Environmental assessment of low speed policies for motor vehicle mobility in city centres

streets in local residential areas in large cities, real traffic tests for pollutant emissions and fuel consumption have been carried out in Madrid city centre. Emission concentration and car activity were simultaneously measured by a Portable Emissions Measurement System. Real life tests carried out at different times and on different days were performed with a turbo-diesel engine light vehicle equipped with an oxidizer catalyst and using different driving styles with a previously trained driver. The results show that by reducing the speed limit from 50 km h-1 to 30 km h-1, using a normal driving style, the time taken for a given trip does not increase, but fuel consumption and NOx, CO and PM emissions are clearly reduced. Therefore, the main conclusion of this work is that reducing the speed limit in some narrow streets in residential and commercial areas or in a city not only increases pedestrian safety, but also contributes to reducing the environmental impact of motor vehicles and reducing fuel consumption. In addition, there is also a reduction in the greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the combustion of the fuel.

Relaciones entre los usos del suelo, las infraestructuras y la planificación: incidencia de la red viaria y el planeamiento en la aparición del terciario para el caso de la N-VI

Esta tesis examina el papel de la red viaria y el planeamiento urbanístico en la localización de las actividades terciarias. A partir de los años sesenta se produce una modificación de los patrones de comportamiento espacial de las actividades productivas. En la raíz de estos cambios está los procesos de globalización e internacionalización de la economía y un importante aumento de la utilización vehículos privados. Todo ello da lugar a una preocupación entre los profesionales por la identificación de variables en esa organización espacial, y por la búsqueda de modelos que mejorasen las condiciones de competitividad en el entramado urbano, reclamado también la formulación de conceptos diferentes, capaces de entender los cambios territoriales de la reestructuración permanente en que viven las economías capitalistas avanzadas. En este marco, hay un aumento importante de las actividades terciarias o proceso de terciarización; que es el principio basilar para la suburbanización de este sector. Consiste, en buena medida, en unas necesidades de descentralización y dispersión de las actividades terciarias por todo el territorio, con demandas de nuevos espacios para todo tipo de actividades empresariales. Se va así generando un espacio urbano complejo, con nuevas actividades, distintas de la residencial, y con tipologías edificatorias diferentes: centros comerciales, hipermercados, zocos o edificios de empresas dedicadas a servicios avanzados y altamente cualificados. Adquiere, por tanto, un fuerte protagonismo los espacios periféricos de las grandes ciudades. En la transformación de este territorio interviene el planeamiento urbanístico porque prevé la ocupación del suelo y la forma de uso. Y también la carretera considerada clave en el desarrollo histórico de la ciudad. Consecuentemente, se impulsan una plétora de nuevas líneas de investigación y nuevas formas de aproximación al estudio de las relaciones entre las infraestructuras viarias y los usos del suelo. El interés del proyecto de investigación es, por todo ello, estudiar en que medida la localización del terciario depende del planeamiento urbano y de las variaciones en la red viaria. Es decir, la hipótesis de este trabajo se puede enunciar diciendo que: en la aparición del terciario inciden dos variables, el planeamiento urbanístico y la red viaria; lógicamente siendo consciente de la dificultad intrínseca de separar algún parámetro y sus relaciones de un sistema funcional urbano. Centrando este enfoque sobre el caso particular del corredor de la carretera de La Coruña (N-VI) situado en el oeste de la Comunidad de Madrid. Es un ámbito suburbano que comprende los términos municipales de Las Rozas y Majadahonda, un segmento del municipio de Madrid (abarca los barrios de Aravaca, el Plantío y Valdemarín, y una pequeña superficie de la Casa de Campo, Ciudad Universitaria y El Pardo), y la mitad septentrional del municipio de Pozuelo de Alarcón. La conclusión general a la que se ha llegado es que se trata de un fenómeno complejo, en el que se detecta que: A) La aprobación de un nuevo Plan Urbanístico no supone un cambio inmediato en la evolución cuantitativa de la implantación de actividades terciarias en edificio exclusivo en el área de estudio. B) Se evidencia una relación directa entre la implantación de una nueva infraestructura de transporte o modificación de algún elemento importante y el crecimiento de la localización de actividades terciarias. C) Resulta difícil verificar que cuando confluyen mejoras o nuevas construcciones en la red viaria y una estrategia en el planeamiento dirigida a la ordenación e intervención del espacio terciario, el número de edificios terciarios aumente. ABSTRACT This thesis examines the role of road networks and urban planning in the location of tertiary activities. Since the sixties there is a modification of spatial behavior patterns of production activities. At the root of these changes is the process of globalization and internationalization of the economy and a significant increase in private car use. This leads to a concern among professionals in the identification of variables in the spatial organization, and the search for models that would improve the competitive conditions in the urban framework, also called for the formulation of different concepts, able to understand the changes territorial restructuring that live permanently in the advanced capitalist economies. In this context, there is a significant increase in tertiary activities or process outsourcing, which is the beginning basilar to the suburbanization of the sector. It consists, in large part, on the Needs of decentralization and dispersal of tertiary activities throughout the territory, demands for new spaces for all types of business activities. It is thus generating a complex urban area, with new activities, other than residential and with different building typologies: shopping malls, hypermarkets, souks and buildings of companies engaged in advanced and highly skilled services. Thus takes strong role peripheral areas of big cities. In the transformation of this region is involved in providing for urban planning land use and how to use. And the road is considered key in the historical development of the city. Consequently, they are promoting a plethora of new research and new ways of approaching the study of the relationship between road infrastructure and land use. The interest of the research project is, for all that, consider to what extent depends on the location of tertiary urban planning and changes in the road network. That is, the hypothesis of this work can be stated by saying that: the emergence of two variables affecting tertiary, urban planning and road network, of course being aware of the inherent difficulty of separating any parameters and functional relationships of an urban. Approach focusing on the particular case of the road corridor from La Coruña (N-VI) located in the west of Madrid. It is a suburban area comprising the municipalities of Las Rozas and Majadahonda, a segment of the city of Madrid (covering the districts of Aravaca, the planting and Valdemarín, and a small area of the Casa de Campo, Ciudad Universitaria and El Pardo) , and the northern half of the town of Pozuelo de Alarcón. The general conclusion has been reached is that this is a complex phenomenon, which is detected: A) The approval of a new Urban Plan is not an immediate change in the quantitative evolution of the implementation of tertiary activities in exclusive building in the study area. B) It shows a direct relationship between the introduction of a new transport infrastructure or amendment to an important and growing element of the location of tertiary activities. C) It is difficult to verify that when improvements or new construction come together in the road network and planning a strategy aimed at the management and intervention of third space, the number of commercial buildings increases.

