Lifetime maximization for beamforming applications in wireless sensor networks

Energy efficiency is a major design issue in the context of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). If data is to be sent to a far-away base station, collaborative beamforming by the sensors may help to dis- tribute the load among the nodes and reduce fast battery depletion. However, collaborative beamforming techniques are far from opti- mality and in many cases may be wasting more power than required. In this contribution we consider the issue of energy efficiency in beamforming applications. Using a convex optimization framework, we propose the design of a virtual beamformer that maximizes the network's lifetime while satisfying a pre-specified Quality of Service (QoS) requirement. A distributed consensus-based algorithm for the computation of the optimal beamformer is also provided

Smart parking service based on wireless sensor networks

n this paper, we present the design and implementation of a prototype system of Smart Parking Services based on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) that allows vehicle drivers to effectively find the free parking places. The proposed scheme consists of wireless sensor networks, embedded web-server, central web-server and mobile phone application. In the system, low-cost wireless sensors networks modules are deployed into each parking slot equipped with one sensor node. The state of the parking slot is detected by sensor node and is reported periodically to embedded web-server via the deployed wireless sensor networks. This information is sent to central web-server using Wi-Fi networks in real-time, and also the vehicle driver can find vacant parking lots using standard mobile devices.

Hogar digital para servicios FTTH : dispositivos, tecnologías y QoE

FTTH (fibra hasta el hogar) es actualmente, junto con la banda ancha móvil, la principal evolución tecnológica en Redes y Servicios de Telecomunicaciones. Se prevé que en los próximos años, el despliegue de las redes FTTH se vea incrementado de manera significativa, gracias al interés creciente tanto de Operadores de Telecomunicaciones como de Organismos Gubernamentales. Este despliegue (que en el año 2013 ya se está haciendo realidad) llevará servicios de muy alta velocidad (superiores a 100 Mbps, incluso 1 Gbps) de manera masiva a los hogares, exigiendo nuevos requisitos y prestaciones en la red del hogar de los clientes. Se abre aquí, por tanto, un campo de exploración novedoso, incipiente y de requerimientos cada vez más exigentes. De hecho, sin duda, la red del hogar es uno de los elementos fundamentales para el éxito de las redes y servicios en FTTH. Debido a todo lo anterior, se convierte en una necesidad para el sector de las Telecomunicaciones el encontrar soluciones a los problemas anteriormente mencionados. Con objeto de contribuir al análisis de soluciones, este proyecto se enfoca en dos temas, ambos relacionados con la problemática ya mencionada en la red del hogar:  Prospección e identificación de soluciones tecnológicas avanzadas para la red del hogar. Descrito en capítulos 2, 3 y 4. En ellos se realiza un estudio detallado de la situación actual y tendencias futuras de los dispositivos utilizados en la red del hogar. Este estudio está enfocado en la distribución de señales de muy alto ancho de banda (en torno a los 100 Mbps por segundo) en el hogar.  Diseño y desarrollo de una aplicación que permita determinar la calidad de experiencia de cliente (QoE) de un servicio de televisión IP (IPTV). Descrito en capítulos 5 y 6. Se ha seleccionado este tipo de servicios debido a que son los que requieren mayores prestaciones tanto de la red de transporte como de la red del hogar y, al mismo tiempo, son los más complicados de medir debido a la fuerte componente de subjetividad del usuario final. Una red del hogar correctamente diseñada debe cumplir de manera equilibrada los requisitos demandados tanto por el operador como por el cliente o usuario final del servicio. Los requisitos del operador se centran principalmente en el control de la inversión (CAPEX) y del gasto de mantenimiento de la red del hogar (OPEX). El usuario, por otra parte, requiere sencillez en la instalación y mínimo número de elementos a instalar (cero intrusismo, ausencia de cableado). Para adaptarse a estos requerimientos, existe una serie de dispositivos y tecnologías que buscan encontrar el punto de equilibrio entre necesidades de operadores y de clientes finales. Las soluciones actualmente utilizadas pueden dividirse en soluciones cableadas e inalámbricas. También existen soluciones híbridas. Todas ellas se describen en detalle en los capítulos 3 y 4. Al final del estudio se concluye que, con la tecnología actual, es preferible el uso de soluciones cableadas tipo Ethernet o POF. Es recomendable no usar soluciones PLC de manera extensiva (G.hn puede ser una alternativa a futuro) y, en caso de no requerir cableado, utilizar WiFi 11n con frecuencias de 5 GHz, así como sus evoluciones, WiFi 11ac y 11ad. La aplicación desarrollada, explicada en los capítulos 5 y 6, permite capturar y medir en tiempo real la señal de televisión IP que se entrega al usuario. Esta aplicación estimará, a partir de dichas medidas, la calidad de la señal entregada. Para ello tendrá en cuenta el tipo de descodificador utilizado por el usuario así como la red empleada (red FTTH de Telefónica). Esta aplicación podría ser utilizada en los centros de atención técnica de las operadoras de telecomunicaciones, determinando así la relación existente entre reclamaciones recibidas y calidad de servicio medida por la