A design-phase PSA of anuclear-powered hydrogen plant

A probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) is being developed for a steam-methane reforming hydrogenproduction plant linked to a high-temperature gas-cooled nuclear reactor (HTGR). This work is based on the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute's (JAERI) High Temperature Engineering Test Reactor (HTTR) prototype in Japan. The objective of this paper is to show how the PSA can be used for improving the design of the coupled plants. A simplified HAZOP study was performed to identify initiating events, based on existing studies. The results of the PSA show that the average frequency of an accident at this complex that could affect the population is 7 × 10−8 year−1 which is divided into the various end states. The dominant sequences are those that result in a methane explosion and occur with a frequency of 6.5 × 10−8 year−1, while the other sequences are much less frequent. The health risk presents itself if there are people in the vicinity who could be affected by the explosion. This analysis also demonstrates that an accident in one of the plants has little effect on the other. This is true given the design base distance between the plants, the fact that the reactor is underground, as well as other safety characteristics of the HTGR.

Modelo no estacionario para determinar la estructura atómica en un plasma de fusión por confinamiento inercial

Durante los últimos años la física atómica ha vuelto a cobrar un papel fundamental en los planes de investigación, entre los que destacan aquellos dedicados al estudio teórico y experimental de la fusión nuclear. Concretamente, en el concepto de fusión por confinamiento inercial se pueden distinguir cuatro grandes áreas donde es básico el conocimiento de las propiedades atómicas de la materia. Estas son: 1. Modelado de la interacción entre haces de partículas o láser con la cápsula combustible 2. Simulación de blancos de irradiación indirecta mediante conversión a rayos X 3. Diagnosis de experimentos 4. Láseres de rayos X La modelación de los plasmas en fusión depende principalmente de la densidad electrónica. En fusión por confinamiento magnético (tokamaks), los plasmas tienen densidades bajas, por lo que, en general, es suficiente considerar un modelo corona, en el que la mayoría de los iones se encuentran en su estado fundamental o con un número pequeño de estados excitados, estableciéndose sus poblaciones mediante un balance entre la ionización colisional/recombinación radiativa y excitación/decaimiento espontáneo. Sin embargo, los plasmas característicos de la fusión por confinamiento inercial tienen densidades más altas, aunque, normalmente, no lo suficientes como para poder establecer condiciones de equilibrio local termodinámico (balance entre procesos colisionales). Estas densidades, que se podrían clasificar como intermedias, se caracterizan por la aparición de un mayor número de estados excitados por ión y por la importancia tanto de los procesos colisionales como radiativos. Además de lo expuesto anteriormente, en ciertos regímenes de plasma, las variables termodinámicas locales, fundamentalmente presión (densidad) y temperatura, varían fuertemente con el tiempo, de manera que cuando los tiempos característicos de esta variación son menores que los propios de relajación de los procesos atómicos, el sistema no puede tratarse en estado estacionario, siendo necesario resolver las ecuaciones de balance con dependencia temporal. Estas ecuaciones de tasa o de balance contienen una serie de términos que representan los distintos procesos mediante una serie de coeficientes cuyas expresiones dependen de las condiciones del plasma, por lo que el problema es fuertemente no lineal. Por otra parte, hay que añadir que si el medio es ópticamente grueso a la radiación, en las ecuaciones de tasa aparecen términos radiativos que incluyen el campo de radiación, por lo que es necesario resolver la ecuación de transferencia en cada línea o bien, utilizar otras aproximaciones, que sin resolver dicha ecuación, permitan tener en cuenta el campo de radiación en la línea. Por todo ello, el objetivo de esta Tesis se centra en el desarrollo de un modelo original para el cálculo de la distribución de los estados de ionización en un plasma de fusión por confinamiento inercial en condiciones de no-equilibrio termodinámico local, caracterizado por: 1. Resolución de las ecuaciones de balance en estado estacionario y con dependencia temporal, considerando a las distintas especies iónicas tanto en su estado fundamental como en posibles estados excitados. 2. Elección de especies iónicas y número de estados excitados en función de las condiciones de densidad y temperatura del plasma. En el caso de una evolución temporal el número de estados excitados y su distribución se adecúan en cada caso a las condiciones del plasma. 3. Tratamiento de medios ópticamente finos y gruesos, utilizándose para estos últimos una evaluación aproximada del campo de radiación en la línea. 4. Capacidad de acoplamiento a un modelo hidrodinámico a través de la temperatura electrónica, densidad y campo de radiación. Entre todas estas características, se debe hacer constar que las principales aportaciones originales se refieren, en primer lugar, a la forma original de resolver las ecuaciones de tasa con dependencia temporal, ya que se tiene en cuenta la evolución de todos los estados: fundamentales y excitados, frente a la hipótesis habitual de resolver las ecuaciones temporales sólo de los estados fundamentales, y suponer los excitados en estado estacionario, es decir, que siguen el comportamiento de su correspondiente fundamental. En segundo lugar, la elección del número de estados excitados por cada funda- X mental, que se realiza mediante un cálculo inicial donde se considera todos los iones del plasma en estado fundamental, para en función de las densidades de población obtenidas, elegir los estados fundamentales y sus correspondientes excitados que se deben considerar. Y por último, señalar que en el tratamiento de medios ópticamente gruesos se ha conseguido obtener una evaluación de la radiación absorbida por el plasma, independientemente de la geometría del mismo, sin necesidad de resolver la ecuación de transferencia en la línea, y sin acudir a otros métodos, que sin resolver dicha ecuación, necesitan la definición de una geometría para el plasma, por ejemplo, factores de escape. El modelo ha sido comparado y contrastado tanto con resultados teóricos como experimentales, observando unos resultados muy aceptables, de lo cual se deduce que el modelo es capaz de suministrar la evaluación de los parámetros atómicos en este tipo de plasmas. A partir de esta Tesis, el modelo se puede potenciar, a través de varias líneas de investigación que se han identificado: 1. Tratamiento de medios ópticamente gruesos con resolución de la ecuación de transferencia en las líneas. 2. Evaluación detallada de las secciones eficaces de los distintos procesos que tienen lugar en plasmas, y que aparecen en las ecuaciones de balance a través de los coeficientes de tasa.

