Limiting properties in the characterisation of mixed recycled aggregates for use in the manufacture of concrete

El objetivo principal de este trabajo de investigación es estudiar las propiedades del árido reciclado mixto para la fabricación de hormigón reciclado en aplicaciones no estructurales. Se ha realizado la caracterización completa de 35 muestras de áridos reciclados mixtos gruesos de distinta calidad, procedentes de 13 plantas de tratamiento diferentes de la geografía española. Se han estudiado las correlaciones que existen entre las diferentes propiedades, en particular, con la absorción de agua, el contenido de sulfatos y la composición. Se propone una clasificación de los áridos reciclados y se limita de forma indicativa el contenido de yeso para que una muestra de árido reciclado mixto cumpla con la limitación del 0,8% de los sulfatos solubles en ácido de la Instrucción EHE-08. Recycling of construction and demolition waste (CDW) has become a widespread concern in Spain for the last years, as a way to preserve natural resources and achieve a better control of waste disposal sites.Specific applications which make use of mixed recycled aggregates are of great importance, as this types of aggregates constitute the majority of the total production. Structural and non-structural concrete is one of the possible applications, being this the main goal of our study. This paper presents a study on the physical and chemical characteristics of mixed recycled aggregates which have been obtained from different CDW treatment plants of Spain. Correlations between the different properties were investigated in order to find criterions of acceptance for recycled aggregates to be used in concrete. The comparison between the properties offers the possibility of pre-selecting a great quantity of mixed recycled aggregates, these being suitable for either structural and non-structural concrete. The determination of water absorption and the gypsum content are good indicators in order to evaluate the quality of the mixed recycled aggregates for its application in the production of concrete.

Presa de Los Chorros, sobre el río Sorbe

El presente proyecto de construcción de una presa sobre el río Sorbe tiene tres objetivos principales: 1) El primero es el mejor aprovechamiento de los recursos hídricos del río Sorbe, para garantizar el abastecimiento humano de las poblaciones que componen la Mancomunidad de Aguas del Sorbe (MAS), mediante la construcción de un embalse en el Alto Sorbe. El abastecimiento de la MAS se realiza actualmente gracias al embalse de Beleña. El nuevo embalse tiene como objetivo, aumentar la capacidad de agua embalsada en el río Sorbe aguas arriba de Beleña. No siendo por tanto necesarias la realización de obras de toma de agua ni ya que se aprovechan las de Beleña. 2) El segundo es garantizar la cesión de 12 hm3 de agua al Canal de Isabel II para el mismo fin, mediante el canal que comunica el Azud Pozo los Ramos con el embalse de El Vado. 3) El tercero es mantener y mejorar el caudal ecológico del río Sorbe, dada su fuerte irregularidad durante las distintas estaciones del año.

Integración urbana del ferrocarril en Talavera de la Reina

El presente Proyecto de Construcción desarrolla la solución para la integración urbana del ferrocarril a su paso por la ciudad de Talavera de la Reina. Actualmente existe una línea férrea convencional de ancho ibérico que atraviesa Talavera de la Reina, la cual constituye una barrera difícilmente franqueable para el crecimiento de la ciudad hacia el norte. Esto ha hecho que, a lo largo de los años, el desarrollo de la ciudad venga por establecerse en la franja Este-Oeste, siendo necesario la solución del efecto barrera que el ferrocarril causa sobre el desarrollo de la ciudad. En febrero de 2003, la Dirección General de Ferrocarriles – hoy Dirección General de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias – redactó el estudio informativo del proyecto de la “Línea de Alta Velocidad Madrid – Extremadura. Tramo; Madrid.-Oropesa”. El tramo Madrid – Oropesa incluye el paso a través de la ciudad de Talavera de la Reina, y el estudio informativo de 2003 planteaba una solución en superficie de dos vías de ancho internacional para alta velocidad situadas junto a la vía actual de ancho ibérico, que quedaría para tráfico de mercancías. Toda la actuación se desarrollaba en las inmediaciones del corredor ferroviario actual. Esta solución dotaba a Talavera de la Reina de alta velocidad, pero no daba solución al efecto barrera del ferrocarril. El presente Proyecto de Construcción, determina la integración urbana del ferrocarril en Talavera de la Reina mediante un soterramiento a su paso por la ciudad.