aplicación. Asimismo, aparte de realizar medidas en tiempo real, la aplicación vuelca las medidas realizadas y alarmas detectadas en ficheros log, facilitando el análisis técnico de los problemas e incidencias registrados por dichos centros técnicos. Igualmente, esta aplicación puede ser utilizada para el proceso de certificación de equipamiento de red del hogar o incluso como herramienta para profundizar en parámetros teóricos y criterios de medida de calidad de servicio en IPTV. ABSTRACT. FTTH (Fiber To The Home) and mobile broadband are currently the main technological trend in the Network and Telecommunications Services area. In the next few years, the deployment of FTTH networks will experiment a significant increase, due to the growing interest of both telecommunications operators and government agencies. This deployment (that is becoming a reality) which will massively carry high-speed services to households (speeds of more than 100 Mbps, even 1 Gbps) will demand new requirements and features in the customer’s home network. It can be found here a new and emerging field of exploration, with increasingly demanding requirements. In fact, the home network is one of the key elements for the success of FTTH network and services. Due to the aforementioned, it is a necessity for the telecommunications industry to find solutions to these problems. In order to contribute into the solution analysis, this project focuses on two subjects, both related to the problems of home networking:  Exploratory research and identification of advanced technology solutions for the home network. Described in chapters 2, 3 and 4. These chapters show a detailed study of the current situation and future trends of the devices used at the home network. It focuses on the distribution of very high bandwidth signals (around 100 Mbps per second) in the customer’s home.  Design and development of an application to evaluate customer’s quality of experience (QoE) of an IP television service (IPTV). Described in chapters 5 and 6. IPTV service has been selected because it requires higher performance both from the transport and the home networks and, at the same time, it is the most difficult to measure due to the strong component of subjectivity of the end user. A correct design of the home network must meet the requirements demanded both by the network operator and the customer (end user of the service). Network operator requirements mainly focus on reduced capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operational expenditures (OPEX). Additionally, the final user requires a simple and easy installation and also the minimum number of items to install (zero intrusion, lack of wiring, etc.). Different devices and technologies seek to find a balance between these two requirements (network operators and final users requirements). Solutions available in the market can be divided into wired and wireless. There are also hybrid solutions. All of them are described thoroughly in the first part of the project. The conclusion at the end of the study recommends the use of wired technologies like Ethernet or POF. Additionally, the use of PLC is not advised (G.hn can be an alternative in the future) and, in the case of not requiring wiring, the use of 11ac and 11ad WiFi is advised. The application developed in the second part of the project allows capturing and measuring the real-time IPTV signal delivered to the user. This application will estimate the delivered signal quality from the captured measurements. For this purpose, it will also consider the type of decoder installed on the customer’s premises and the transport network (Telefonica’s FTTH network). This application could be used at the operator’s technical service centres, determining in this way the relationship between user’s complaints and the quality of service measured. Additionally, this application can write all the measurements and alarms in log files, making easier the technical analysis of problems and impairments recorded by the technical centres. Finally, the application can also be used for the certification process of home networking equipment (i.e. decoders) or even as a tool to deepen theoretical parameters and measuring criteria of quality of service in IPTV.

The Influence of Communication Range on Connectivity for Resilient Wireless Sensor Networks Using a Probabilistic Approach.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of thousands of nodes that need to communicate with each other. However, it is possible that some nodes are isolated from other nodes due to limited communication range. This paper focuses on the influence of communication range on the probability that all nodes are connected under two conditions, respectively: (1) all nodes have the same communication range, and (2) communication range of each node is a random variable. In the former case, this work proves that, for 0menor queepsmenor quee^(-1) , if the probability of the network being connected is 0.36eps , by means of increasing communication range by constant C(eps) , the probability of network being connected is at least 1-eps. Explicit function C(eps) is given. It turns out that, once the network is connected, it also makes the WSNs resilient against nodes failure. In the latter case, this paper proposes that the network connection probability is modeled as Cox process. The change of network connection probability with respect to distribution parameters and resilience performance is presented. Finally, a method to decide the distribution parameters of node communication range in order to satisfy a given network connection probability is developed.