Formation energy of vacancies in FeCr alloys: Dependence on Cr concentration

A modified version of the concentration-dependent model (CDM) potential (A. Caro et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 (2005) 075702) [1] has been developed to study defects in Fe–Cr for different Crconcentrations. A comparison between this new potential and DFT results for a variety of point defect configurations is performed in order to test its reliability for radiation damage studies. The effect of Crconcentration on the vacancyformationenergy in Fe–Cr alloys is analyzed in detail. This study shows a linear dependence of the vacancyformationenergy on Crconcentration for values above 6% of Cr. However, the formationenergy deviates from the linear interpolation in the region below 6% Crconcentration. In order to understand this behavior, the influence of the relative positions between Cr atoms and vacant sites on the vacancyformationenergy has been studied.

Object Kinetic Monte Carlo calculations of irradiated Fe-Cr dilute alloys: The effect of the interaction radius between substitutional Cr and self-interstitial Fe

ObjectKineticMonteCarlo models allow for the study of the evolution of the damage created by irradiation to time scales that are comparable to those achieved experimentally. Therefore, the essential ObjectKineticMonteCarlo parameters can be validated through comparison with experiments. However, this validation is not trivial since a large number of parameters is necessary, including migration energies of point defects and their clusters, binding energies of point defects in clusters, as well as the interactionradii. This is particularly cumbersome when describing an alloy, such as the Fe–Cr system, which is of interest for fusion energy applications. In this work we describe an ObjectKineticMonteCarlo model for Fe–Cr alloys in the dilute limit. The parameters used in the model come either from density functional theory calculations or from empirical interatomic potentials. This model is used to reproduce isochronal resistivity recovery experiments of electron irradiateddiluteFe–Cr alloys performed by Abe and Kuramoto. The comparison between the calculated results and the experiments reveal that an important parameter is the capture radius between substitutionalCr and self-interstitialFe atoms. A parametric study is presented on the effect of the capture radius on the simulated recovery curves.

