Local relevance evaluation in the accreditation bodies for engineering masters programs

Accreditation models in the international context mainly consider the evaluation of learning outcomes and the ability of programs (or higher education institutions) to achieve the educational objectives stated in their mission. However, it is not clear if these objectives and therefore their outcomes satisfy real national and regional needs, a critical point in engineering master's programs, especially in developing countries. The aim of this paper is to study the importance of the local relevancy evaluation of these programs and to analyze the main models of quality assurance and accreditation bodies of USA, Europe and Latin America, in order to ascertain whether the relevancy is evaluated or not. After a literature review, we found that in a free-market economic context and international education, the accreditation of master's programs follows an international accreditation model, and doesńt take in account in most cases criteria and indicators for local relevancy. It concludes that it is necessary both, international accreditation to ensure the effectiveness of the program (achievement of learning outcomes) and the national accreditation through which it could ensure local relevancy of programs, for which we are giving some indicators.

Estudio empírico de la influencia de la experiencia y del conocimiento del dominio del analista en la efectividad de la educción de requisitos

Contexto: La presente tesis doctoral se enmarca en la actividad de educción de los requisitos. La educción de requisitos es generalmente aceptada como una de las actividades más importantes dentro del proceso de Ingeniería de Requisitos, y tiene un impacto directo en la calidad del software. Es una actividad donde la comunicación entre los involucrados (analistas, clientes, usuarios) es primordial. La efectividad y eficacia del analista en la compresión de las necesidades de clientes y usuarios es un factor crítico para el éxito del desarrollo de software. La literatura se ha centrado principalmente en estudiar y comprender un conjunto específico de capacidades o habilidades personales que debe poseer el analista para realizar de forma efectiva la actividad de educción. Sin embargo, existen muy pocos trabajos que han estudiado dichas capacidades o habilidades empíricamente. Objetivo: La presente investigación tiene por objetivo estudiar el efecto de la experiencia, el conocimiento acerca del dominio y la titulación académica que poseen los analistas en la efectividad del proceso de educción de los requisitos, durante los primeros contactos del analista con el cliente. Método de Investigación: Hemos ejecutado 8 estudios empíricos entre cuasi-experimentos (4) y experimentos controlados (4). Un total de 110 sujetos experimentales han participado en los estudios, entre estudiantes de post-grado de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Informáticos de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid y profesionales. La tarea experimental consistió en realizar sesiones de educción de requisitos sobre uno o más dominios de problemas (de carácter conocido y desconocido para los sujetos). Las sesiones de educción se realizaron empleando la entrevista abierta. Finalizada la entrevista, los sujetos reportaron por escrito toda la información adquirida. Resultados: Para dominios desconocidos, la experiencia (entrevistas, requisitos, desarrollo y profesional) del analista no influye en su efectividad. En dominios conocidos, la experiencia en entrevistas (r = 0.34, p-valor = 0.080) y la experiencia en requisitos (r = 0.22, p-valor = 0.279), ejercen un efecto positivo. Esto es, los analistas con más años de experiencia en entrevistas y/o requisitos tienden a alcanzar mejores efectividades. Por el contrario, la experiencia en desarrollo (r = -0.06, p-valor = 0.765) y la experiencia profesional (r = -0.35, p-valor = 0.077), tienden a ejercer un efecto nulo y negativo, respectivamente. En lo que respecta al conocimiento acerca del dominio del problema que poseen los analistas, ejerce un moderado efecto positivo (r=0.31), estadísticamente significativo (p-valor = 0.029) en la efectividad de la actividad de educción. Esto es, los analistas con conocimiento tienden a ser más efectivos en los dominios de problema conocidos. En lo que respecta