Horizontal to vertical spectral ratio measurements in Port-au-Prince (Haiti) area damaged by the 2010 Haiti earthquake

In order to evaluate ground shaking characteristics due to surface soil layers in the urban area of Port-au-Prince, short-period ambient noise observation has been performed approximately in a 500x500m grid. The HVSR method was applied to this set of 36 ambient noise measurement points to determine a distribution map of soil predominant periods. This map reveals a general increasing trend in the period values, from the Miocene conglomerates in the northern and southern parts of the town to the central and western zones formed of Pleistocene and Holocene alluvial deposits respectively, where the shallow geological materials that cover the basement increase in thickness. Shorter predominant periods (less than 0.3 s) were found in mountainous and neighbouring zones, where the thickness of sediments is smaller whereas longer periods (greater than 0.5 s) appear in Holocene alluvial fans, where the thickness of sediments is larger. The shallow shear-wave velocity structure have been estimated by means of inversion of Rayleigh wave dispersion data obtained from vertical-component array records of ambient noise. The measurements were carried out at one open space located in Holocene alluvial deposits, using 3 regular pentagonal arrays with 5, 10 and 20m respectively. Reliable dispersion curves were retrieved for frequencies between 4.0 and 14 Hz, with phase velocity values ranging from 420m/s down to 270 m/s. Finally, the average shear-wave velocity of the upper 30 m (VS30) was inverted for characterization of this geological unit.

Saneamiento Rural en Sepahua, Ucayali (Selva Sur de Perú). Proyecto de 104 Núcleos Húmedos de Higiene en cuatro Barrios Ribereños de Villa Sepahua

El presente Trabajo Fin de Master (TFM) está inserto dentro del Programa Sepahua-Agua que Energía Sin Fronteras (ESF) desarrolla a petición de la Municipalidad peruana de Sepahua, Ucayali. El TFM es el proyecto de instalación domiciliaria y saneamiento de la primera fase de dicho programa. El Programa Sepahua-Agua surge por la preocupación de los habitantes rurales y de la municipalidad de Sepahua por la calidad del agua que tienen, tanto por el acceso al agua potable como del tratamiento de sus residuos, y que es la causante de los problemas de desnutrición infantil que la población está padeciendo. Ante la falta de capacitación técnica para resolver el problema la municipalidad de Sepahua solicitó ayuda a la ONG española ESF, que ya había trabajado en esta localidad ayudando a la Misión Dominica de El Rosario de Sepahua y que actúa de contraparte en el programa. El programa se divide en dos fases: la primera se centra en aportar una solución de agua y saneamiento para cuatro barrios ribereños de la Villa de Sepahua: San Fernando, Santa Elena, San Felipe y Santa Rosa. La segunda fase buscará la posibilidad de ofrecer a otras comunidades de la ribera del Río Urubamba el proyecto realizado en la primera fase como una solución ejecutable. La primera fase del programa empezó hace año y medio. Tras unos meses de estudio de la situación desde Madrid, se entendió como imprescindible mandar a dos técnicos para que realizaran la toma de datos necesaria para poder seguir adelante. Los dos voluntarios de ESF que fuimos a trabajar en terreno somos también alumnos del Master en Tecnología para el Desarrollo Humano y la Cooperación. Durante la estancia de seis meses se alcanzaron los siguientes resultados: una descripción topográfica de la zona del proyecto, ubicando cada vivienda de los Barrios Ribereños, sus instalaciones de agua y saneamiento actuales, las quebradas o manantes de la zona y los pozos existentes; un análisis del agua y obtención del caudal de las quebradas que se vieron como posibles captaciones; un diagnóstico de la situación actual respecto al agua y saneamiento en los Barrios Ribereños; una identificación social para conocer las peculiaridades sobre su organización social, el manejo del agua que tienen en cada barrio, su cultura del agua, sus prácticas higiénicas y el nivel de salud en el que viven; un taller de diseño con la población para conocer su opinión sobre las futuras instalaciones que se construirán en las viviendas. Con estos datos se ha podido elaborar el diseño de la solución técnica para los cuatro barrios ribereños que consiste en: una captación de agua; su acumulación y reserva en depósitos; la distribución de agua ya tratada y clorada en cada domicilio; un Núcleo Húmedo de Higiene en cada vivienda como instalación domiciliaria; el saneamiento de cada uno de esos Núcleos Húmedos de Higiene. A su vez durante la primera fase también se realizarán los siguientes trabajos: la ejecución de la solución técnica; formación de la población para que adquieran los conocimientos que les ayuden a tener conciencia de la importancia de las buenas prácticas de higiene y cuiden y obtengan el mejor uso posible de su nueva instalación; una estrategia de sostenibilidad como propuesta de administración, operación y mantenimiento teniendo en cuenta a los pobladores de los barrios; una estrategia de implementación del sistema; el monitoreo y la evaluación del proyecto ejecutado por parte de ESF. En resumen, el presente TFM se centra en el proyecto de la primera fase que consiste en: los Núcleos Húmedos de Higiene como instalación domiciliaria; el saneamiento de estos núcleos; los demás aspectos relativos a los Núcleos Húmedos de Higiene como su mantenimiento, control, buen uso por parte de la población… El proyecto de captación, reserva, cloración y distribución del agua, también presentes en la primera fase del programa, son tratados en el TFM de Alba Gómez Calvo, alumna también del Master en Tecnología para el Desarrollo Humano y la Cooperación. Ambos TFM se complementan entre si y conjuntamente forman la primera fase del Programa Sepahua-Agua.