Radiative properties for warm and hot dense matter

We will present calculations of opacities for matter under LTE conditions. Opacities are needed in radiation transport codes to study processes like Inertial Confinement Fusion and plasma amplifiers in X-ray secondary sources. For the calculations we use the code BiGBART, with either a hydrogenic approximation with j-splitting or self-consistent data generated with the atomic physics code FAC. We calculate the atomic structure, oscillator strengths, radiative transition energies, including UTA computations, and photoionization cross-sections. A DCA model determines the configurations considered in the computation of the opacities. The opacities obtained with these two models are compared with experimental measurements.

Bloche-Maxwell treatment of amplification of high harmonic seed in soft x-ray laser amplifiers in both direct and chirped amplifications

Seeding plasma-based softx-raylaser (SXRL) demonstrated diffraction-limited, fully coherent in space and in time beam but with energy not exceeding 1 μJ per pulse. Quasi-steady-state (QSS) plasmas demonstrated to be able to store high amount of energy and then amplify incoherent SXRL up to several mJ. Using 1D time-dependant Bloch–Maxwell model including amplification of noise, we demonstrated that femtosecond HHG cannot be efficiently amplified in QSS plasmas. However, using Chirped Pulse Amplification concept on HHG seed allows to extract most of the stored energy, reaching up to 5 mJ in fully coherent pulses that can be compressed down to 130 fs.

Study of rapid ionisation for simulation of soft X-ray lasers with the 2D hydro-radiative code ARWEN

We present our fast ionisation routine used to study transient softX-raylasers with ARWEN, a two-dimensional hydrodynamic code incorporating adaptative mesh refinement (AMR) and radiative transport. We compute global rates between ion stages assuming an effective temperature between singly-excited levels of each ion. A two-step method is used to obtain in a straightforward manner the variation of ion populations over long hydrodynamic time steps. We compare our model with existing theoretical results both stationary and transient, finding that the discrepancies are moderate except for large densities. We simulate an existing Molybdenum Ni-like transient softX-raylaser with ARWEN. Use of the fast ionisation routine leads to a larger increase in temperature and a larger gain zone than when LTE datatables are used.

A new set of relativistic screening constants for the screened hydrogenic model

AnewRelativisticScreenedHydrogenicModel has been developed to calculate atomic data needed to compute the optical and thermodynamic properties of high energy density plasmas. The model is based on anewset of universal screeningconstants, including nlj-splitting that has been obtained by fitting to a large database of ionization potentials and excitation energies. This database was built with energies compiled from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) database of experimental atomic energy levels, and energies calculated with the Flexible Atomic Code (FAC). The screeningconstants have been computed up to the 5p3/2 subshell using a Genetic Algorithm technique with an objective function designed to minimize both the relative error and the maximum error. To select the best set of screeningconstants some additional physical criteria has been applied, which are based on the reproduction of the filling order of the shells and on obtaining the best ground state configuration. A statistical error analysis has been performed to test the model, which indicated that approximately 88% of the data lie within a ±10% error interval. We validate the model by comparing the results with ionization energies, transition energies, and wave functions computed using sophisticated self-consistent codes and experimental data.

Study on the response of IFMIF fission chambers to mixed neutron-gamma fields: PH-2 experimental tests

The engineering design of fissionchambers as on-line radiation detectors for IFMIF is being performed in the framework of the IFMIF-EVEDA works. In this paper the results of the experiments performed in the BR2 reactor during the phase-2 of the foreseen validation activities are addressed. Two detectors have been tested in a mixedneutron-gamma field with high neutron fluence and gamma absorbed dose rates, comparable with the expected values in the HFTM in IFMIF. Since the neutron spectra in all BR2 channels are dominated by the thermal neutron component, the detectors have been surrounded by a cylindrical gadolinium screen to cut the thermal neutron component, in order to get a more representative test for IFMIF conditions. The integrated gamma absorbed dose was about 4 × 1010 Gy and the fast neutron fluence (E > 0.1 MeV) 4 × 1020 n/cm2. The fissionchambers were calibrated in three BR2 channels with different neutron-to-gamma ratio, and the long-term evolution of the signals was studied and compared with theoretical calculations

Determination of the average ionization and thermodynamic regimes of xenon plasmas with an application to the characterization of blast waves launched in xenon clusters

