Proyecto de intercambiador de transportes en la Plaza de Conde de Casal (Madrid)

La presente memoria forma parte del estudio previo de soluciones para el nuevo proyecto de intercambiador en la plaza de Conde de Casal en Madrid. Este documento tiene como objeto recopilar la esencia del proceso seguido a lo largo de todo el estudio y presentar el resultado del mismo. El proceso se inicia con la recopilación de diferentes datos: datos de antecedentes de la actuación, datos previos concernientes al proyecto, datos sobre las necesidades existentes y datos geológicos sobre el terreno. A continuación se procede al tratamiento y evaluación de dichos datos para en base a ellos proyectar posibles soluciones alternativas, de las que se desarrollan tres en profundidad. Estas tres soluciones son sometidas a una evaluación ambiental y a un estudio comparativo que las enfrenta a través de una serie de conceptos y subconceptos escogidos por su relevancia concreta en la actuación o su capacidad diferencial entre alternativas. Finalmente se presenta la solución adoptada tras la ejecución del proceso, que se estudiará mas en profundidad en el proyecto de construcción.

Modelos de viajes a hospitales públicos españoles comparados con los modelos americanos

La implantación de un nuevo Polo Generador de Viajes (PGV) incrementa el tráfico de la zona y cambia el uso del suelo en las áreas cercanas a las cuales está ubicado. Por este motivo resulta conveniente la elaboración de modelos matemáticos para estimar los viajes generados y poder prevenir los impactos negativos. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo principal la elaboración y aplicación de modelos de viajes a través de datos de cuatro hospitales seleccionados de Madrid y compáralos a los resultados de los modelos del Institute of Transportation Engenieers (ITE) y con los flujos reales. Una vez realizados los análisis y la metodología comparativa, se han verificado que los resultados de los modelos ITE que han sido discordantes con los resultados de los flujos reales de Madrid.

Laser Shock Processing influence on local properties and overall tensile behavior of friction stir welded joints

Based on laser beam intensities above 109 W/cm2 with pulse energy of several Joules and duration of nanoseconds, Laser Shock Processing (LSP) is capable of inducing a surface compressive residual stress field. The paper presents experimental results showing the ability of LSP to improve the mechanical strength and cracking resistance of AA2024-T351 friction stir welded (FSW) joints. After introducing the FSW and LSP procedures, the results of microstructural analysis and micro-hardness are discussed. Video Image Correlation was used to measure the displacement and strain fields produced during tensile testing of flat specimens; the local and overall tensile behavior of native FSW joints vs. LSP treated were analyzed. Further, results of slow strain rate tensile testing of the FSW joints, native and LSP treated, performed in 3.5% NaCl solution are presented. The ability of LSP to improve the structural behavior of the FSW joints is underscored.

The evolution of the laws of software evolution. A discussion based on a systematic literature review

After more than 40 years of life, software evolution should be considered as a mature field. However, despite such a long history, many research questions still remain open, and controversial studies about the validity of the laws of software evolution are common. During the first part of these 40 years the laws themselves evolved to adapt to changes in both the research and the software industry environments. This process of adaption to new paradigms, standards, and practices stopped about 15 years ago, when the laws were revised for the last time. However, most controversial studies have been raised during this latter period. Based on a systematic and comprehensive literature review, in this paper we describe how and when the laws, and the software evolution field, evolved. We also address the current state of affairs about the validity of the laws, how they are perceived by the research community, and the developments and challenges that are likely to occur in the coming years.

Simulation of Temperatures and Stresses during Construction of a RCC Dam

Se describen las variaciones de temperaturas y de tensiones durante la construcción de presas de hormigón compactado. The curing of concrete is an exothermic process. The heat of hydration generated induces temperature increases in the concrete, which will disappear in the long term by heat conduction in the concrete mass and thermal exchanges with the environment. The problem is of particularly interest for large concrete masses, as is the case of dams, because the time involved in the heat diffusion process grows with the square of the dimensions and a hotter dam interior implies the possibility of cracking the exposed surfaces of the dam. The Cuira dam, currently being built in Venezuela using roller compacted concrete, is a 134 m high, arch-gravity dam. In support of the design, different strategies were analysed, including various combinations of cooling of the water and the aggregate in order to achieve acceptable results. The calculations were conducted with Abaqus, taking into account all the necessary mechanical and thermal characteristics, as well as the relevant non-linearities. The analyses led to the conclusion that no cooling was required, even taking into account the stress state imposed by an early and rapid filling of the reservoir.