Gas discharges for continental Spain: geochemical and isotopic features

In this work the results of a geochemical and isotopic survey of 37 gas discharges was carried out in continental Spain are presented and discussed. On the basis of the gas chemical composition, four different areas can be distinguished, as follows: 1) Selva-Emborda (SE) region; 2) Guadalentin Valley (GV); 3) Campo de Calatrava (CC) and 3) the inner part of Spain (IS). The SE, GV and CC areas are characterized by CO2-rich gases, while IS has N2 as main gas compound. The CO2-rich gases can be distinguished at their turn on the basis on the helium and carbon isotopic composition. The SE and CC areas have a strong mantle signature (up to 3 Ra). Nevertheless, the carbon isotopic composition of CC is within the mantle range and that of SE is slightly more negative (down to -8‰ PDB). The GV gases have a lower mantle signature (61 Ra) with respect to SE and CC and more negative carbon isotopes (6-10‰ PDB). It is worth to mention that the SE, GV and CC areas are related to the youngest volcanic activity in continental Spain, for example the Garrotxa Volcanic Field in Catalonia records the latest event dated at 10,000 years, and the isotopic features, particularly those of helium, are suggesting the presence of magmatic bodies still cooling at depth. The N2-rich gases, i.e. those from the IS area, has an atmospheric origin, as highlighted by the N2/Ar ratio that ranges between those of air and ASW (Air Saturated Water). The isotopic composition of carbon is distinctly negative (down to -21‰ PDB) and that of helium is typically crustal (0.02-0.08 Ra), confirming that these gas discharges are related to a relatively shallow source.

Unconformity-bounded stratigraphic units (UBSUs) in an italian alluvial-plain area: recognizing and dating