Radiative shock waves play a pivotal role in the transport energy into the stellar medium. This fact has led to many efforts to scale the astrophysical phenomena to accessible laboratory conditions and their study has been highlighted as an area requiring further experimental investigations. Low density material with high atomic mass is suitable to achieve radiative regime, and, therefore, low density xenon gas is commonly used for the medium in which the radiative shock propagates. In this work the averageionization and the thermodynamicregimes of xenonplasmas are determined as functions of the matter density and temperature in a wide range of plasma conditions. The results obtained will be applied to characterize blastwaveslaunched in xenonclusters

IFMIF suitability for evaluation of fusion functional materials

The International FusionMaterials Irradiation Facility (IFMIF) is a future neutron source based on the D-Li stripping reaction, planned to test candidate fusionmaterials at relevant fusion irradiation conditions. During the design of IFMIF special attention was paid to the structural materials for the blanket and first wall, because they will be exposed to the most severe irradiation conditions in a fusion reactor. Also the irradiation of candidate materials for solid breeder blankets is planned in the IFMIF reference design. This paper focuses on the assessment of the suitability of IFMIF irradiation conditions for testing functionalmaterials to be used in liquid blankets and diagnostics systems, since they are been also considered within IFMIF objectives. The study has been based on the analysis and comparison of the main expected irradiation parameters in IFMIF and DEMO reactor.

A Comparison of different Uncertainty Activation Cross-Section Data Libraries: Application to the Prediction Uncertainty in Tritium Production

T actitivity in LiPb LiPb mock-up material irradiated in Frascati: measurement and MCNP results

Desarrollo de códigos neutrónicos propios para la simulación del núcleo de reactores PWR

La simulación de la física del núcleo de los reactores nucleares por su complejidad requiere del uso de computadores y del software adecuado, y su evolución es ir hacía métodos y modelos de los llamados best-estimate, con el objeto de aumentar la disponibilidad de la central manteniendo los márgenes de seguridad. Para ello el Departamento de Ingeniería Nuclear (UPM), ha desarrollado el Sistema SEANAP en uso en varias centrales nucleares españolas, que realiza la simulación en 3D y con detalle de barrita combustible del quemado nominal y real del núcleo del reactor, hace el seguimiento en línea de la operación, y ayuda a la planificación óptima de las maniobras operacionales

Accident Management Actions In An Upper-Head Small-Break Loss-Of-Coolant Accident With High-Pressure Safety Injection Failed

Since the Three Mile Island accident, an important focus of pressurized water reactor (PWR) transient analyses has been a small-break loss-of-coolant accident (SBLOCA). In 2002, the discovery of thinning of the vessel head wall at the Davis Besse nuclear power plant reactor indicated the possibility of an SBLOCA in the upper head of the reactor vessel as a result of circumferential cracking of a control rod drive mechanism penetration nozzle - which has cast even greater importance on the study of SBLOCAs. Several experimental tests have been performed at the Large Scale Test Facility to simulate the behavior of a PWR during an upper-head SBLOCA. The last of these tests, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Nuclear Energy Agency Rig of Safety Assessment (OECD/NEA ROSA) Test 6.1, was performed in 2005. This test was simulated with the TRACE 5.0 code, and good agreement with the experimental results was obtained. Additionally, a broad analysis of an upper-head SBLOCA with high-pressure safety injection failed in a Westinghouse PWR was performed taking into account different accident management actions and conditions in order to check their suitability. This issue has been analyzed also in the framework of the OECD/NEA ROSA project and the Code Applications and Maintenance Program (CAMP). The main conclusion is that the current emergency operating procedures for Westinghouse reactor design are adequate for these kinds of sequences, and they do not need to be modified.

Amorphization kinectics under swift heavy ion irradiation: a cumulative overlapping-track approach

A simple illustrative physical model is presented to describe the kinetics of damage and amorphization by swiftheavyions (SHI) in LiNbO3. The model considers that every ion impact generates initially a defective region (halo) and a full amorphous core whose relative size depends on the electronic stopping power. Below a given stopping power threshold only a halo is generated. For increasing fluences the amorphized area grows monotonically via overlapping of a fixed number N of halos. In spite of its simplicity the model, which provides analytical solutions, describes many relevant features of the kinetic behaviour. In particular, it predicts approximate Avrami curves with parameters depending on stopping power in qualitative accordance with experiment that turn into Poisson laws well above the threshold value