Numerical simulation of the transition from densely distributed to localized cracking.

8th International Conference on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures (FraMCoS8).

Mechanical behaviour of laminated functionally graded fibre-reinforced self-compacting cementitious composites

El hormigón autocompactante (HAC) es una nueva tipología de hormigón o material compuesto base cemento que se caracteriza por ser capaz de fluir en el interior del encofrado o molde, llenándolo de forma natural, pasando entre las barras de armadura y consolidándose únicamente bajo la acción de su peso propio, sin ayuda de medios de compactación externos, y sin que se produzca segregación de sus componentes. Debido a sus propiedades frescas (capacidad de relleno, capacidad de paso, y resistencia a la segregación), el HAC contribuye de forma significativa a mejorar la calidad de las estructuras así como a abrir nuevos campos de aplicación del hormigón. Por otra parte, la utilidad del hormigón reforzado con fibras de acero (HRFA) es hoy en día incuestionable debido a la mejora significativa de sus propiedades mecánicas tales como resistencia a tracción, tenacidad, resistencia al impacto o su capacidad para absorber energía. Comparado con el HRFA, el hormigón autocompactante reforzado con fibras de acero (HACRFA) presenta como ventaja una mayor fluidez y cohesión ofreciendo, además de unas buenas propiedades mecánicas, importantes ventajas en relación con su puesta en obra. El objetivo global de esta tesis doctoral es el desarrollo de nuevas soluciones estructurales utilizando materiales compuestos base cemento autocompactantes reforzados con fibras de acero. La tesis presenta una nueva forma de resolver el problema basándose en el concepto de los materiales gradiente funcionales (MGF) o materiales con función gradiente (MFG) con el fin de distribuir de forma eficiente las fibras en la sección estructural. Para ello, parte del HAC se sustituye por HACRFA formando capas que presentan una transición gradual entre las mismas con el fin de obtener secciones robustas y exentas de tensiones entre capas con el fin de aplicar el concepto “MGF-laminados” a elementos estructurales tales como vigas, columnas, losas, etc. El proceso incluye asimismo el propio método de fabricación que, basado en la tecnología HAC, permite el desarrollo de interfases delgadas y robustas entre capas (1-3 mm) gracias a las propiedades reológicas del material. Para alcanzar dichos objetivos se ha llevado a cabo un amplio programa experimental cuyas etapas principales son las siguientes: • Definir y desarrollar un método de diseño que permita caracterizar de forma adecuada las propiedades mecánicas de la “interfase”. Esta primera fase experimental incluye: o las consideraciones generales del propio método de fabricación basado en el concepto de fabricación de materiales gradiente funcionales denominado “reología y gravedad”, o las consideraciones específicas del método de caracterización, o la caracterización de la “interfase”. • Estudiar el comportamiento mecánico sobre elementos estructurales, utilizando distintas configuraciones de MGF-laminado frente a acciones tanto estáticas como dinámicas con el fin de comprobar la viabilidad del material para ser usado en elementos estructurales tales como vigas, placas, pilares, etc. Los resultados indican la viabilidad de la metodología de fabricación adoptada, así como, las ventajas tanto estructurales como en reducción de costes de las soluciones laminadas propuestas. Es importante destacar la mejora en términos de resistencia a flexión, compresión o impacto del hormigón autocompactante gradiente funcional en comparación con soluciones de HACRFA monolíticos inclusos con un volumen neto de fibras (Vf) doble o superior. Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is an important advance in the concrete technology in the last decades. It is a new type of high performance concrete with the ability of flowing under its own weight and without the need of vibrations. Due to its specific fresh or rheological properties, such as filling ability, passing ability and segregation resistance, SCC may contribute to a significant improvement of the quality of concrete structures and open up new field for the application of concrete. On the other hand, the usefulness of steel fibre-reinforced concrete (SFRC) in civil engineering applications is unquestionable. SFRC can improve significantly the hardened mechanical properties such as tensile strength, impact resistance, toughness and energy absorption capacity. Compared to SFRC, self-compacting steel fibre-reinforced concrete (SCSFRC) is a relatively new type of concrete with high flowability and good cohesiveness. SCSFRC offers very attractive economical and technical benefits thanks to SCC rheological properties, which can be further extended, when combined with SFRC for improving their mechanical characteristics. However, for the different concrete structural elements, a single concrete mix is selected without an attempt to adapt the diverse fibre-reinforced concretes to the stress-strain sectional properly. This thesis focused on the development of high performance cement-based structural composites made of SCC with and without steel fibres, and their applications for enhanced mechanical properties in front of different types of load and pattern configurations. It presents a new direction for tackling the mechanical problem. The approach adopted is based on the concept of functionally graded cementitious composite (FGCC) where part of the plain SCC is strategically replaced by SCSFRC in order to obtain laminated functionally graded self-compacting cementitious composites, laminated-FGSCC, in single structural elements as beams, columns, slabs, etc. The approach also involves a most suitable casting method, which uses SCC technology to eliminate the potential sharp interlayer while easily forming a robust and regular reproducible graded interlayer of 1-3 mm by controlling the rheology of the mixes and using gravity at the same time to encourage the use of the powerful concept for designing more performance suitable and cost-efficient structural systems. To reach the challenging aim, a wide experimental programme has been carried out involving two main steps: • The definition and development of a novel methodology designed for the characterization of the main parameter associated to the interface- or laminated-FGSCC solutions: the graded interlayer. Work of this first part includes: o the design considerations of the innovative (in the field of concrete) production method based on “rheology and gravity” for producing FG-SCSFRC or as named in the thesis FGSCC, casting process and elements, o the design of a specific testing methodology, o the characterization of the interface-FGSCC by using the so designed testing methodology. • The characterization of the different medium size FGSCC samples under different static and dynamic loads patterns for exploring their possibilities to be used for structural elements as beams, columns, slabs, etc. The results revealed the efficiency of the manufacturing methodology, which allow creating robust structural sections, as well as the feasibility and cost effectiveness of the proposed FGSCC solutions for different structural uses. It is noticeable to say the improvement in terms of flexural, compressive or impact loads’ responses of the different FGSCC in front of equal strength class SCSFRC bulk elements with at least the double of overall net fibre volume fraction (Vf).