a la titulación académica, por falta de diversidad en las titulaciones académicas de los sujetos experimentales no es posible alcanzar una conclusión. Hemos podido explorar el efecto de la titulación académica en sólo dos cuasi-experimentos, sin embargo, nuestros resultados arrojan efectos contradictorios (r = 0.694, p-valor = 0.51 y r = -0.266, p-valor = 0.383). Además de las variables estudiadas indicadas anteriormente, hemos confirmado la existencia de variables moderadoras que afectan a la actividad de educción, tales como el entrevistado o la formación. Nuestros datos experimentales confirman que el entrevistado es un factor clave en la actividad de educción. Estadísticamente ejerce una influencia significativa en la efectividad de los analistas (p-valor= 0.000). La diferencia entre entrevistar a uno u otro entrevistado, en unidades naturales, varía entre un 18% - 23% en efectividad. Por otro lado, la formación en requisitos aumenta considerablemente la efectividad de los analistas. Los sujetos que realizaron la educción de requisitos después de recibir una formación específica en requisitos tienden a ser entre un 12% y 20% más efectivos que aquellos que no la recibieron. El efecto es significativo (p-valor = 0.000). Finalmente, hemos observado tres hechos que podrían influir en los resultados de esta investigación. En primer lugar, la efectividad de los analistas es diferencial dependiendo del tipo de elemento del dominio. En dominios conocidos, los analistas con experiencia tienden a adquirir más conceptos que los analistas noveles. En los dominios desconocidos, son los procesos los que se adquieren de forma prominente. En segundo lugar, los analistas llegan a una especie de “techo de cristal” que no les permite adquirir más información. Es decir, el analista sólo reconoce (parte de) los elementos del dominio del problema mencionado. Este hecho se observa tanto en el dominio de problema desconocido como en el conocido, y parece estar relacionado con el modo en que los analistas exploran el dominio del problema. En tercer lugar, aunque los años de experiencia no parecen predecir cuán efectivo será un analista, sí parecen asegurar que un analista con cierta experiencia, en general, tendrá una efectividad mínima que será superior a la efectividad mínima de los analistas con menos experiencia. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos muestran que en dominios desconocidos, la experiencia por sí misma no determina la efectividad de los analistas de requisitos. En dominios conocidos, la efectividad de los analistas se ve influenciada por su experiencia en entrevistas y requisitos, aunque sólo parcialmente. Otras variables influyen en la efectividad de los analistas, como podrían ser las habilidades débiles. El conocimiento del dominio del problema por parte del analista ejerce un efecto positivo en la efectividad de los analistas, e interacciona positivamente con la experiencia incrementando aún más la efectividad de los analistas. Si bien no fue posible obtener conclusiones sólidas respecto al efecto de la titulación académica, si parece claro que la formación específica en requisitos ejerce una importante influencia positiva en la efectividad de los analistas. Finalmente, el analista no es el único factor relevante en la actividad de educción. Los clientes/usuarios (entrevistados) también juegan un rol importante en el proceso de generación de información. ABSTRACT Context: This PhD dissertation addresses requirements elicitation activity. Requirements elicitation is generally acknowledged as one of the most important activities of the requirements process, having a direct impact in the software quality. It is an activity where the communication among stakeholders (analysts, customers, users) is paramount. The analyst’s ability to effectively understand customers/users’ needs represents a critical factor for the success of software development. The literature has focused on studying and comprehending a specific set of personal skills that the analyst must have to perform requirements elicitation effectively. However, few studies have explored those skills from an empirical viewpoint. Goal: This research aims to study the effects of experience, domain knowledge and academic qualifications on the analysts’ effectiveness when performing requirements elicitation, during the first stages of analyst-customer interaction. Research method: We have conducted eight empirical studies, quasi-experiments (four) and controlled experiments (four). 