Calibración de Modelos Constitutivos de Hormigón

En este artículo se describen diversos modelos constitutivos del comportamiento dilatante del hormigón. Se describe una metodología para caracterizar el comportamiento mecánico del hormigón. En particular se calibra el modelo de plasticidad y daño para hormigón de Abaqus/Standard y Abaqus/Explicit a partir de ensayos uniaxiales y tria xiales en probetas cilíndricas. El modelo se enriquece con una subrutina de usuario para capturar mejor la ductilidad del material sometido a moderadas presiones de confinamiento. Además se define una variable de estado para controlar la eliminación de elementos. Finalmente se muestran algunos ejemplos de aplicación de impactos de proyectiles deformables y rígidos sobre muros de hormigón armado, incluyendo técnicas especiales como la conversión de elementos sólidos a partículas (SPH).

Concrete Swelling in a Double Curvature Dam

Se describe el problema del hinchamiento del hormigón en las presas de doble curvatura. Several chemical reactions are able to produce swelling of concrete for decades after its initial curing, a problem that affects a considerable number of concrete dams around the world. The object of the work reported is to simulate the underlying mechanisms with sufficient accuracy to reproduce the past history and to predict the future evolution reliably. Having studied the available formulations, that considered to be more promising was adopted and introduced via user routines in a commercial finite element code. It is a non isotropic swelling model,compatible with the cracking and other non-linearities displayed by the concrete. The paper concentrates on the work conducted for a double-curvature arch dam. The model parameters were determined on the basis of some parts of the dam’s monitored histories, reliability was then verified using other parts and, finally, predictions were made about the future evolution of the dam and its safety margin.

Fluid-Structure Interaction in Civil Engineering Structures

The problems being addressed involve the dynamic interaction of solids (structure and foundation) with a liquid (water). Various numerical procedures are reviewed and employed to solve the problem of establishing the expected response of a structure subjected to seismic excitations while duly accounting for those interactions. The methodology is applied to the analysis of dams, lock gates, and large storage tanks, incorporating in some cases a comparison with the results produced by means of simplified analytical procedures.

Método bayesiano de estimación del potencial de reducción de costes de la accidentalidad en los tramos de una red de carreteras

La directiva europea sobre gestión de la seguridad de las infraestructuras viarias establece el requerimiento de implantar un procedimiento de clasificación de los tramos de la red en función del ahorro potencial en costes derivados de los accidentes en las carreteras que forman parte de la Red Transeuropea. El potencial de mejora de la seguridad debe reflejar la reducción en coste de accidentalidad que podría alcanzarse a través de medidas de mejora de la infraestructura y puede estimarse como la diferencia entre el coste por km de la accidentalidad del tramo durante el período considerado y el coste esperado para carreteras del mismo tipo que dispongan de las condiciones de seguridad alcanzables mediante actuaciones preventivas de mejora de las infraestructuras. En la ponencia se describe un procedimiento para mejorar la precisión de la estimación del potencial de reducción de la accidentalidad en los tramos de una red de carreteras a partir de la calibración de modelos lineales generalizados de estimación de la frecuencia de accidentes y de su combinación con la información registrada de accidentalidad aplicando un procedimiento bayesiano empírico.

FRe building technological products

Nowadays "Flood Resilient (FRe) Building Technological Products" is an undefined concept, and concerned FRe solutions cannot be even easily identified. There is an interest in offering an identification and classification of the referred products, since it will be useful for stakeholders and populations at flood risk for adopting the most adequate protections when facing floods. There are many barriers for the implementation of "FRe building technological products", and particularly their standardization is still a major challenge. To put into contact such solutions with final customers, it appears necessary to protocolize them all. The classification effort achieved in this document shall be considered as a necessary preliminary step in order to open the road to the market to FRe building technological solutions.

Looking for a more comprehensive approach

The necessity/convenience for improving accuracy in determining the flood frequency is widely accepted further than among hydrologists, and is increasingly deepened in relationship with the statement of different thresholds related to the respective management systems. And both Scientific and Management Communities fully accept the necessity of living with determined levels of flood risk. Most of the approaches for “Advancing Methods” improving concentrate on the statistical ways, even since Climate in fact is not a Stationary process. The question is here reflected since the SMARTeST research and final highlights, policy and recommendations. The paper looks at a better agreement between Hydrology and the whole Climate as the result of the Global Thermal Machine and takes mainly into account a historical approach, trying to show the necessity of a wider collection and analysis of climate data for statistical approaches.

