Las minas de magnesita del Puerto de la Cruz Verde (Madrid)

Las ruinas de una mina de magnesita, localizada en el Puerto de la Cruz Verde, próxima a Zarzalejo y al Monasterio de El Escorial, es el objeto de este trabajo. Los edificios auxiliares, el transformador y las bocaminas se hallan en buen estado de conservación. Todo esto hace que sea necesario un proyecto de protección y restauración, dado el interés cultural y paisajístico que tiene este enclave

Poesía y orden (Prólogo)

La entrada del ordenador en los estudios de arquitectura induce un nuevo paradigma en el proceso de concepción arquitectónica, que aprovecha la capacidad de simulación y comunicación de las nuevas herramientas, pese a que el apoyo en procesos creativos más "difusos" sea muy limitado con las herramientas disponibles en el momento de publicación del libro que se prologa. Éste se orienta a mostrar las posibilidades del medio.

Análisis empírico del tráfico en las autopistas de peaje radiales 3 y 5 de Madrid

El propósito de la presente investigación es determinar si, a través del estudio y análisis de los estudios de tráfico en autopistas de peaje, se pueden determinar las razones de los incumplimientos en las previsiones de estos estudios. La metodología se basa en un análisis empírico ex- post facto de los estudios de tráfico contenidos en los anteproyectos de las autopistas Radial 3 y Radial 5 y los datos realmente verificados. Tras una introducción para presentar las principales características de las autopistas de peaje, se realiza una revisión de la bibliografía sobre el cumplimiento de las previsiones de tráfico. Lo anterior permite establecer una serie de aspectos que pueden contribuir a estos incumplimientos, así como una serie de medidas encontradas para mejorar las futuras previsiones. Ya en el núcleo fundamental de la investigación, esta se centra en el análisis del cumplimiento de las previsiones de tráfico contenidas en los anteproyectos de la Radial 3 y Radial 5. Se realiza un análisis crítico de la metodología adoptada, así como de las variables e hipótesis realizadas. Tras este primer análisis, se profundiza en la fase de asignación de los estudios. Siempre con base a los tráficos reales y para el año 2006, se cuantifica el efecto en los incumplimientos, por un lado de las variables utilizadas, y por otro, del propio método ó curva de asignación. Finalmente, y con base en los hallazgos anteriores, se determinan una serie de limitaciones en el método de asignación de tráficos entre recorridos alternativos para el caso de entornos urbanos usado. El planteamiento con base a las teorías del agente racional y maximización de la utilidad esperada es criticado desde la perspectiva de la teoría de decisión bajo condiciones de riesgo planteada por Kahneman y Tversky. Para superar las limitaciones anteriores, se propone una nueva curva de asignación semi empírica que relaciona la proporción del tráfico que circula por la autopista de peaje con la velocidad media en la autovía libre alternativa. ABSTRACT The aim of this research is to confirm whether the forensic analysis of the traffic forecast studies for tolled highways may bring to light the reasons behind the lack of accuracy. The methodology used on this research is empirical and is based on the ex –post facto analysis of the real traffic numbers compared to the forecasted for the tolled highways Radial 3 and Radial 5. Firstly the main features of tolled highways are presented as an introductory chapter. Secondly a broad bibliographic search is presented, this is done from a global perspective and from the Spanish perspective too. From this review, a list of the main causes behind the systematic inaccuracy together with measures to improve future traffic forecast exercises are shown. In what we could consider as the core of the research, it focuses on the ratios of actual / forecast traffic for the tolled highways Radial 3 y Radial 5 in Madrid outskirts. From a critical perspective, the methodology and inputs used in the traffic studies are analysed. In a further step, the trip assignment stage is scrutinised to quantify the influence of the inputs and the assignment model itself in the accuracy of the traffic studies. This exercise is bases on the year 2006. Finally, the assignment model used is criticised for its application in tolled urban highways. The assumptions behind the model, rational agent and expected utility maximization theories, are questioned under the theories presented by Kahneman and Tversky (Prospect Theory). To overcome these assignment model limitations, the author presents a semi empiric new diversion curve. This curve links the traffic proportion using the tolled highway and the average speed in the toll free alternative highway.