110 experimental subjects participated, including: graduate students with the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Informáticos of the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, as well as researchers and professionals. The experimental tasks consisted in elicitation sessions about one or several problem domains (ignorant and/or aware for the subjects). Elicitation sessions were conducted using unstructured interviews. After each interview, the subjects reported in written all collected information. Results: In ignorant domains, the analyst’s experience (interviews, requirements, development and professional) does not influence her effectiveness. In aware domains, interviewing experience (r = 0.34, p-value = 0.080) and requirements experience (r = 0.22, p-value = 0.279), make a positive effect, i.e.: the analysts with more years of interviewing/requirements experience tend to achieve higher effectiveness. On the other hand, development experience (r = -0.06, p-value = 0.765) and professional experience (r = -0.35, p-value = 0.077) tend to make a null and negative effect, respectively. On what regards the analyst’s problem domain knowledge, it makes a modest positive effect (r=0.31), statistically significant (p-value = 0.029) on the effectiveness of the elicitation activity, i.e.: the analysts with tend to be more effective in problem domains they are aware of. On what regards academic qualification, due to the lack of diversity in the subjects’ academic degrees, we cannot come to a conclusion. We have been able to explore the effect of academic qualifications in two experiments; however, our results show opposed effects (r = 0.694, p-value = 0.51 y r = -0.266, p-value = 0.383). Besides the variables mentioned above, we have confirmed the existence of moderator variables influencing the elicitation activity, such as the interviewee and the training. Our data confirm that the interviewee is a key factor in the elicitation activity; it makes statistically significant effect on analysts’ effectiveness (p-value = 0.000). Interviewing one or another interviewee represents a difference in effectiveness of 18% - 23%, in natural units. On the other hand, requirements training increases to a large extent the analysts’ effectiveness. Those subjects who performed requirements elicitation after specific training tend to be 12% - 20% more effective than those who did not receive training. The effect is statistically significant (p-value = 0.000). Finally, we have observed three phenomena that could have an influence on the results of this research. First, the analysts’ effectiveness differs depending on domain element types. In aware domains, experienced analysts tend to capture more concepts than novices. In ignorant domains, processes are identified more frequently. Second, analysts get to a “glass ceiling” that prevents them to acquire more information, i.e.: analysts only identify (part of) the elements of the problem domain. This fact can be observed in both the ignorant and aware domains. Third, experience years do not look like a good predictor of how effective an analyst will be; however, they seem to guarantee that an analyst with some experience years will have a higher minimum effectiveness than the minimum effectiveness of analysts with fewer experience years. Conclusions: Our results point out that experience alone does not explain analysts’ effectiveness in ignorant domains. In aware domains, analysts’ effectiveness is influenced the experience in interviews and requirements, albeit partially. Other variables influence analysts’ effectiveness, e.g.: soft skills. The analysts’ problem domain knowledge makes a positive effect in analysts’ effectiveness; it positively interacts with the experience, increasing even further analysts’ effectiveness. Although we could not obtain solid conclusions on the effect of the academic qualifications, it is plain clear that specific requirements training makes a rather positive effect on analysts’ effectiveness. Finally, the analyst is not the only relevant factor in the elicitation activity. The customers/users (interviewees) play also an important role in the information generation process.