Radio propagation modeling and measurements for ZigBee based indoor wireless sensor networks

The deployment of nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) arises as one of the biggest challenges of this field, which involves in distributing a large number of embedded systems to fulfill a specific application. The connectivity of WSNs is difficult to estimate due to the irregularity of the physical environment and affects the WSN designers? decision on deploying sensor nodes. Therefore, in this paper, a new method is proposed to enhance the efficiency and accuracy on ZigBee propagation simulation in indoor environments. The method consists of two steps: automatic 3D indoor reconstruction and 3D ray-tracing based radio simulation. The automatic 3D indoor reconstruction employs unattended image classification algorithm and image vectorization algorithm to build the environment database accurately, which also significantly reduces time and efforts spent on non-radio propagation issue. The 3D ray tracing is developed by using kd-tree space division algorithm and a modified polar sweep algorithm, which accelerates the searching of rays over the entire space. Signal propagation model is proposed for the ray tracing engine by considering both the materials of obstacles and the impact of positions along the ray path of radio. Three different WSN deployments are realized in the indoor environment of an office and the results are verified to be accurate. Experimental results also indicate that the proposed method is efficient in pre-simulation strategy and 3D ray searching scheme and is suitable for different indoor environments.

Contribution to integration and coordination mechanisms for mobile distributed services in publish/subscribe networks

Esta tesis doctoral está enmarcada en dos diferentes pero complementarias áreas de investigación: las redes de Publicación/Subscripción y los servicios móviles distribuidos. Con el paso de los años las redes de Publicación/Subscripción han ido ofreciendo el soporte de comunicaciones desacopladas y ligeras que a su vez, han mejorado la distribución de la información en muchos escenarios de aplicación como lo son la ejecución de servicios distribuidos en entornos fijos. Los servicios móviles distribuidos han de ser desplegados en ambientes inalámbricos en donde los dispositivos móviles deben confiar en las mismas características que las redes de Publicación/Subscripción han estado ofreciendo a sus contrapartes fijos. En este contexto, una de las líneas de investigación pendientes consiste en cómo tomar ventaja de estas características, y cómo avanzar hacia nuevas soluciones no existentes con el fin de mejorar la integración entre los dispositivos fijos y móviles, y la ejecución de los servicios móviles distribuidos. En esta tesis doctoral se pretende avanzar en los mecanismos de integración y coordinación de los servicios móviles distribuidos en el contexto de las redes de Publicación/Subscripción. Los objetivos específicos de esta disertación están enfocados en lograr la integración de los sistemas de Publicación/Suscripción fijos y móviles, y la pro-visión de una versión de red de Publicación/Subscripción específica y uniforme que cuente con mecanismos de coordinación que mejoren la ejecución de los servicios móviles distribuidos. Los resultados de esta tesis doctoral están enmarcados en una versión específica de una red de Publicación/Subscripción que integra brokers fijos y móviles, y permite una coordinación totalmente desacoplada y mejorada entre dispositivos móviles que ejecutan fragmentos de servicios. Las contribuciones específicas son las siguientes: una nueva arquitectura de broker móvil que he llamado Rendezvous Mobile broker, un modelo abstracto de servicios móviles distribuidos coordinados sobre una red de Publicación/Subscripción, mejoras en los mecanismos de enrutamiento epidémicos para diseminar eventos de control producidos por fragmentos de servicios, una solución para soportar servicios altamente fragmentados y geográficamente dispersos, y finalmente una solución de interconexión entre dos dominios de red basados en Publicación/Subscripción: una red basada en el protocolo PubSubHubbub y otro en una red basada en el Publish/Subscribe Internet Routing Paradigm (PSIRP). Los experimentos llevados a cabo confirman que la versión específica de red de Pu-blicación/Subscripción propuesta incrementa el rendimiento de la red en términos de tiempo de espera entre nodos finales, permite una coordinación de los servicios móviles distribuidos más resistente a interrupciones y un mejor uso de los recursos de red, y finalmente logra exitosamente, con variaciones mínimas en el rendimiento de las comunicaciones, la interconexión entre estos dominios de Publicación/Subscripción diferentes. ABSTRACT This dissertation is made up of two different but complementary research areas: Publish/Subscribe networks and mobile distributed services. Over the years, Publish/Subscribe networks have been offering the lightweight and decoupled communication characteristics to improve the information distribution in several application domains such as the execution of distributed services. Mobile distributed services are set to be deployed in wireless environments where mobile devices must rely on the same features Publish/Subscribe networks can offer; so one of the pending research directions consists of how to take advantage of these features and further advance to-wards new un-existing solutions that enhance the integration between mobile and fixed systems and the execution of mobile distributed services. This dissertation seeks to advance the integration and coordination mechanisms of mobile distributed services in the context of Publish/Subscribe networks. The specific objectives aim to enable the integration of mobile and fixed Publish/Subscribe systems and provide a uniform and specific version of a Publish/Subscribe network with new coordination mechanisms that improve the execution of mobile distributed services. The results of this dissertation are enclosed in one specific version of a Publish/Subscribe network that integrates mobile and fixed brokers and coordinates the execution of mobile distributed services. These specific contributions are: a new architecture of a mobile broker I called Rendezvous Mobile Broker, an abstract model for coordinating mobile distributed services executions using a Publish/Subscribe net-work, new gossip routing solutions to disseminate events of services, mechanisms to support highly partitioned and geographically dispersed services and finally, an inter-networking solution between two Publish/Subscribe domains: a PubSubHubbub-based network and the Publish/Subscribe Internet Routing Paradigm (PSIRP)-based network. The experimental efforts confirm that the specific version of the Publish/Subscribe proposed in this dissertation improves the performance of the overall network in terms of end-to-end delay, enables a more resilience execution of mobile distributed services, a better usage of the existing network resources, and finally successfully achieves, with minor variations in the network performance, the internetworking between two different Publish/Subscribe domains.