Therapeutic metaphors in engineering: how to cure a building structure

Cognitive linguistics have conscientiously pointed out the pervasiveness of conceptual mappings, particularly as conceptual blending and integration, that underlie language and that are unconsciously used in everyday speech (Fauconnier 1997, Fauconnier & Turner 2002; Rohrer 2007; Grady, Oakley & Coulson 1999). Moreover, as a further development of this work, there is a growing interest in research devoted to the conceptual mappings that make up specialized technical disciplines. Lakoff & Núñez 2000, for example, have produced a major breakthrough on the understanding of concepts in mathematics, through conceptual metaphor and as a result not of purely abstract concepts but rather of embodiment. On the engineering and architecture front, analyses on the use of metaphor, blending and categorization in English and Spanish have likewise appeared in recent times (Úbeda 2001, Roldán 1999, Caballero 2003a, 2003b, Roldán & Ubeda 2006, Roldán & Protasenia 2007). The present paper seeks to show a number of significant conceptual mappings underlying the language of architecture and civil engineering that seem to shape the way engineers and architects communicate. In order to work with a significant segment of linguistic expressions in this field, a corpus taken from a widely used technical Spanish engineering journal article was collected and analysed. The examination of the data obtained indicates that many tokens make a direct reference to therapeutic conceptual mappings, highlighting medical domains such as diagnosing,treating and curing. Hence, the paper illustrates how this notion is instantiated by the corresponding bodily conceptual integration. In addition, we wish to underline the function of visual metaphors in the world of modern architecture by evoking parts of human or animal anatomy, and how this is visibly noticeable in contemporary buildings and public works structures.

Pabellón polideportivo en Madrid

La redacción de este documento, trata de exponer de forma resumida los estudios realizados en este proyecto, cuyo objetivo es la construcción de un nuevo Pabellón Polideportivo en la ciudad de Madrid. La construcción de tal edificación se justifica por la necesidad de satisfacer una demanda social de unos determinados servicios de índole deportiva. En concreto, nuestro edifico está destinado a satisfacer estas necesidades deportivas en un distrito de la ciudad de Madrid, el cual se encuentra en pleno desarrollo urbanístico. De esta forma se ampliará y complementará los servicios deportivos que el Ayuntamiento de Madrid presta en la actualidad. Como ya se ha dicho, el objetivo principal de este Proyecto de Construcción es el diseño y ejecución de un Pabellón Polideportivo. Para llegar a solucionar el problema que ello plantea, se hace necesario realizar una serie de estudios para asegurar una correcta implantación del edificio y un correcto funcionamiento de las instalaciones del mismo durante la fase de explotación.

Proyecto de la estación depuradora de aguas residuales de Santa María del Campo Rus (Cuenca)

El presente Proyecto describe el diseño constructivo de las instalaciones correspondientes para el Saneamiento y Depuración del municipio de Santa María del Campo Rus. Por tanto, en este proyecto se definen las condiciones geométricas y técnicas a realizar, valorándose los trabajos y proporcionándose una información completa que permita conocer las obras con suficiente precisión. Las obras e instalaciones incluidas en este Proyecto Constructivo son aquellas que permiten un tratamiento de los caudales actuales, e inmediatamente futuros con el fin de llegar a un tratamiento completo de todos los vertidos producidos, de forma que con ello se consiga el grado de depuración necesario, hasta cumplir en cada momento los límites fijados para su vertido. A parte del fin fundamental indicado, conseguir los resultados de depuración exigidos, se ha considerado a la hora de diseñar y proyectar el presente proyecto, como metas básicas las siguientes: -Dar la solución idónea respecto a la línea de proceso adoptada, dimensionando en sentido amplio las unidades que conformen cada estación, para que puedan absorber las pequeñas variaciones que pudieran presentarse sobre los parámetros básicos establecidos. -Realizar una correcta distribución de los diversos elementos de cada estación atendiendo: a la secuencia lógica del proceso, a las características topográficas y geotécnicas del terreno y a la obtención de una fácil y eficaz explotación, con unos gastos de mantenimiento reducidos. -Dar una calidad a las obras civiles, equipos e instalaciones que nos permitan una relación calidad-precio que se ajuste a este tipo de obras, atendiendo sobre todo al cometido que éstas van a desempeñar. -Dotar a las instalaciones de la flexibilidad suficiente para facilitar las maniobras de operación. -Proyectar cada estación depuradora de manera que forme un conjunto armónico, tanto en aparatos como en acabado de edificios. -Integrar cada E.D.A.R. dentro de los terrenos disponibles. -Por último, definir un proyecto en cuanto a medición y valoración que permita la realización de las obras con el mínimo de variaciones o alteraciones posibles.