Educación Superior de la Ingeniería Industrial en el Perú: propuesta de un modelo educativo desde las competencias

El objetivo del presente trabajo de investigación es diseñar un Modelo de Educación que permita formar ingenieros industriales en Perú que sean capaces de enfrentar los retos modernos de fuerte y sostenido crecimiento económico y social. Las necesidades que se han generado a lo largo de los últimos años llevan a identificar que una gran carencia es el poco dominio del concepto, naturaleza y gestión de un proyecto y la marcada ausencia de habilidades humanas y funcionales al momento de ejercer la profesión; entendiendo proyecto como “Un esfuerzo temporal que se lleva a cabo para crear un producto, servicio o resultado único. La naturaleza temporal de los proyectos indica un principio y un final definidos. El final se alcanza cuando se logran los objetivos del proyecto o cuando se termina el proyecto porque sus objetivos no se cumplirán o no pueden ser cumplidos, o cuando ya no existe la necesidad que dio origen al proyecto…. los proyectos pueden tener impactos sociales, económicos y ambientales susceptibles de perdurar mucho más que los propios proyectos.”1. Entonces, formularnos la hipótesis que es posible tener un modelo educativo para la Ingeniería Industrial de Perú que permita y estimule alcanzar estas características tan reclamadas por la sociedad, confiando desde el inicio que su diseño y empleo tendrá fuerte repercusión tanto en el desarrollo personal de los estudiantes, como en el social y económico, por las habilidades y condiciones que serán capaces de desplegar los egresados en sus ámbitos de acción laboral. Para lograr el objetivo se ha hecho una definición de la identidad de la universidad latinoamericana y una verificación de si es posible o no tomar modelos y experiencias de otros lugares y trasladarlos con éxito a escenarios nuevos y distintos. Luego, se han determinado las tendencias más fuertes en la formación de ingenieros industriales en los contextos más exitosos actualmente. Para definir esas habilidades tan reclamadas por el sector público y privado de la sociedad, se busca y define una codificación de competencias genéricas que permite tener un ingeniero moderno bien perfilado para las exigencias globales. Los pasos finales son determinar el Modelo para la Educación Superior de la Ingeniería Industrial de Perú desde las Competencias (MESIC) a partir de novedosos enfoques para la educación como la contextualización, la gestión del conocimiento experto y experimentado, el enfoque socioformativo y la definición de Aspectos Clave del modelo antes de iniciar una planificación curricular de ingeniería. Al final se muestra una aplicación del modelo llegando a detalles de definición de competencias muy interesantes y a la necesidad de contar con un sistema de aseguramiento de calidad de la gestión curricular. Al término de la investigación concluimos que es posible definir un modelo apropiado para formar ingenieros industriales en Perú desde las competencias, capaces de enfrentar los modernos retos locales y globales. También determinamos que el proceso no puede ser impuesto, debe pasar por un transitorio periodo de adecuación de docentes y alumnos y requiere de compromiso, pues se suele enfocar este cambio como una forma de desestimar todo lo anterior, cuando debe entenderse que son procesos complementarios, ya que los importantes logros con clases magistrales y resolución de problemas son evidentes y se trata de estilos diferentes de encarar la educación. El resultado de la imposición puede ser devastador para algunos estudiantes y frustrante para algunos docentes, consecuencias que no se desean y deben evitarse. La aplicación se realiza en una universidad del norte de Perú, la Universidad de Piura, y puede observarse en el último capítulo de este trabajo. ABSTRACT The main objective of this research is to find an Educational Modell in order to train industrial engineers in Peru who are able to face modern challenges of strong and sustained economic and social growth. Over recent years the generated needs have led to understand that a major weakness in our professionals is the poor skills in project management and the marked absence of functional and human skills when exercising the profession. This diagnose has led to formulate the hypothesis that it is possible to have an educational model for Peru Industrial Engineering that allows and encourages to achieve these features which are claimed by society. A project which we trust will have a strong impact from the beginning on both, personal development of students as well as in the social and economic conditions, considering the skills graduates will be able to deploy in their work fields. To achieve the goal first it was defined the identity of the Latin American university and verified whether it is possible or not to take models and experiences elsewhere and move successfully to new and different scenarios. Then there were determined the strongest trends in the industrial engineers training in currently successful contexts. In order to define these demanded skills by the public and private sectors of society, there are defined a set of generic skills that allows to have a modern engineer well profiled for global context. Considering these elements, a Model for Higher Education in Industrial Engineering from Peru Competence (MESIC)is proposed considering novel approaches to education such as territoriality, skilled and experienced knowledge management, socio - formative approach and set the definition of Key aspects of the model before starting a engineering curricular planning. Finally detailed records of an application of the model is shown through modern learning methodologies, development and assessment of skills and the need to have a quality assurance system for entire curriculum management. Through this research it can be concluded that it is possible to determine an appropriate model to train industrial engineers in Peru from the skills, in order to meet the modern local and global challenges. Results show that the process cannot be imposed, instead it must go through a transitional period of adaptation from teachers and students and requires commitment, focusing that this change usually is a way to dismiss the above, and is important to address that there are obvious achievements on education lectures and problem solving, and it should be understood that they are complementary processes. The result of change imposition can be devastating for some students and frustrating for some teachers, unwanted consequences and they should be avoided. The proposed model is applied at a university in northern Peru, the University of Piura, and the results can be seen in the last chapter of this work.

