Field analysis of solar PV-based collective systems for rural electrification.

This article analyses the long-term performance of collective off-grid photovoltaic (PV) systems in rural areas. The use of collective PV systems for the electrification of small medium-size villages in developing countries has increased in the recent years. They are basically set up as stand-alone installations (diesel hybrid or pure PV) with no connection with other electrical grids. Their particular conditions (isolated) and usual installation places (far from commercial/industrial centers) require an autonomous and reliable technology. Different but related factors affect their performance and the energy supply; some of them are strictly technical but others depend on external issues like the solar energy resource and users’ energy and power consumption. The work presented is based on field operation of twelve collective PV installations supplying the electricity to off-grid villages located in the province of Jujuy, Argentina. Five of them have PV generators as unique power source while other seven include the support of diesel groups. Load demand evolution, energy productivity and fuel consumption are analyzed. Besides, energy generation strategies (PV/diesel) are also discussed.

Assessment of oral bioaccessibility of arsenic in playground soil in Madrid (Spain): A three-method comparison and implications for risk assessment

Three methodologies to assess As bioaccessibility were evaluated using playgroundsoil collected from 16 playgrounds in Madrid, Spain: two (Simplified Bioaccessibility Extraction Test: SBET, and hydrochloric acid-extraction: HCl) assess gastric-only bioaccessibility and the third (Physiologically Based Extraction Test: PBET) evaluates mouth–gastric–intestinal bioaccessibility. Aqua regia-extractable (pseudo total) As contents, which are routinely employed in riskassessments, were used as the reference to establish the following percentages of bioaccessibility: SBET – 63.1; HCl – 51.8; PBET – 41.6, the highest values associated with the gastric-only extractions. For Madridplaygroundsoils – characterised by a very uniform, weakly alkaline pH, and low Fe oxide and organic matter contents – the statistical analysis of the results indicates that, in contrast with other studies, the highest percentage of As in the samples was bound to carbonates and/or present as calcium arsenate. As opposed to the As bound to Fe oxides, this As is readily released in the gastric environment as the carbonate matrix is decomposed and calcium arsenate is dissolved, but some of it is subsequently sequestered in unavailable forms as the pH is raised to 5.5 to mimic intestinal conditions. The HCl extraction can be used as a simple and reliable (i.e. low residual standard error) proxy for the more expensive, time consuming, and error-prone PBET methodology. The HCl method would essentially halve the estimate of carcinogenic risk for children playing in Madridplaygroundsoils, providing a more representative value of associated risk than the pseudo-total concentrations used at present

Distributed power generation in the United States

With electricity consumption increasing within the UnitedStates, new paradigms of delivering electricity are required in order to meet demand. One promising option is the increased use of distributedpowergeneration. Already a growing percentage of electricity generation, distributedgeneration locates the power plant physically close to the consumer, avoiding transmission and distribution losses as well as providing the possibility of combined heat and power. Despite the efficiency gains possible, regulators and utilities have been reluctant to implement distributedgeneration, creating numerous technical, regulatory, and business barriers. Certain governments, most notable California, are making concerted efforts to overcome these barriers in order to ensure distributedgeneration plays a part as the country meets demand while shifting to cleaner sources of energy.

El ciclo del conocimiento en la producción de maíz (Zea mays L.)

El estudio tuvo por objeto caracterizar el ciclo del conocimiento en la producción de maíz (Zea mays L.). Venezuela tiene una importante producción de este rubro que forma parte de su dieta diaria. El conocimiento se crea, se almacena, se transfiere, se aplica y se preserva, en un ciclo que tiene la finalidad de incrementar la competitividad y sustentabilidad de las organizaciones. Se dise- ñó y aplicó una encuesta de 36 ítems a una muestra de 234 productores. El índice de conocimiento fue de 69,78% y el índice de percepción de resultados fue de 76,06%, encontrándose una relación positiva entre ambas variables. Se evidenció la ocurrencia del ciclo del conocimiento en cuatro etapas en las que interactuaron medios explícitos y tácitos

Numerical simulation of the upward propagation of a flame in a vertical tube filled with a very lean mixture.

