Algunas consideraciones acerca de la superficie foliar del viñedo

Las hojas representan el centro básico de la actividad de la vid, en ellas se realizan múltiples funciones que van desde las funciones fisiológicas más conocidas entre las que destaca la fotosíntesis, a través de la cual las hojas captan de la atmosfera la energía luminosa, que trasforman en energía química para trasformar el anhídrido carbónico (CO2) atmosférico en hidratos de carbono, en azúcares, que son el primer eslabón de todas las cadenas metabólicas de la planta, azúcares que la vid utilizará para edificar los diferentes tejidos y órganos, que empleará como fuente de energía para las diferentes funciones de crecimiento y metabolismo, azúcares que acumula como reserva en frutos o en los o en otras partes de las plantas (hojas, tallos o raíces); con el concurso de los azúcares las plantas obtienen los restantes compuestos orgánicos, desde las proteínas, las hormonas o los ácidos orgánicos tienen su origen en los azucares.

La superficie foliar del viñedo: Más reflexiones

La superficie foliar total del viñedo LAI (m2/m2) es un indicador de la potencialidad general, su medición en el viñedo es muy laboriosa, pues si se quiere con precisión hay que recurrir a medidores de superficie portátiles o recurrir a métodos destructivos que requieren tomar muestras muy grandes de hojas y medir en laboratorio, en otros casos hay cierto equipamiento más o menos sofisticado que da buenas aproximaciones.

Absorption and mobility of foliar-applied boron in soybean as affected by plant boron status and application as a polyol complex

In the present study (i) the impact of plant Boron (B) status on foliar B absorption and (ii) the effect of B complexation with polyols (sorbitol or mannitol) on B absorption and translocation was investigated. Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Meer.) plants grown in nutrient solution containing 0 μM, 10 μM, 30 μM or 100 μM 11B labelled boric acid (BA) were treated with 50 mM 10B labelled BA applied to the basal parts of two leaflets of one leaf, either pure or in combination with 500 mM sorbitol or mannitol. After one week, 10B concentrations in different plant parts were determined. In B deficient leaves (0 μM 11B), 10B absorption was significantly lower than in all other treatments (9.7% of the applied dose vs. 26%–32%). The application of BA in combination with polyols increased absorption by 18–25% as compared to pure BA. The absolute amount of applied 10B moving out of the application zone was lowest in plants with 0 μM 11B supply (1.1% of the applied dose) and highest in those grown in 100 μM 11B (2.8%). The presence of sorbitol significantly decreased the share of mobile 10B in relation to the amount absorbed. The results suggest that 11B deficiency reduces the permeability of the leaf surface for BA. The addition of polyols may increase 10B absorption, but did not improve 10B distribution within the plant, which was even hindered when applied a sorbitol complex.

Long-term foliar persistence and efficacy of spinosad against beet armyworm under greenhouse conditions.

BACKGROUND: The immediate lethality caused by spinosad has been widely studied on Spodoptera exigua (H ¿ ubner). However, long-term effects can also provide valuable information on insecticide toxic action. Here, the persistence of spinosad on Capsicum annuum L. foliage and the lethal and sublethal effects of greenhouse-aged foliar residues of this insecticide on third instars of S. exigua are reported. RESULTS: Foliage was collected at 0, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 days after application, and spinosad residues were measured. Residues decreased over time according to first-order kinetics. The average rate constant and half-life of disappearance were 4.44×10?3 and156 daysand5.80×10?3 and120 days for60and120 mg L?1 respectively. Larval mortalitygradually decreased, corresponding to the residues, but was still appreciable (35 and 65% for 60 and 120 mg L?1 respectively) when the larvae were fed with foliage collected 50 days after treatment. Subsequently, pupal development was reduced and varied between 20 and 60% and between 21 and 41% for 60 and 120 mg L?1, respectively, in all ages of leaf residues that were bioassayed. At all time points, the consumption rate by the larvae was reduced between 62 and 84% for both concentrations that were bioassayed. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that, under the present greenhouse conditions, the degradation of spinosad was slower than that reported by other authors in the field, and, because of that, its residues could cause lethal and sublethal effects to S. exigua larvae.

Elementos deceleradores para transferencias en ángulo recto en líneas de manipulación de fruta.

Characterization of a 90° Transfer Point in a Fruit Packing Line. Characteristics of the impacts suffered by the fruit on a transfer point of an experimental fruit packing line were analysed. The transfer is made up by two transporting belts at different heights forming an angle of 90°. Different tests were carried out to study the effect of transfer height, velocity, belt structure and padding on the acceleration values recorded by an instrumental sphere (IS 100). Results showed that transfer height and belt structure affect mainly impact values on the belt base, and padding affects mainly impact values registered in lateral impact. Two powered transfer decelerators were tested at the same point with the aim of decreasing impacts suffered by the fruit.

Ensayo de fertilización foliar sobre regenerado de pino rodeno en Cuéllar (Segovia)

El regenerado de Pinus pinaster Ait. en la tierra de pinares segoviana presenta frecuentemente, en estado de monte bravo, un desarrollo deficiente de la guía y de las ramas del tercio superior de la copa. El objetivo del presente estudio es tratar de determinar si este deficiente desarrollo está relacionado con alguna carencia nutricional. Para ello se realiza un ensayo de fertilización foliar y se analiza su influencia sobre la Longitud de las acículas y la Longitud de los ramillos desarrollados en el periodo vegetativo siguiente a la fertilización. Se consideran cuatro localizaciones diferentes y tres tratamientos distintos (Testigo, T, sin fertilización; fertilización simple, F; y fertilización doble, FF).

From plant surface to plant metabolism: the uncertain fate of foliar-applied nutrients

The application of agrochemical sprays to the aerial parts of crop plants is an important agricultural practice world-wide. While variable effectiveness is often seen in response to foliar treatments, there is abundant evidence showing the beneficial effect of foliar fertilizers in terms of improving the metabolism, quality, and yields of crops. This mini-review is focused on the major bottlenecks associated with the uptake and translocation of foliar-applied nutrient solutions. A better understanding of the complex scenario surrounding the ultimate delivery of foliar-applied nutrients to sink cells and organs is essential for improving the effectiveness and performance of foliar fertilizers.

El Cerebro Escuadrado. Sobre el ángulo recto en arquitectura = The Brain is Square

El Cerebro Escuadrado. Sobre el ángulo recto en arquitectura = The Brain is Square

Impact on agronomic parameters in Vines and wine quality of foliar treatments with specific fractions of yeast derivatives

In hot Spanish climate, Toledo, Syrah and Sauvignon blanc Vineyard were treated in pre veraison with yeast derivatives RD-LM and RD- LA to stimulate phenolic and aromatic maturity respectively (application of yeast derivatives specifically designed to be used with the patent foliar application technology WO/2014/024039, Lallemand Inc. Canada). For studied effects in berry and wine composition three harvest time had been done. Experimented yeast derivatives had no significant effects on yield components and vegetative growth in both varieties. The Syrah RD-LM variety presented higher total and extractable anthocyanins and also more amount of tannins, although this last ones are not evident in the sensory analysis. The sensory analysis of wine has given very similar results in both varieties but with significant results in favored by phenols and tannins derived RD- LM and RD-LA respectively.