High-quality real-time temporal segmentation tool for video editing software

The increasing use of video editing software has resulted in a necessity for faster and more efficient editing tools. Here, we propose a lightweight high-quality video indexing tool that is suitable for video editing software.

Temporal segmentation tool for high-quality real time video editing software

The increasing use of video editing software requires faster and more efficient editing tools. As a first step, these tools perform a temporal segmentation in shots that allows a later building of indexes describing the video content. Here, we propose a novel real-time high-quality shot detection strategy, suitable for the last generation of video editing software requiring both low computational cost and high quality results. While abrupt transitions are detected through a very fast pixel-based analysis, gradual transitions are obtained from an efficient edge-based analysis. Both analyses are reinforced with a motion analysis that helps to detect and discard false detections. This motion analysis is carried out exclusively over a reduced set of candidate transitions, thus maintaining the computational requirements demanded by new applications to fulfill user needs.

Usability-Oriented Software Development Process

Usability is the capability of the software product to be understood, learned, used and attractive to the user, when used under specified conditions. Many studies demonstrate the benefits of usability, yet to this day software products continue to exhibit consistently low levels of this quality attribute. Furthermore, poor usability in software systems contributes largely to software failing in actual use. One of the main disciplines involved in usability is that of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). Over the past two decades the HCI community has proposed specific features that should be present in applications to improve their usability, yet incorporating them into software continues to be far from trivial for software developers. These difficulties are due to multiple factors, including the high level of abstraction at which these HCI recommendations are made and how far removed they are from actual software implementation. In order to bridge this gap, the Software Engineering community has long proposed software design solutions to help developers include usability features into software, however, the problem remains an open research question. This doctoral thesis addresses the problem of helping software developers include specific usability features into their applications by providing them with a structured and tangible guidance in the form of a process, which we have termed the Usability-Oriented Software Development Process. This process is supported by a set of Software Usability Guidelines that help developers to incorporate a set of eleven usability features with high impact on software design. After developing the Usability-oriented Software Development Process and the Software Usability Guidelines, they have been validated across multiple academic projects and proven to help software developers to include such usability features into their software applications. In doing so, their use significantly reduced development time and improved the quality of the resulting designs of these projects. Furthermore, in this work we propose a software tool to automate the application of the proposed process. In sum, this work contributes to the integration of the Software Engineering and HCI disciplines providing a framework that helps software developers to create usable applications in an efficient way.

Software Design Guidelines for Usability

For years, the Human Computer Interaction (HCI) community has crafted usability guidelines that clearly define what characteristics a software system should have in order to be easy to use. However, in the Software Engineering (SE) community keep falling short of successfully incorporating these recommendations into software projects. From a SE perspective, the process of incorporating usability features into software is not always straightforward, as a large number of these features have heavy implications in the underlying software architecture. For example, successfully including an “undo” feature in an application requires the design and implementation of many complex interrelated data structures and functionalities. Our work is focused upon providing developers with a set of software design patterns to assist them in the process of designing more usable software. This would contribute to the proper inclusion of specific usability features with high impact on the software design. Preliminary validation data show that usage of the guidelines also has positive effects on development time and overall software design quality.