AALUMO: a user model ontology for ambient assisted living services supported in next-generation networks

Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) services are emerging as context-awareness solutions to support elderly people?s autonomy. The context-aware paradigm makes applications more user-adaptive. In this way, context and user models expressed in ontologies are employed by applications to describe user and environment characteristics. The rapid advance of technology allows creating context server to relieve applications of context reasoning techniques. Specifically, the Next Generation Networks (NGN) provides by means of the presence service a framework to manage the current user's state as well as the user's profile information extracted from Internet and mobile context. This paper propose a user modeling ontology for AAL services which can be deployed in a NGN environment with the aim at adapting their functionalities to the elderly's context information and state.

PUE attack detection in CWSNs using anomaly detection techniques

Cognitive wireless sensor network (CWSN) is a new paradigm, integrating cognitive features in traditional wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to mitigate important problems such as spectrum occupancy. Security in cognitive wireless sensor networks is an important problem since these kinds of networks manage critical applications and data. The specific constraints of WSN make the problem even more critical, and effective solutions have not yet been implemented. Primary user emulation (PUE) attack is the most studied specific attack deriving from new cognitive features. This work discusses a new approach, based on anomaly behavior detection and collaboration, to detect the primary user emulation attack in CWSN scenarios. Two non-parametric algorithms, suitable for low-resource networks like CWSNs, have been used in this work: the cumulative sum and data clustering algorithms. The comparison is based on some characteristics such as detection delay, learning time, scalability, resources, and scenario dependency. The algorithms have been tested using a cognitive simulator that provides important results in this area. Both algorithms have shown to be valid in order to detect PUE attacks, reaching a detection rate of 99% and less than 1% of false positives using collaboration.

Integration of wearable devices in a wireless sensor network for an e-health application

Applications based on Wireless Sensor Networks for Internet of Things scenarios are on the rise. The multiple possibilities they offer have spread towards previously hard to imagine fields, like e-health or human physiological monitoring. An application has been developed for its usage in scenarios where data collection is applied to smart spaces, aiming at its usage in fire fighting and sports. This application has been tested in a gymnasium with real, non-simulated nodes and devices. A Graphic User Interface has been implemented to suggest a series of exercises to improve a sportsman/woman s condition, depending on the context and their profile. This system can be adapted to a wide variety of e-health applications with minimum changes, and the user will interact using different devices, like smart phones, smart watches and/or tablets.

A 3D multi-objective optimization planning algorithm for wireless sensor networks

The complexity of planning a wireless sensor network is dependent on the aspects of optimization and on the application requirements. Even though Murphy's Law is applied everywhere in reality, a good planning algorithm will assist the designers to be aware of the short plates of their design and to improve them before the problems being exposed at the real deployment. A 3D multi-objective planning algorithm is proposed in this paper to provide solutions on the locations of nodes and their properties. It employs a developed ray-tracing scheme for sensing signal and radio propagation modelling. Therefore it is sensitive to the obstacles and makes the models of sensing coverage and link quality more practical compared with other heuristics that use ideal unit-disk models. The proposed algorithm aims at reaching an overall optimization on hardware cost, coverage, link quality and lifetime. Thus each of those metrics are modelled and normalized to compose a desirability function. Evolutionary algorithm is designed to efficiently tackle this NP-hard multi-objective optimization problem. The proposed algorithm is applicable for both indoor and outdoor 3D scenarios. Different parameters that affect the performance are analyzed through extensive experiments; two state-of-the-art algorithms are rebuilt and tested with the same configuration as that of the proposed algorithm. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm converges efficiently within 600 iterations and performs better than the compared heuristics.