Flow and fracture behaviour of FV535 steel at different triaxialities, strain rates and temperatures

The new generation jet engines operate at highly demanding working conditions. Such conditions need very precise design which implies an exhaustive study of the engine materials and behaviour in their extreme working conditions. With this purpose, this work intends to describe a numerically-based calibration of the widely-used Johnson–Cook fracture model, as well as its validation through high temperature ballistic impact tests. To do so, a widely-used turbine casing material is studied. This material is the Firth Vickers 535 martensitic stainless steel. Quasi-static tensile tests at various temperatures in a universal testing machine, as well as dynamic tests in a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar, are carried out at different triaxialities. Using ABAQUS/Standard and LS-DYNA numerical codes, experimental data are matched. This method allows the researcher to obtain critical data of equivalent plastic strain and triaxility, which allows for more precise calibration of the Johnson–Cook fracture model. Such enhancement allows study of the fracture behaviour of the material across its usage temperature range.

Spalling uniaxial strength of Al2O3 at high strain rates

In this article research into the uniaxial tensile strength of Al2O3 monolithic ceramic is presented. The experimental procedure of the spalling of long bars is investigated from different approaches. This method is used to obtain the tensile strength at high strain rates under uniaxial conditions. Different methodologies proposed by several authors are used to obtain the tensile strength. The hypotheses needed for the experimental set-up are also checked, and the requirements of the set-up and the variables are also studied by means of numerical simulations. The research shows that the shape of the projectile is crucial to achieve successfully tests results. An experimental campaign has been carried out including high speed video and a digital image correlation system to obtain the tensile strength of alumina. Finally, a comparison of the test results provided by three different methods proposed by different authors is presented. The tensile strength obtained from the three such methods on the same specimens provides contrasting results. Mean values vary from one method to another but the trends are similar for two of the methods. The third method gives less scatter, though the mean values obtained are lower and do not follow the same trend as the other methods for the different specimens.

Failure locus of polypropylene nonwoven fabrics under in-plane biaxial deformation

The failure locus, the characteristics of the stress–strain curve and the damage localization patterns were analyzed in a polypropylene nonwoven fabric under in-plane biaxial deformation. The analysis was carried out by means of a homogenization model developed within the context of the finite element method. It provides the constitutive response for a mesodomain of the fabric corresponding to the area associated to a finite element and takes into account the main deformation and damage mechanisms experimentally observed. It was found that the failure locus in the stress space was accurately predicted by the Von Mises criterion and failure took place by the localization of damage into a crack perpendicular to the main loading axis.

Intraply fracture of fiber-reinforced composites: microscopic mechanisms and modeling

The fracture behavior parallel to the fibers of an E-glass/epoxy unidirectional laminate was studied by means of three-point tests on notched beams. Selected tests were carried out within a scanning electron microscope to ascertain the damage and fracture micromechanisms upon loading. The mechanical behavior of the notched beam was simulated within the framework of the embedded cell model, in which the actual composite microstructure was resolved in front of the notch tip. In addition, matrix and interface properties were independently measured in situ using a nanoindentor. The numerical simulations very accurately predicted the macroscopic response of the composite as well as the damage development and crack growth in front of the notch tip, demonstrating the ability of the embedded cell approach to simulate the fracture behavior of heterogeneous materials. Finally, this methodology was exploited to ascertain the influence of matrix and interface properties on the intraply toughness.