Quantitative Determination of the Relationship between Internal Validity and Bias in Software Engineering Experiments: Consequences for Systematic Literature Reviews

Quality assessment is one of the activities performed as part of systematic literature reviews. It is commonly accepted that a good quality experiment is bias free. Bias is considered to be related to internal validity (e.g., how adequately the experiment is planned, executed and analysed). Quality assessment is usually conducted using checklists and quality scales. It has not yet been proven;however, that quality is related to experimental bias. Aim: Identify whether there is a relationship between internal validity and bias in software engineering experiments. Method: We built a quality scale to determine the quality of the studies, which we applied to 28 experiments included in two systematic literature reviews. We proposed an objective indicator of experimental bias, which we applied to the same 28 experiments. Finally, we analysed the correlations between the quality scores and the proposed measure of bias. Results: We failed to find a relationship between the global quality score (resulting from the quality scale) and bias; however, we did identify interesting correlations between bias and some particular aspects of internal validity measured by the instrument. Conclusions: There is an empirically provable relationship between internal validity and bias. It is feasible to apply quality assessment in systematic literature reviews, subject to limits on the internal validity aspects for consideration.

Advanced predictive quality control strategy involving different facilities

There are many industries that use highly technological solutions to improve quality in all of their products. The steel industry is one example. Several automatic surface-inspection systems are used in the steel industry to identify various types of defects and to help operators decide whether to accept, reroute, or downgrade the material, subject to the assessment process. This paper focuses on promoting a strategy that considers all defects in an integrated fashion. It does this by managing the uncertainty about the exact position of a defect due to different process conditions by means of Gaussian additive influence functions. The relevance of the approach is in making possible consistency and reliability between surface inspection systems. The results obtained are an increase in confidence in the automatic inspection system and an ability to introduce improved prediction and advanced routing models. The prediction is provided to technical operators to help them in their decision-making process. It shows the increase in improvement gained by reducing the 40 % of coils that are downgraded at the hot strip mill because of specific defects. In addition, this technology facilitates an increase of 50 % in the accuracy of the estimate of defect survival after the cleaning facility in comparison to the former approach. The proposed technology is implemented by means of software-based, multi-agent solutions. It makes possible the independent treatment of information, presentation, quality analysis, and other relevant functions.

Fruit quality sensing:Post-harvest ripeness

Firmness sensing of selected varieties of apples, pears and avocado fruits has been developed using a nondestructive impact technique. In addition to firmness measurements, postharvest ripeness of apples and pears was monitored by spectrophotometric reflectance measurements, and that of avocadoes by Hunter colour measurements. The data obtained from firmness sensing were analyzed by three analytical procedures: principal component, correlation and regression, and stepwise discriminant analysis. A new software was developed to control the impact test, analyse the data, and sort the fruit into specified classes, based on the criteria obtained from a training procedure. Similar procedures were used to analyse the reflectance and colour data. Both sensing systems were able to classify fruits w i th good accuracy.

Managing software development information in global configuration management activities

Software Configuration Management (SCM) techniques have been considered the entry point to rigorous software engineering, where multiple organizations cooperate in a decentralized mode to save resources, ensure the quality of the diversity of software products, and manage corporate information to get a better return of investment. The incessant trend of Global Software Development (GSD) and the complexity of implementing a correct SCM solution grow not only because of the changing circumstances, but also because of the interactions and the forces related to GSD activities. This paper addresses the role SCM plays in the development of commercial products and systems, and introduces a SCM reference model to describe the relationships between the different technical, organizational, and product concerns any software development company should support in the global market.

