours].  Documenting. Final report elaboration [44 hours].

Método para el análisis independiente de problemas

habilidades de comprensión y resolución de problemas. Tanto es así que se puede afirmar con rotundidad que no existe el método perfecto para cada una de las etapas de desarrollo y tampoco existe el modelo de ciclo de vida perfecto: cada nuevo problema que se plantea es diferente a los anteriores en algún aspecto y esto hace que técnicas que funcionaron en proyectos anteriores fracasen en los proyectos nuevos. Por ello actualmente se realiza un planteamiento integrador que pretende utilizar en cada caso las técnicas, métodos y herramientas más acordes con las características del problema planteado al ingeniero. Bajo este punto de vista se plantean nuevos problemas. En primer lugar está la selección de enfoques de desarrollo. Si no existe el mejor enfoque, ¿cómo se hace para elegir el más adecuado de entre el conjunto de los existentes? Un segundo problema estriba en la relación entre las etapas de análisis y diseño. En este sentido existen dos grandes riesgos. Por un lado, se puede hacer un análisis del problema demasiado superficial, con lo que se produce una excesiva distancia entre el análisis y el diseño que muchas veces imposibilita el paso de uno a otro. Por otro lado, se puede optar por un análisis en términos del diseño que provoca que no cumpla su objetivo de centrarse en el problema, sino que se convierte en una primera versión de la solución, lo que se conoce como diseño preliminar. Como consecuencia de lo anterior surge el dilema del análisis, que puede plantearse como sigue: para cada problema planteado hay que elegir las técnicas más adecuadas, lo que requiere que se conozcan las características del problema. Para ello, a su vez, se debe analizar el problema, eligiendo una técnica antes de conocerlo. Si la técnica utiliza términos de diseño entonces se ha precondicionado el paradigma de solución y es posible que no sea el más adecuado para resolver el problema. En último lugar están las barreras pragmáticas que frenan la expansión del uso de métodos con base formal, dificultando su aplicación en la práctica cotidiana. Teniendo en cuenta todos los problemas planteados, se requieren métodos de análisis del problema que cumplan una serie de objetivos, el primero de los cuales es la necesidad de una base formal, con el fin de evitar la ambigüedad y permitir verificar la corrección de los modelos generados. Un segundo objetivo es la independencia de diseño: se deben utilizar términos que no tengan reflejo directo en el diseño, para que permitan centrarse en las características del problema. Además los métodos deben permitir analizar problemas de cualquier tipo: algorítmicos, de soporte a la decisión o basados en el conocimiento, entre otros. En siguiente lugar están los objetivos relacionados con aspectos pragmáticos. Por un lado deben incorporar una notación textual formal pero no matemática, de forma que se facilite su validación y comprensión por personas sin conocimientos matemáticos profundos pero al mismo tiempo sea lo suficientemente rigurosa para facilitar su verificación. Por otro lado, se requiere una notación gráfica complementaria para representar los modelos, de forma que puedan ser comprendidos y validados cómodamente por parte de los clientes y usuarios. Esta tesis doctoral presenta SETCM, un método de análisis que cumple estos objetivos. Para ello se han definido todos los elementos que forman los modelos de análisis usando una terminología independiente de paradigmas de diseño y se han formalizado dichas definiciones usando los elementos fundamentales de la teoría de conjuntos: elementos, conjuntos y relaciones entre conjuntos. Por otro lado se ha definido un lenguaje formal para representar los elementos de los modelos de análisis – evitando en lo posible el uso de notaciones matemáticas – complementado con una notación gráfica que permite representar de forma visual las partes más relevantes de los modelos. El método propuesto ha sido sometido a una intensa fase de experimentación, durante la que fue aplicado a 13 casos de estudio, todos ellos proyectos reales que han concluido en productos transferidos a entidades públicas o privadas. Durante la experimentación se ha evaluado la adecuación de SETCM para el análisis de problemas de distinto tamaño y en sistemas cuyo diseño final usaba paradigmas diferentes e incluso paradigmas mixtos. También se ha evaluado su uso por analistas con distinto nivel de experiencia – noveles, intermedios o expertos – analizando en todos los casos la curva de aprendizaje, con el fin de averiguar si es fácil de aprender su uso, independientemente de si se conoce o no alguna otra técnica de análisis. Por otro lado se ha estudiado la capacidad de ampliación de modelos generados con SETCM, para comprobar si permite abordar proyectos realizados en varias fases, en los que el análisis de una fase consista en ampliar el análisis de la fase anterior. En resumidas cuentas, se ha tratado de evaluar la capacidad de integración de SETCM en una organización como la técnica de análisis preferida para el desarrollo de software. Los resultados obtenidos tras esta experimentación han sido muy positivos, habiéndose alcanzado un alto grado de cumplimiento de todos los objetivos planteados al definir el método.---ABSTRACT---Software development is an inherently complex activity, which requires specific abilities of problem comprehension and solving. It is so difficult that it can even be said that there is no perfect method for each of the development stages and that there is no perfect life cycle model: each new problem is different to the precedent ones in some respect and the techniques that worked in other problems can fail in the new ones. Given that situation, the current trend is to integrate different methods, tools and techniques, using the best suited for each situation. This trend, however, raises some new problems. The first one is the selection of development approaches. If there is no a manifestly single best approach, how does one go about choosing an approach from the array of available options? The second problem has to do with the relationship between the analysis and design phases. This relation can lead to two major risks. On one hand, the analysis could be too shallow and far away from the design, making it very difficult to perform the transition between them. On the other hand, the analysis could be expressed using design terminology, thus becoming more a kind of preliminary design than a model of the problem to be solved. In third place there is the analysis dilemma, which can be expressed as follows. The developer has to choose the most adequate techniques for each problem, and to make this decision it is necessary to know the most relevant properties of the problem. This implies that the developer has to analyse the problem, choosing an analysis method before really knowing the problem. If the chosen technique uses design terminology then the solution paradigm has been preconditioned and it is possible that, once the problem is well known, that paradigm wouldn’t be the chosen one. The last problem consists of some pragmatic barriers that limit the applicability of formal based methods, making it difficult to use them in current practice. In order to solve these problems there is a need for analysis methods that fulfil several goals. The first one is the need of a formal base, which prevents ambiguity and allows the verification of the analysis models. The second goal is design-independence: the analysis should use a terminology different from the design, to facilitate a real comprehension of the problem under study. In third place the analysis method should allow the developer to study different kinds of problems: algorithmic, decision-support, knowledge based, etc. Next there are two goals related to pragmatic aspects. Firstly, the methods should have a non mathematical but formal textual notation. This notation will allow people without deep mathematical knowledge to understand and validate the resulting models, without losing the needed rigour for verification. Secondly, the methods should have a complementary graphical notation to make more natural the understanding and validation of the relevant parts of the analysis. This Thesis proposes such a method, called SETCM. The elements conforming the analysis models have been defined using a terminology that is independent from design paradigms. Those terms have been then formalised using the main concepts of the set theory: elements, sets and correspondences between sets. In addition, a formal language has been created, which avoids the use of mathematical notations. Finally, a graphical notation has been defined, which can visually represent the most relevant elements of the models. The proposed method has been thoroughly tested during the experimentation phase. It has been used to perform the analysis of 13 actual projects, all of them resulting in transferred products. This experimentation allowed evaluating the adequacy of SETCM for the analysis of problems of varying size, whose final design used different paradigms and even mixed ones. The use of the method by people with different levels of expertise was also evaluated, along with the corresponding learning curve, in order to assess if the method is easy to learn, independently of previous knowledge on other analysis techniques. In addition, the expandability of the analysis models was evaluated, assessing if the technique was adequate for projects organised in incremental steps, in which the analysis of one step grows from the precedent models. The final goal was to assess if SETCM can be used inside an organisation as the preferred analysis method for software development. The obtained results have been very positive, as SETCM has obtained a high degree of fulfilment of the goals stated for the method.