Virtualization of event sources in wireless sensor networks for the Internet of Things

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are generally used to collect information from the environment. The gathered data are delivered mainly to sinks or gateways that become the endpoints where applications can retrieve and process such data. However, applications would also expect from a WSN an event-driven operational model, so that they can be notified whenever occur some specific environmental changes instead of continuously analyzing the data provided periodically. In either operational model, WSNs represent a collection of interconnected objects, as outlined by the Internet of Things. Additionally, in order to fulfill the Internet of Things principles, Wireless Sensor Networks must have a virtual representation that allows indirect access to their resources, a model that should also include the virtualization of event sources in a WSN. Thus, in this paper a model for a virtual representation of event sources in a WSN is proposed. They are modeled as internet resources that are accessible by any internet application, following an Internet of Things approach. The model has been tested in a real implementation where a WSN has been deployed in an open neighborhood environment. Different event sources have been identified in the proposed scenario, and they have been represented following the proposed model.

A novel topology control approach to maintain the node degree in dynamic wireless sensor networks

Topology control is an important technique to improve the connectivity and the reliability of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) by means of adjusting the communication range of wireless sensor nodes. In this paper, a novel Fuzzy-logic Topology Control (FTC) is proposed to achieve any desired average node degree by adaptively changing communication range, thus improving the network connectivity, which is the main target of FTC. FTC is a fully localized control algorithm, and does not rely on location information of neighbors. Instead of designing membership functions and if-then rules for fuzzy-logic controller, FTC is constructed from the training data set to facilitate the design process. FTC is proved to be accurate, stable and has short settling time. In order to compare it with other representative localized algorithms (NONE, FLSS, k-Neighbor and LTRT), FTC is evaluated through extensive simulations. The simulation results show that: firstly, similar to k-Neighbor algorithm, FTC is the best to achieve the desired average node degree as node density varies; secondly, FTC is comparable to FLSS and k-Neighbor in terms of energy-efficiency, but is better than LTRT and NONE; thirdly, FTC has the lowest average maximum communication range than other algorithms, which indicates that the most energy-consuming node in the network consumes the lowest power.

Integration of low-cost supervisory mobile robots in domestic wireless sensor networks

This paper presents a communication interface between supervisory low-cost mobile robots and domestic Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) based on the Zig Bee protocol from different manufacturers. The communication interface allows control and communication with other network devices using the same protocol. The robot can receive information from sensor devices (temperature, humidity, luminosity) and send commands to actuator devices (lights, shutters, thermostats) from different manufacturers. The architecture of the system, the interfaces and devices needed to establish the communication are described in the paper.

Cognitive test-bed for wireless sensor networks

Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks are an emerging technology with a vast potential to avoid traditional wireless problems such as reliability, interferences and spectrum scarcity in Wireless Sensor Networks. Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks test-beds are an important tool for future developments, protocol strategy testing and algorithm optimization in real scenarios. A new cognitive test-bed for Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks is presented in this paper. This work in progress includes both the design of a cognitive simulator for networks with a high number of nodes and the implementation of a new platform with three wireless interfaces and a cognitive software for extracting real data. Finally, as a future work, a remote programmable system and the planning for the physical deployment of the nodes at the university building is presented.

The Balanced Cross-Layer Design Routing Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Fuzzy Logic

Recently, the cross-layer design for the wireless sensor network communication protocol has become more and more important and popular. Considering the disadvantages of the traditional cross-layer routing algorithms, in this paper we propose a new fuzzy logic-based routing algorithm, named the Balanced Cross-layer Fuzzy Logic (BCFL) routing algorithm. In BCFL, we use the cross-layer parameters’ dispersion as the fuzzy logic inference system inputs. Moreover, we give each cross-layer parameter a dynamic weight according the value of the dispersion. For getting a balanced solution, the parameter whose dispersion is large will have small weight, and vice versa. In order to compare it with the traditional cross-layer routing algorithms, BCFL is evaluated through extensive simulations. The simulation results show that the new routing algorithm can handle the multiple constraints without increasing the complexity of the algorithm and can achieve the most balanced performance on selecting the next hop relay node. Moreover, the Balanced Cross-layer Fuzzy Logic routing algorithm can adapt to the dynamic changing of the network conditions and topology effectively.