Estudio de la fiabilidad software, según defectos, en controladores de velocidad para robots autónomos móviles

Tanto los robots autónomos móviles como los robots móviles remotamente operados se utilizan con éxito actualmente en un gran número de ámbitos, algunos de los cuales son tan dispares como la limpieza en el hogar, movimiento de productos en almacenes o la exploración espacial. Sin embargo, es difícil garantizar la ausencia de defectos en los programas que controlan dichos dispositivos, al igual que ocurre en otros sectores informáticos. Existen diferentes alternativas para medir la calidad de un sistema en el desempeño de las funciones para las que fue diseñado, siendo una de ellas la fiabilidad. En el caso de la mayoría de los sistemas físicos se detecta una degradación en la fiabilidad a medida que el sistema envejece. Esto es debido generalmente a efectos de desgaste. En el caso de los sistemas software esto no suele ocurrir, ya que los defectos que existen en ellos generalmente no han sido adquiridos con el paso del tiempo, sino que han sido insertados en el proceso de desarrollo de los mismos. Si dentro del proceso de generación de un sistema software se focaliza la atención en la etapa de codificación, podría plantearse un estudio que tratara de determinar la fiabilidad de distintos algoritmos, válidos para desempeñar el mismo cometido, según los posibles defectos que pudieran introducir los programadores. Este estudio básico podría tener diferentes aplicaciones, como por ejemplo elegir el algoritmo menos sensible a los defectos, para el desarrollo de un sistema crítico o establecer procedimientos de verificación y validación, más exigentes, si existe la necesidad de utilizar un algoritmo que tenga una alta sensibilidad a los defectos. En el presente trabajo de investigación se ha estudiado la influencia que tienen determinados tipos de defectos software en la fiabilidad de tres controladores de velocidad multivariable (PID, Fuzzy y LQR) al actuar en un robot móvil específico. La hipótesis planteada es que los controladores estudiados ofrecen distinta fiabilidad al verse afectados por similares patrones de defectos, lo cual ha sido confirmado por los resultados obtenidos. Desde el punto de vista de la planificación experimental, en primer lugar se realizaron los ensayos necesarios para determinar si los controladores de una misma familia (PID, Fuzzy o LQR) ofrecían una fiabilidad similar, bajo las mismas condiciones experimentales. Una vez confirmado este extremo, se eligió de forma aleatoria un representante de clase de cada familia de controladores, para efectuar una batería de pruebas más exhaustiva, con el objeto de obtener datos que permitieran comparar de una forma más completa la fiabilidad de los controladores bajo estudio. Ante la imposibilidad de realizar un elevado número de pruebas con un robot real, así como para evitar daños en un dispositivo que generalmente tiene un coste significativo, ha sido necesario construir un simulador multicomputador del robot. Dicho simulador ha sido utilizado tanto en las actividades de obtención de controladores bien ajustados, como en la realización de los diferentes ensayos necesarios para el experimento de fiabilidad. ABSTRACT Autonomous mobile robots and remotely operated robots are used successfully in very diverse scenarios, such as home cleaning, movement of goods in warehouses or space exploration. However, it is difficult to ensure the absence of defects in programs controlling these devices, as it happens in most computer sectors. There exist different quality measures of a system when performing the functions for which it was designed, among them, reliability. For most physical systems, a degradation occurs as the system ages. This is generally due to the wear effect. In software systems, this does not usually happen, and defects often come from system development and not from use. Let us assume that we focus on the coding stage in the software development pro¬cess. We could consider a study to find out the reliability of different and equally valid algorithms, taking into account any flaws that programmers may introduce. This basic study may have several applications, such as choosing the algorithm less sensitive to pro¬gramming defects for the development of a critical system. We could also establish more demanding procedures for verification and validation if we need an algorithm with high sensitivity to programming defects. In this thesis, we studied the influence of certain types of software defects in the reliability of three multivariable speed controllers (PID, Fuzzy and LQR) designed to work in a specific mobile robot. The hypothesis is that similar defect patterns affect differently the reliability of controllers, and it has been confirmed by the results. From the viewpoint of experimental planning, we followed these steps. First, we conducted the necessary test to determine if controllers of the same family (PID, Fuzzy or LQR) offered a similar reliability under the same experimental conditions. Then, a class representative was chosen at ramdom within each controller family to perform a more comprehensive test set, with the purpose of getting data to compare more extensively the reliability of the controllers under study. The impossibility of performing a large number of tests with a real robot and the need to prevent the damage of a device with a significant cost, lead us to construct a multicomputer robot simulator. This simulator has been used to obtain well adjusted controllers and to carry out the required reliability experiments.