Upwardpropagation of a premixed flame in averticaltubefilled with a very leanmixture is simulated numerically using a single irreversible Arrhenius reaction model with infinitely high activation energy. In the absence of heat losses and preferential diffusion effects, a curved flame with stationary shape and velocity close to those of an open bubble ascending in the same tube is found for values of the fuel mass fraction above a certain minimum that increases with the radius of the tube, while the numerical computations cease to converge to a stationary solution below this minimum mass fraction. The vortical flow of the gas behind the flame and in its transport region is described for tubes of different radii. It is argued that this flow may become unstable when the fuel mass fraction is decreased, and that this instability, together with the flame stretch due to the strong curvature of the flame tip in narrow tubes, may be responsible for the minimum fuel mass fraction. Radiation losses and a Lewis number of the fuel slightly above unity decrease the final combustion temperature at the flame tip and increase the minimum fuel mass fraction, while a Lewis number slightly below unity has the opposite effect.

Electric current of an electrified jet issuing from a long metallic tube.

This paper presents an analysis of the transport of electric current in a jet of an electrically conducting liquid discharging from a metallic tube into a gas or a vacuum, and subject to an electric field due to a high voltage applied between the tube and a far electrode. The flow, the surface charge and the electric field are computed in the current transfer region of the jet, where conduction current in the liquid becomes surface current due to the convection of electric charge accumulated at its surface. The electric current computed as a function of the flow rate of the liquid injected through the tube increases first as the square root of this flow rate, levels to a nearly constant value when the flow rate is increased and finally sets to a linear increase when the flow rate is further increased. The current increases linearly with the applied voltage at small and moderate values of this variable, and faster than linearly at high voltages. The characteristic length and structure of the current transfer region are determined. Order-of-magnitude estimates for jets which are only weakly stretched by the electric stresses are worked out that qualitatively account for some of the numerical results.

La Innovación Abierta Como Elemento De Análisis En Las Pequeñas Y Medianas Industrias. Caso Sector Metalmecánico

La innovación abierta parte de la idea de que las empresas ya no son capaces de abordar todo el proceso de esta por sus propios medios y es un paradigma que asume que las organizaciones pueden y deben usar ideas externas, así como las ideas internas. El objetivo de la presente investigación es identificar las prácticas de gestión en el proceso de innovación abierta en las pequeñas y medianas industrias (PYMIs) en economías emergentes. La metodología se basó en una investigación de campo y la técnica de recolección de datos utilizada fue la entrevista, apoyada en un cuestionario (centrado en las Normas Españolas UNE 166002), cuyas categorías fueron: compromiso de la dirección, enfoque a las partes interesadas, recursos humanos y actividades de investigación, desarrollo e innovación. Participaron 30 industrias, resultando como elemento fundamental para la incorporación de la innovación abierta el compromiso a nivel gerencial de este sector industrial, además de mejorar los canales de comunicación con el entorno, consolidar la cultura de la innovación potenciando el trabajo en equipo, la motivación y la capacitación de recursos humanos y considerando las fuentes tanto internas como externas.

Bubble growth by injection of gas into viscous liquids in cylindrical and conical tubes.

The laminar low Mach number flow of a gas in a tube is analyzed for very small and very large values of the inlet-to-wall temperature ratio. When this ratio tends to zero, pressure forces confine the cold gas to a thin core around the axis of the tube. This core is neatly bounded by an ablation front that consumes it at a finite distance from the tube inlet. When the temperature ratio tends to infinity, the temperature of the gas increases smoothly from the wall to the axis of the tube and the shear stress and heat flux are positive at the wall despite the fact that the viscosity and thermal conductivity of the gas scaled with their inlet values tend to zero at the wall.

Laminar flow of a gas in a tube with large temperature differences.

The laminar low Mach number flow of a gas in a tube is analyzed for very small and very large values of the inlet-to-wall temperature ratio. When this ratio tends to zero, pressure forces confine the cold gas to a thin core around the axis of the tube. This core is neatly bounded by an ablation front that consumes it at a finite distance from the tube inlet. When the temperature ratio tends to infinity, the temperature of the gas increases smoothly from the wall to the axis of the tube and the shear stress and heat flux are positive at the wall despite the fact that the viscosity and thermal conductivity of the gas scaled with their inlet values tend to zero at the wall

Curvature and velocity of methane-air Bunsen flame tips.