Una leve Arqueología de la escala

Esta es una tesis con dos partes bien diferenciadas; en la primera se habla de conceptos como la escala, el tamaño y la medida en el mundo de la antigua Roma. Para ello se eligen edificios con características específicas que pueden explicar estos términos, como la” Villa Adriana” en la que se habla del tamaño desde la acumulación de dimensiones medias, el “Ara Pacis”, en la que se describe la ambigüedad dimensional y el tamaño, el Panteón en el que habla de la escala, y el Santuario de Baalbek a través del cual se reflexiona sobre la condición de monumentalidad. Dichos edificios se comparan con piezas de arte contemporáneo que ayudan a entender el contenido histórico. En ese sentido la tesis propone un viaje desde lo moderno a lo antiguo, instalándose en la certeza de que el conocimiento ampliado de los conceptos contemporáneos otorga nueva vida a los edificios históricos, en un paseo inverso al clásico de estudiar lo antiguo para entender el presente. La tesis defiende que el presente se lee desde el presente y el pasado también desde el presente, elaborando nuevas narrativas que permiten superponer realidades distintas para alumbrar lo real. La segunda parte de la tesis compara la medida de lo público y lo privado así como la medida del paisaje. Habla de la medida del Poder ejemplificada en el proyecto de los Foros Imperiales desde el Foro de César hasta el Foro de Trajano y elabora una comparación dimensional desde la disección de sesenta casas pompeyanas, que son sometidas a un cuidadoso análisis métrico y relacional. Se estudian así mismo sus distintas proporciones desde el tratado de Vitrubio y se analizan sus sistemas de proyecto, encontrando en la ampliación acumulativa un mecanismo que relaciona lo público y lo privado. Por último se estudia la medida del paisaje, encontrando un apoyo en la pintura mural romana y también en la relación entre los cuatro Santuarios Republicanos de Lacio. ABSTRACT This is a thesis with two different parts; the first one deals with concepts from the Ancient Rome, such as scale, size and measure. Some buildings with specific characteristics have been chosen in order to explain these terms, such as "Villa Adriana" where size is formed by the accumulation of medium sizes, the "Ara Pacis",where the dimensional ambiguity is described, the Pantheon where the scale is explained and the Sanctuary of Baalbek where the condition of monumentality is understood. These buildings are compared with contemporary artworks that help to understand the historical contents. In that sense, the thesis proposes a journey from the modern to the old, settling in the certainty that the extended knowledge of contemporary concepts gives new life to historic buildings, instead of the usual walk to the old to understand the present . The thesis argues that both the present and the past can be read through the present, developing new narratives that are overlayed to light reality. The second part of the thesis compares the measures in public and private worlds as well as the measure in the landscape. It is also about the measure of the power, that is exemplified in the Fori Imperiali as the Forum of Caesar and Trajan's Forum. Besides a dimensional comparison is made by dissecting sixty Pompeian houses, which are subjected to careful and relational analysis. Furthermore, their different proportions are studied, since the Treaty of Vitruvius and their design systems are analyzed, finding the mechanism that links the public and private spheres in the cumulative expansion. Finally , the measure of the landscape is studied supported by Roman wall painting and in the relationship between the four Sanctuaries Republicans of Lazio.