Micropillar compression of LiF [111] single crystals: effect of size, ion irradiation and misorientation

The mechanical response under compression of LiF single crystal micropillars oriented in the [111] direction was studied. Micropillars of different diameter (in the range 1–5 lm) were obtained by etching the matrix in directionally-solidified NaCl–LiF and KCl–LiF eutectic compounds. Selected micropillars were exposed to high-energy Ga+ ions to ascertain the effect of ion irradiation on the mechanical response. Ion irradiation led to an increase of approximately 30% in the yield strength and the maximum compressive strength but no effect of the micropillar diameter on flow stress was found in either the as-grown or the ion irradiated pillars. The dominant deformation micromechanisms were analyzed by means of crystal plasticity finite element simulations of the compression test, which explained the strong effect of micropillar misorientation on the mechanical response. Finally, the lack of size effect on the flow stress was discussed to the light of previous studies in LiF and other materials which show high lattice resistance to dislocation motion.

A constitutive model for the in-plane mechanical behavior of nonwoven fabrics

A constitutive model is presented for the in-plane mechanical behavior of nonwoven fabrics. The model is developed within the context of the finite element method and provides the constitutive response for a mesodomain of the fabric corresponding to the area associated to a finite element. The model is built upon the ensemble of three blocks, namely fabric, fibers and damage. The continuum tensorial formulation of the fabric response rigorously takes into account the effect of fiber rotation for large strains and includes the nonlinear fiber behavior. In addition, the various damage mechanisms experimentally observed (bond and fiber fracture, interfiber friction and fiber pull-out) are included in a phenomenological way and the random nature of these materials is also taken into account by means of a Monte Carlo lottery to determine the damage thresholds. The model results are validated with recent experimental results on the tensile response of smooth and notched specimens of a polypropylene nonwoven fabric.

Damage localization and failure locus under biaxial loading in glass-fiber nonwoven felts

The pattern of damage localization and fracture under uniaxial and biaxial tension was studied in glass–fiber nonwoven felts. The analyses were carried out within the framework of the finite-element simulation of plain and notched specimens in which the microstructure of the felt, made up of fiber bundles connected at the cross point through an organic binder, was explicitly represented. Following previous experimental observations, fracture by interbundle decohesion and energy dissipation by frictional sliding between the bundles were included in the model. It was found that the failure path in these materials was controlled by the maximum applied normal stress, regardless of the loading path, and that the failure locus under biaxial tension was well represented by the von Mises failure criteria. The notch sensitivity of the nonwoven felts was limited and the presence of a notch did not modify the failure path.

Study of bond stress-slip relationship and radial dilation in prestressed concrete

This paper presents two test procedures for evaluating the bond stress–slip and the slip–radial dilation relationships when the prestressing force is transmitted by releasing the steel (wire or strand) in precast prestressed elements. The bond stress–slip relationship is obtained with short length specimens, to guarantee uniform bond stress, for three depths of the wire indentation (shallow, medium and deep). An analytical model for bond stress–slip relationship is proposed and compared with the experimental results. The model is also compared with the experimental results of other researchers. Since numerical models for studying bond-splitting problems in prestressed concrete require experimental data about dilatancy angle (radial dilation), a test procedure is proposed to evaluate these parameters. The obtained values of the radial dilation are compared with the prior estimated by numerical modelling and good agreement is reached

Estudio de la penetración de cloruros en dos puentes sometidos a uso intenso de sales fundentes: estudio del hormigón in situ

El uso intenso de sales fundentes en zonas de helada puede reducir la vida útil de los puentes por la penetración acelerada de cloruros. Se ha realizado la inspección de dos puentes construidos hace más de 20 y 50 años, respectivamente, y situados en zonas que requieren un uso intenso de sales fundentes durante el invierno. Se han extraído probetas testigo de algunos elementos estructurales de los puentes y sobre ellas se realizaron ensayos de caracterización mecánica y de durabilidad. De los resultados obtenidos, se determinaron los tipos de daño en el hormigón provocados por la exposición de las estructuras a los ciclos de hielo-deshielo durante su vida en servicio y se obtuvieron diferentes perfiles de ingreso de cloruros originados por los mecanismos de transporte y determinados por la distribución porosa del material y por las condiciones de exposición de los elementos de hormigón estudiados. Los resultados obtenidos se comparan con los proporcionados por un modelo de difusión de cloruros.