Some past decision theory models for euro construction model codes and for road drainage in Spain, and modest hints with multi-criteria methods for agro and environmental assurance

The authors are from UPM and are relatively grouped, and all have intervened in different academic or real cases on the subject, at different times as being of different age. With precedent from E. Torroja and A. Páez in Madrid Spain Safety Probabilistic models for concrete about 1957, now in ICOSSAR conferences, author J.M. Antón involved since autumn 1967 for euro-steel construction in CECM produced a math model for independent load superposition reductions, and using it a load coefficient pattern for codes in Rome Feb. 1969, practically adopted for European constructions, giving in JCSS Lisbon Feb. 1974 suggestion of union for concrete-steel-al.. That model uses model for loads like Gumbel type I, for 50 years for one type of load, reduced to 1 year to be added to other independent loads, the sum set in Gumbel theories to 50 years return period, there are parallel models. A complete reliability system was produced, including non linear effects as from buckling, phenomena considered somehow in actual Construction Eurocodes produced from Model Codes. The system was considered by author in CEB in presence of Hydraulic effects from rivers, floods, sea, in reference with actual practice. When redacting a Road Drainage Norm in MOPU Spain an optimization model was realized by authors giving a way to determine the figure of Return Period, 10 to 50 years, for the cases of hydraulic flows to be considered in road drainage. Satisfactory examples were a stream in SE of Spain with Gumbel Type I model and a paper of Ven Te Chow with Mississippi in Keokuk using Gumbel type II, and the model can be modernized with more varied extreme laws. In fact in the MOPU drainage norm the redacting commission acted also as expert to set a table of return periods for elements of road drainage, in fact as a multi-criteria complex decision system. These precedent ideas were used e.g. in wide Codes, indicated in symposia or meetings, but not published in journals in English, and a condensate of contributions of authors is presented. The authors are somehow involved in optimization for hydraulic and agro planning, and give modest hints of intended applications in presence of agro and environment planning as a selection of the criteria and utility functions involved in bayesian, multi-criteria or mixed decision systems. Modest consideration is made of changing in climate, and on the production and commercial systems, and on others as social and financial.