PIV and photographic recording are used to measure the velocity of the fresh gas and the shape of the reaction layer in a region around the tip of a methane-air Bunsen flame attached to a cylindrical burner. The results compare well with numerical simulations carried out with an infinite activation energy reaction model. The experimental and numerical results confirm that the well-known linear relation between flame velocity and flame stretch derived from asymptotic theory for weakly curved and strained flames is valid for small and moderate values of the flame stretch if the modified definition of stretch introduced by Echekki and Mungal (Proc Combust Inst 23:455–461, 1990) and Poinsot et al. (Combust Sci Technol 81:45–73, 1992) is used. However, the relation between flame velocity and modified stretch ceases to be linear and approaches a square root law for large values of the stretch, when the curvature of the flame tip becomes large compared to the inverse of the thickness of a planar flame.

Aplicación de métodos de previsión en las solicitudes de patentes y marcas en España

Desde que el análisis económico se ha interesado por el estudio de los problemas asociados al cambio tecnológico (década de los 80 del siglo pasado) se ha procedido a identificar indicadores adecuados que permitan explicar de forma coherente las actividades tecnológicas y su relación con la eficiencia económica. Si en sus inicios los estudios se centraron en el análisis de las actividades de investigación y desarrollo (I+D), en la actualidad el campo de aná- lisis se ha desplazado hacia otro tipo de variables más orientadas hacia la acumulación de conocimientos y capacidades, donde la patente aporta una información relevante (Freeman, 1982; Pavitt, 1988; Dosi, 1988). Por esta razón, el actual desarrollo de la demanda de solicitudes de patentes constituye un elemento de referencia ya que permite identificar modelos asociados al cambio tecnológico.

Innovaciones Tecnológicas y Tendencias de Desarrollo en las cosechadoras de Cereales

Revisamos en este artículo los temas en los que ingenieros y científicos están trabajando para aportar innovaciones a la cosecha de cereal. Además se revisa el mercado español y las últimas novedades comerciales presentadas por los fabricantes.

On the testing of large PV arrays

This paper reports on the IES-UPM experience from 2006 to 2010 in the field of the characterization of PV arrays of commercial large PV plants installed in Spain within the framework of the profitable economic scenarios associated to feed-in tariff laws. This experience has extended to 200 MW and has provided valuable lessons to minimize uncertainty, which plays a key role in quality assurance procedures. The paper deals not only with classic I–V measurements but also with watt-metering-based procedures. Particular attention is paid to the selection of irradiance and cell temperature sensors

Las Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas Agroalimentarias en Venezuela y el Desarrollo Sustentable: Enfoque basado en los Principios de Manufactura Esbelta

Se analiza el proceso productivo de cuarenta y cinco pequeñas y medianas empresas productoras de queso guayanés telita ubicadas en dos municipios rurales del Estado Bolívar en Venezuela. El estudio estuvo dirigido a la identificación de los principios de manufactura esbelta y la aplicación del concepto de las Cinco “S”: i) protección del ambiente; manejo de los residuos; ii) creación y mantenimiento de áreas de trabajo limpias y seguras; iii) capacitación y difusión de esta cultura; iv) procesos de autorregulación; y v) aplicación de buenas prácticas de producción alimentaria. La investigación fue de campo con alcance descriptivo y se aplicó un cuestionario a las cuarenta y cinco empresas. Los resultados demuestran que estas pequeñas y medianas empresas poseen limitaciones en sus sistemas productivos que impide su participación competitiva en el mercado

Razones para desarrollar una Política Industrial activa en España

La realidad reciente nos indica que nuevos sectores de actividad económica han emergido a partir de la década de los noventa del siglo pasado, mientras que otros han ido gradualmente desapareciendo o disminuyendo su peso dentro de la economía de los países desarrollados, lo que ha implicado cambios estructurales significativos. Estos cambios, fundamentados principalmente en un uso intensivo de la tecnología por parte de las empresas y en un fuerte ahorro de costes, han impulsado la expulsión de mano de obra desde la agricultura y, en menor medida, de la industria hacia otros sectores más productivos como los servicios de alto valor añadido, sin contar con el negativo impacto causado a nivel de desempleo y la aparición de sectores «informales» en numerosos países