We studied the coastal zone of the Tavoliere di Puglia plain, (Puglia region, southern Italy) with the aim to recognize the main unconformities, and therefore, the unconformity-bounded stratigraphic units (UBSUs; Salvador 1987, 1994) forming its Quaternary sedimentary fill. Recognizing unconformities is particularly problematic in an alluvial plain, due to the difficulties in distinguishing the unconformities that bound the UBSUs. So far, the recognition of UBSUs in buried successions has been made mostly by using seismic profiles. Instead, in our case, the unavailability of the latter has prompted us to address the problem by developing a methodological protocol consisting of the following steps: I) geological survey in the field; II) draft of a preliminary geological setting based on the field-survey results; III) dating of 102 samples coming from a large number of boreholes and some outcropping sections by means of the amino acid racemization (AAR) method applied to ostracod shells and 14C dating, filtering of the ages and the selection of valid ages; IV) correction of the preliminary geological setting in the light of the numerical ages; definition of the final geological setting with UBSUs; identification of a ‘‘hypothetical’’ or ‘‘attributed time range’’ (HTR or ATR) for each UBSU, the former very wide and subject to a subsequent modification, the latter definitive; V) cross-checking between the numerical ages and/or other characteristics of the sedimentary bodies and/or the sea-level curves (with their effects on the sedimentary processes) in order to restrict also the hypothetical time ranges in the attributed time ranges. The successful application of AAR geochronology to ostracod shells relies on the fact that the ability of ostracods to colonize almost all environments constitutes a tool for correlation, and also allow the inclusion in the same unit of coeval sediments that differ lithologically and paleoenvironmentally. The treatment of the numerical ages obtained using the AAR method required special attention. The first filtering step was made by the laboratory (rejection criteria a and b). Then, the second filtering step was made by testing in the field the remaining ages. Among these, in fact, we never compared an age with a single preceding and/or following age; instead, we identified homogeneous groups of numerical ages consistent with their reciprocal stratigraphic position. This operation led to the rejection of further numerical ages that deviate erratically from a larger, homogeneous age population which fits well with its stratigraphic position (rejection criterion c). After all of the filtering steps, the valid ages that remained were used for the subdivision of the sedimentary sequences into UBSUs together with the lithological and paleoenvironmental criteria. The numerical ages allowed us, in the first instance, to recognize all of the age gaps between two consecutive samples. Next, we identified the level, in the sedimentary thickness that is between these two samples, that may represent the most suitable UBSU boundary based on its lithology and/or the paleoenvironment. The recognized units are: I) Coppa Nevigata sands (NEA), HTR: MIS 20–14, ATR: MIS 17–16; II) Argille subappennine (ASP), HTR: MIS 15–11, ATR: MIS 15–13; III) Coppa Nevigata synthem (NVI), HTR: MIS 13–8, ATR: MIS 12–11; IV) Sabbie di Torre Quarto (STQ), HTR: MIS 13–9.1, ATR: MIS 11; V) Amendola subsynthem (MLM1), HTR: MIS 12–10, ATR: MIS 11; VI) Undifferentiated continental unit (UCI), HTR: MIS 11–6.2, ATR: MIS 9.3–7.1; VII) Foggia synthem (TGF), ATR: MIS 6; VIII) Masseria Finamondo synthem (TPF), ATR: Upper Pleistocene; IX) Carapelle and Cervaro streams synthem (RPL), subdivided into: IXa) Incoronata subsynthem (RPL1), HTR: MIS 6–3; ATR: MIS 5–3; IXb) Marane La Pidocchiosa–Castello subsynthem (RPL3), ATR: Holocene; X) Masseria Inacquata synthem (NAQ), ATR: Holocene. The possibility of recognizing and dating Quaternary units in an alluvial plain to the scale of a marine isotope stage constitutes a clear step forward compared with similar studies regarding other alluvial-plain areas, where Quaternary units were dated almost exclusively using their stratigraphic position. As a result, they were generically associated with a geological sub-epoch. Instead, our method allowed a higher detail in the timing of the sedimentary processes: for example, MIS 11 and MIS 5.5 deposits have been recognized and characterized for the first time in the study area, highlighting their importance as phases of sedimentation.

Structure of Alluvial Valleys from 3-D Gravity Inversion: The Low Andarax Valley (Almería, Spain) Test Case

This paper presents a gravimetric study (based on 382 gravimetric stations in an area about 32 km2) of a nearly flat basin: the Low Andarax valley. This alluvial basin, close to its river mouth, is located in the extreme south of the province of Almería and coincides with one of the existing depressions in the Betic Cordillera. The paper presents new methodological work to adapt a published inversion approach (GROWTH method) to the case of an alluvial valley (sedimentary stratification, with density increase downward). The adjusted 3D density model reveals several features in the topography of the discontinuity layers between the calcareous basement (2,700 kg/m3) and two sedimentary layers (2,400 and 2,250 kg/m3). We interpret several low density alignments as corresponding to SE faults striking about N140?145°E. Some detected basement elevations (such as the one, previously known by boreholes, in Viator village) are apparently connected with the fault pattern. The outcomes of this work are: (1) new gravimetric data, (2) new methodological options, and (3) the resulting structural conclusions.