Identification of intermediate debonding damage in FRP-plated RC beams based on multi-objective particle swarm optimization without updated baseline model

Fiber reinforced polymer composites (FRP) have found widespread usage in the repair and strengthening of concrete structures. FRP composites exhibit high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and are convenient to use in repair applications. Externally bonded FRP flexural strengthening of concrete beams is the most extended application of this technique. A common cause of failure in such members is associated with intermediate crack-induced debonding (IC debonding) of the FRP substrate from the concrete in an abrupt manner. Continuous monitoring of the concrete?FRP interface is essential to pre- vent IC debonding. Objective condition assessment and performance evaluation are challenging activities since they require some type of monitoring to track the response over a period of time. In this paper, a multi-objective model updating method integrated in the context of structural health monitoring is demonstrated as promising technology for the safety and reliability of this kind of strengthening technique. The proposed method, solved by a multi-objective extension of the particle swarm optimization method, is based on strain measurements under controlled loading. The use of permanently installed fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors embedded into the FRP-concrete interface or bonded onto the FRP strip together with the proposed methodology results in an automated method able to operate in an unsupervised mode.

Caracterización multivariada de los temporales para su aplicación en el dimensionamiento del manto principal

En esta tesis se presenta una metodología para la caracterización del oleaje, dentro del marco de las nuevas Recomendaciones para Obras Marítimas (ROM 0.0.-00 y ROM 1.0-09), por ser una de las principales acciones que afectan a la estabilidad de las estructuras marítimas. Debido al carácter aleatorio intrínsecamente multivariado de la acción considerada, las tormentas, su caracterización paramétrica se realiza en términos de funciones cópula uniparamétricas. Las variables consideradas son altura de ola significante del pico de la tormenta, el periodo medio asociado y la magnitud, o número de olas, de todo el ciclo de solicitación. Para establecer un patrón teórico de evolución de la tormenta que permita extrapolar las muestras fuera de la región con datos se analizan los modelos teóricos existentes, comprobándose que no reproducen adecuadamente las tormentas constituidas por estados de mar con un peso importante de oleaje swell. Para evitar esta limitación se proponen cuatro modelos teóricos de evolución de tormentas con distintas formas geométricas. El análisis de los modelos existentes y los propuestos pone de relieve que el Modelo Magnitud Equivalente de Tormenta (EMS= Equivalent Magnitude Storm) con la forma triangular es el que mejor adapta las tormentas constituidas por estados de mar típicos del viento. Para tormentas con un mayor grado de desarrollo, el modelo teórico de tormenta EMS con la forma trapezoidal es el adecuado. De las aproximaciones propuestas para establecer el periodo medio de los sucesivos estados de mar del ciclo de solicitación. la propuesta por Martín Soldevilla et al., (2009) es la más versátil y , en general , mejor reproduce la evolución de todo tipo de tormentas. La caracterización de las tormentas se complementa con la altura de ola máxima. Debido a la mayor disponibilidad y longitud temporal de los datos sintéticos frente a las registros, la práctica totalidad de los análisis de extremos se realizan con tormentas sintéticas en las que la distribución de olas individuales es desconocida. Para evitar esta limitación se utilizan modelos teóricos de distribución de olas acordes a las características de cada uno de los estados de mar que conforman la tormenta sintética. Para establecer dichas características se utiliza la curtosis y en función de su valor la altura de ola máxima se determina asumiendo una determinada distribución de olas. Para estados de mar lineales la distribución de olas individuales de Rayleigh es la considerada. Para condiciones no lineales de gran ancho de banda el modelo de distribución de olas propuesto por Dawson, (2004) es el utilizado y si es de banda estrecha las predicciones de (Boccotti, (1989), Boccotti et al., (2013)) se compara con las resultantes del modelo de Dawson. La caracterización de la evolución de las tormentas en términos multivariados es aplicada al estudio de