A fracture model for pearlitic steel bars using a cohesive model

The fracture of ductile materials, such as metals, is usually explained with the theory of nucleation, growth and coalescence of microvoids. Based on this theory, many numerical models have been developed, with a special mention to Gurson-type models. These models simulate mathematically the physical growth of microvoids, leading to a progressive development of the internal damage that takes place during a tensile test. In these models, the damage starts to develop in very early stages of the test. Tests carried out by the authors suggest that, in the case of some eutectoid steels such as those used for manufacturing prestressing steel wires, the internal damage that takes place as a result of the growth of microvoids is only noticeable in very late stages of the tensile test. In the authors’ opinion, using a cohesive model as a failure criterion may be interesting in this case; a cohesive model only requires two parameters to be defined, with the fracture energy being one of them, which can be obtained experimentally. In addition to this, given that it is known that the stress triaxiality has a strong influence on the fracture of ductile materials, a cohesive model whose parameters are affected by the value of the stress triaxiality can be considered. This work presents a fracture model for steel specimens in a tensile test, based on a cohesive behaviour and taking into account the effect of stress triaxiality, which is different at each point of the fracture plane.

Simulación del proceso de rotura por tracción de alambres de acero perlítico con un modelo de fisura cohesiva

La fractura de metales dúctiles como el acero suele explicarse a partir de la hipótesis de nucleación, crecimiento y coalescencia de microhuecos. A partir de esta teoría, se han desarrollado diversos modelos numéricos, entre los que el modelo de Gurson y sus variantes son los más extendidos. Dichos modelos reproducen matemáticamente el fenómeno físico de crecimiento de huecos resultando en un desarrollo progresivo del daño en el interior del material durante un ensayo de tracción. En estos modelos, el daño comienza a desarrollarse en fases muy tempranas del ensayo, incluso anteriores a la carga máxima. Ensayos realizados por los autores parecen indicar, sin embargo, que en el caso de barras de acero eutéctico empleado en la fabricación de alambres de pretensado, el daño originado en el interior del material como consecuencia del crecimiento de microhuecos sólo es apreciable en un estado muy avanzado del ensayo, momentos antes de producirse la rotura. Además, desde hace décadas se conoce que la triaxialidad de tensiones tiene una fuerte influencia sobre la rotura de los materiales. En este trabajo se presenta un modelo de rotura para elementos de acero sometidos a tracción, basado en un comportamiento cohesivo del material y que contempla el valor de la triaxialidad de tensiones, diferente en cada punto de la sección crítica de rotura. The fracture of ductile materials, such as steel, is usually explained with the theory of nucleation, growth and coalescence of microvoids. Based on this theory, many numerical models have been developed, with a special mention to Gurson-type models. These models simulate mathematically the physical growth of microvoids, leading to a progressive development of the internal damage that takes place during a tensile test. In these models, the damage starts to develop in very early stages of the test. Tests carried out by the authors seem to point out that, in the case of eutectoid steel bars used for manufacturing prestressing steel wires, the internal damage that takes place as a result of the growth of microvoids is only noticeable in a very advanced state of the test. In addition to this, it is known that the stress triaxiality has a strong influence over the fracture of ductile materials. This work presents a fracture model for steel specimens in a tensile test, based on a cohesive behaviour and taking into account the effect of stress triaxiality, which is different in every point of the fracture plane.

Reliability and quality in the area of statistical thinking in Engineering

There is remarkable growing concern about the quality control at the time, which has led to the search for methods capable of addressing effectively the reliability analysis as part of the Statistic. Managers, researchers and Engineers must understand that 'statistical thinking' is not just a set of statistical tools. They should start considering 'statistical thinking' from a 'system', which means, developing systems that meet specific statistical tools and other methodologies for an activity. The aim of this article is to encourage them (engineers, researchers and managers) to develop a new way of thinking.

Las matemáticas del amor

Es indiscutible que las matemáticas resultan imprescindibles en la mayoría de las áreas científicas y son el fundamento de numerosos avances de la técnica. En este trabajo se pone de manifiesto como esta ciencia también puede explicar, ayudar y modelar problemas de tipo puramente social y humano. Concretamente veremos como puede aplicarse al estudio de las relaciones de pareja. Áreas como la estadística, la teoría de juegos, la geometría o las ecuaciones diferenciales entre otras, son válidas para ello.