Qualitative operational risk software -development of a software tool for determining the root of operational risk

This article shows software that allows determining the statistical behavior of qualitative data originating surveys previously transformed with a Likert’s scale to quantitative data. The main intention is offer to users a useful tool to know statistics' characteristics and forecasts of financial risks in a fast and simple way. Additionally,this paper presents the definition of operational risk. On the other hand, the article explains different techniques to do surveys with a Likert’s scale (Avila, 2008) to know expert’s opinion with the transformation of qualitative data to quantitative data. In addition, this paper will show how is very easy to distinguish an expert’s opinion related to risk, but when users have a lot of surveys and matrices is very difficult to obtain results because is necessary to compare common data. On the other hand, statistical value representative must be extracted from common data to get weight of each risk. In the end, this article exposes the development of “Qualitative Operational Risk Software” or QORS by its acronym, which has been designed to determine the root of risks in organizations and its value at operational risk OpVaR (Jorion, 2008; Chernobai et al, 2008) when input data comes from expert’s opinion and their associated matrices.

The Innovation Sources in Software Engineering: A Systematic Literature Review

During the last century many researches on the business, marketing and technology fields have developed the innovation research line and large amount of knowledge can be found in the literature. Currently, the importance of systematic and openness approaches to manage the available innovation sources is well established in many knowledge fields. Also in the software engineering sector, where the organizations need to absorb and to exploit as much innovative ideas as possible to get success in the current competitive environment. This Master Thesis presents an study related with the innovation sources in the software engineering eld. The main research goals of this work are the identication and the relevance assessment of the available innovation sources and the understanding of the trends on the innovation sources usage. Firstly, a general review of the literature have been conducted in order to define the research area and to identify research gaps. Secondly, the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) has been proposed as the research method in this work to report reliable conclusions collecting systematically quality evidences about the innovation sources in software engineering field. This contribution provides resources, built-on empirical studies included in the SLR, to support a systematic identication and an adequate exploitation of the innovation sources most suitable in the software engineering field. Several artefacts such as lists, taxonomies and relevance assessments of the innovation sources most suitable for software engineering have been built, and their usage trends in the last decades and their particularities on some countries and knowledge fields, especially on the software engineering, have been researched. This work can facilitate to researchers, managers and practitioners of innovative software organizations the systematization of critical activities on innovation processes like the identication and exploitation of the most suitable opportunities. Innovation researchers can use the results of this work to conduct research studies involving the innovation sources research area. Whereas, organization managers and software practitioners can use the provided outcomes in a systematic way to improve their innovation capability, increasing consequently the value creation in the processes that they run to provide products and services useful to their environment. In summary, this Master Thesis research the innovation sources in the software engineering field, providing useful resources to support an effective innovation sources management. Moreover, several aspects should be deeply study to increase the accuracy of the presented results and to obtain more resources built-on empirical knowledge. It can be supported by the INno- vation SOurces MAnagement (InSoMa) framework, which is introduced in this work in order to encourage openness and systematic approaches to identify and to exploit the innovation sources in the software engineering field.

Software industry experiments: a systematic literature review

There is no specialized survey of experiments conducted in the software industry. Goal: Identify the major features of software industry experiments, such as time distribution, independent and dependent variables, subject types, design types and challenges. Method: Systematic literature review, taking the form of a scoping study. Results: We have identified 10 experiments and five quasi-experiments up to July 2012. Most were run as of 2003. The main features of these studies are that they test technologies related to quality and management and analyse outcomes related to effectiveness and effort. Most experiments have a factorial design. The major challenges faced by experimenters are to minimize the cost of running the experiment for the company and to schedule the experiment so as not to interfere with production processes.