Reliability issues and cost structure in the 13000 SHS rural electrification programme in Morocco

Operalion and mainlenance (O&M) casi 01 solar home syslems (SHS) in pholovollaie rural electrification (PVRE) programmes is a key factor in the economic viability and long lerm suslainability. This paper reports on a 13000 inslalled SHSs programme carried oul in Moroceo. Il is presenled Ihe reliability analysis 01 Ihe SHSs as well as the distribution of real cests of installation, O&M and management to oblain respeclively Ihe reliability lunelions 01 Ihe SHS componenls and lo eharaclerize the overall programme cast structure.

LED bulb lamps technical specification and testing procedure for solar home systems.

With the consolidation of the new solid state lighting LEOs devices, te5t1n9 the compliance 01 lamps based on this technology lor Solar Home Systems (SHS) have been analyzed. The definition of the laboratory procedures to be used with final products 15 a necessary step in arder to be able to assure the quality of the lamps prior to be installed [1]. As well as with CFL technology. particular attention has been given to simplicity and technical affordability in arder to facilitate the implementation of the test with basie and simple laboratory too15 even on the same SHS electrification program locations. The block of test procedures has been applied to a set of 14 low-cost lamps. They apply to lamp resistance, reliability and performance under normal, extreme and abnormal operating conditions as a simple but complete quality meter tool 01 any LEO bulb.

Urban built environment analysis: evidence from a mobility survey in Madrid

Applications involving travel behavior from the perspective of land use are dating from the 1990s. Usually, four important components are distinguished: density, diversity and design (3D?s of Cervero and Kockelman) and accessibility (introduced by Geurs and van Wee). But there is not a general agreement on how to measure each of those 4 components. Density is used to be measured as population and employment densities, but others authors separate population density between residential and building densities. A lot of measures have been developed to estimate diversity: among others, a dissimilarity index to indicate the degree to which different land uses lie within one another?s surrounding, an entropy index to quantify the degree of balance across various land use types or proximities to commercial-retail uses. Design has been characterized by site design, and dwelling and street characteristics. Lastly, accessibility has become a frequently used concept, but its meaning on travel behavior field always refers to the ability ?to reach activities or locations by means of a travel mode?, measured as accessibility to jobs, to leisure activities, and others. Furthermore, the previous evidence is mainly based on US data or on north European countries. Therefore, this paper adds some new evidence from a Spanish perspective to the research debate. Through a Madrid smartphone-based survey, factor analysis is used to linearly combine variables into the 3D?s and accessibility dimensions of the built environment. At a first step for future investigations, land use variables will be treated to define accurately the previous 4 components.

Analytic optical design of linear Fresnel collectors with variable widths and shifts of mirrors

Linear Fresnel collectors still present a large margin to improve efficiency. Solar fields of this kind installed until current time, both prototypes and commercial plants, are designed with widths and shifts of mirrors that are constant across the solar field. However, the physical processes that limit the width of the mirrors depend on their relative locations to the receiver; the same applies to shading and blocking effects, that oblige to have a minimum shift between mirrors. In this work such phenomena are studied analytically in order to obtain a coherent design, able to improve the efficiency with no increase in cost. A ray tracing simulation along one year has been carried out for a given design, obtaining a moderate increase in radiation collecting efficiency in comparison to conventional designs. Moreover, this analytic theory can guide future designs aiming at fully optimizing linear Fresnel collectors' performance.