la progresión del daño del manto principal de diques en talud, y al rebase de las olas. Ambos aspectos cubren el segundo objetivo de la tesis en el que se propone una nueva formulación para el dimensionamiento de mantos constituidos por bloques cúbicos de hormigón. Para el desarrollo de esta nueva formulación se han utilizado los resultados recogidos en los estudios de estabilidad del manto principal de diques talud realizados en modelo físico a escala reducida en el Centro de Estudios de Puertos y Costas (CEDEX) desde la década de los 80 empleando, en su mayoría, bloques paralelepípedos cúbicos de hormigón. Por este motivo y porque los últimos diques construidos en la costa Española utilizan este tipo de pieza, es por lo que la formulación planteada se centra en este tipo de pieza. Después de un primer análisis de las fórmulas de cálculo y de evolución existentes, se llega a la conclusión de que es necesario realizar un esfuerzo de investigación en este campo, así como ensayos en laboratorio y recogida de datos in-situ con base a desarrollar fórmulas de evolución de daño para mantos constituidos por piezas diferentes a la escollera, que tenga en cuenta las principales variables que condiciona su estabilidad. En esta parte de la tesis se propone un método de análisis de evolución de daño, que incluye el criterio de inicio de avería, adecuada para diques en talud constituidos por bloque cúbicos de hormigón y que considera la incidencia oblicua, el daño acumulado y el rebase. This thesis proposes a methodology to estimate sea waves, one of the main actions affecting the maritime structures stability, complying with (ROM 0.0.-00 & ROM 1.0-09.Due to the multivariate behavior of sea storms, the characterization of the structures of sea storms is done using copula function. The analyzed variables are the significant height wave, mean period and magnitude or number of waves during the storm history. The storm evolution in terms of the significant height wave and the mean period is also studied in other to analyze the progressive failure modes. The existing models of evolution are studied, verifying that these approximations do not adjust accurately for developed waves. To overcome this disadvantage, four evolution models are proposed, with some geometrical shapes associated to fit any development degree. The proposed Equivalent Magnitude Storm model, EMS, generally obtains the best results for any kind of storm (predominant sea, swell or both). The triangle is recommended for typical sea storms whereas the trapezoid shape is much more appropriate for more developed storm conditions.The Martín Soldevilla et al., (2009) approach to estimate the mean period is better than others approaches used.The storm characterization is completed with the maximum wave height of the whole storm history. Due to synthetic historical waves databases are more accessible and longer than recorded database, the extreme analyses are done with synthetic data. For this reason the individual waves’ distribution is not known. For that limitation to be avoided, and depending on the characteristics of every sea states, one theoretical model of waves is choose and used. The kurtosis parameter is used to distinguish between linear and nonlinear sea states. The Rayleigh model is used for the linear sea states. For the nonlinear sea states, Dawson, (2004) approach is used for non-narrow bandwidth storms, comparing the results with the Boccotti, (1989), Boccotti et al., (2013) approach, with is used for narrow bandwidth storms. The multivariate and storm evolution characterization is used to analyze of stone armour damage progression and wave overtopping discharge. Both aspects are included in the second part of the thesis, with a new formula is proposed to design cubes armour layer. The results the stability studies of armour layer, done in the Centre for Harbours and Coastal Studies (CEDEX) laboratory are used for defining a new stability formula. For this reason and because the last biggest breakwater built in Spain using the cube, the damage progression is analyze for this kind of concrete block. Before to analyze the existing formulae, it is concluded that it is necessary more investigation, more tests in laboratory and data gathering in situ to define damage evolution formulae to armour of other kind of pieces and that takes to account the principal variables. This thesis proposed a method to calculate the damage progression including oblique waves, accumulated damage, and overtopping effect. The method also takes account the beginning of the movement of the blocks.

Use of Headed Reinforcement Bars in Contruction. A Theoretical Approach to Determine the Dimensions of Anchorage Plates and Experimental Tests on Knee Joints Subjected to a Closing Moment

In order to reduce costs and time while improving quality, durability and sustainability in structural concrete constructions, a widely used material nowadays, special care must be taken in some crucial phases of the project and execution, including the structure design and calculation, the dosage, dumping and curing of concrete: another important aspect is the proper design and execution of assembly plans and construction details. The framework, a name designating the whole reinforcement bars cage already assembled as shown in the drawings, can be made up of several components and implies higher or lower industrialization degree. The framework costs constitute about one third of the price per cubic meter placed in concrete works. The best solutions from all points of view are clearly those involving an easier processing to achieve the same goal, and consequently carrying a high degree of industrialization, meaning quality and safety in the work. This thesis aims to provide an indepth analysis of a relatively new type of anchoring by plate known as headed reinforcement bars, which can potentially replace standard or L-shaped hooks, improving the cleaning of construction details and enabling a faster, more flexible, and therefore a more economical assembly. A literature review on the topic and an overview of typical applications is provided, followed by some examples of specific applications in real projects. Since a strict theoretical formulation used to provide the design plate dimensions has not yet been put forward, an equation is proposed for the side-face blowout strength of the anchorage, based on the capacity of concrete to carry concentrated loads in cases in which no transverse reinforcement is provided. The correlation of the calculated ultimate load with experimental results available in the literature is given. Besides, the proposed formulation can be expanded to cases in which a certain development length is available: using a software for nonlinear finite element analysis oriented to the study of reinforced concrete, numerical tests on the bond-bearing interaction are performed. The thesis ends with a testing of eight corner joints subjected to a closing moment, held in the Structures Laboratory of the Polytechnic University of Madrid, aiming to check whether the design of such plates as stated is adequate for these elements and whether an element with plate-anchored reinforcement is equivalent to one with a traditional construction detail.