Kutná Hora (República Checa): ciudad minera patrimonio mundial

Kutná Hora está relativamente cerca de Praga y está incluida dentro de los circuitos turísticos habituales de la capital. La ciudad minera medieval de Kutná Hora, con su casco histórico, catedral de Santa Bárbara y monasterio cisterciense de Sedlce, fue considerada por la UNESCO como Patrimonio Mundial, en 1995. En ella existe un importante legado histórico-minero. Las ricas minas medievales de plata y la acuñación de una moneda de prestigio en Europa, el gross praguense (“groschen” en lengua germánica), hicieron famosa a esta ciudad, que se convirtió en la segunda población de Bohemia en importancia tras Praga

EuroPineDB: a high-coverage web database for maritime pine transcriptome

Pinus pinaster is an economically and ecologically important species that is becoming a woody gymnosperm model. Its enormous genome size makes whole-genome sequencing approaches are hard to apply. Therefore, the expressed portion of the genome has to be characterised and the results and annotations have to be stored in dedicated databases.

DNA methylation and adaptive response in forest tree species

Progressive increase of temperatures as well as longer seasonal drought periods revealed by climate studies correspond to fast environmental changes that forest species face with their actual genetic background. Natural selective processes cannot develop an adaptive response within this time frame. Thus the capability of forest tree species to adapt to the new environments will depend on their genetic background, but also rely on their phenotypic plasticity. Several reports have shown the involvement of epigenetic modifiers as the basis of the phenotypic plasticity, and in particular to the adaptation to abiotic stresses. DNA methylation (methylation of cytosine residues)is one the most important epigenetic modification in eukaryotes. Itis involved in specific biological processes such as gene transcription regulation, gene silencing, mobile element control or genome imprinting.Therefore, there is a great interest in analyzing cytosine methylation levels and distribution within the genome

Analysis of adaptive responses of Pinus pinaster to changing environmental conditions in the Mediterranean region

Recent climate evolution studies highlight the progressive temperature increase and prevalence of seasonal drought, with specially incidence in the Mediterranean region. Although conifers are very important species regarding forest conservation, sustainability and productivity, given the large forest surface they cover in Spain and their active role in preventing soil erosion and desertification, we know little about the molecular mechanisms which control adaptation in this ancient taxonomic group

Estudio de la funcionalización de secciones eficaces de celda en multigrupos para cálculos best-estimate 3D pin-by-pin de núcleos PWR

Uno de los objetivos del Proyecto europeo NURISP (NUclear Reactor Integrated Platform) del 7º Programa Marco es avanzar en la simulación de reactores de agua ligera mediante el acoplamiento de códigos best-estimate que profundicen en la física de núcleo, termohidráulica bifásica y comportamiento del combustible [1]. Uno de estos códigos es COBAYA3, código de difusión 3D en multigrupos pin-by-pin desarrollado en la UPM, que requiere de librerías de secciones eficaces homogeneizadas a nivel de la barrita de combustible.

Estudio de la funcionalización de secciones eficaces nodales en multigrupos para cálculos 3D neutrónicos-termohidráulicos de núcleos PWR

La tendencia más extendida actualmente para el análisis tridimensional de núcleos PWR se basa en la utilización de códigos de difusión en multigrupos. Uno de ellos es el código COBAYA3, desarrollado en el Departamento de Ingeniería Nuclear de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Estos códigos emplean como datos de entrada librerías de parámetros equivalentes homogeneizados (secciones eficaces y factores de discontinuidad), que dependen, entre otros, de las variables locales en el reactor (temperatura del combustible, temperatura del moderador, densidad del moderador y concentración de boro). Típicamente, esos parámetros se pre-generan para cada tipo de elemento con un código de transporte determinista..

Steps Ahead in the Few-Group CRoss-Section Library Generation at the Pin Level

There exists an interest in performing pin-by-pin calculations coupled with thermal hydraulics so as to improve the accuracy of nuclear reactor analysis. In the framework of the EU NURISP project, INRNE and UPM have generated an experimental version of a few group diffusion cross sections library with discontinuity factors intended for VVER analysis at the pin level with the COBAYA3 code. The transport code APOLLO2 was used to perform the branching calculations. As a first proof of principle the library was created for fresh fuel and covers almost the full parameter space of steady state and transient conditions. The main objective is to test the calculation schemes and post-processing procedures, including multi-pin branching calculations. Two library options are being studied: one based on linear table interpolation and another one using a functional fitting of the cross sections. The libraries generated with APOLLO2 have been tested with the pin-by-pin diffusion model in COBAYA3 including discontinuity factors; first comparing 2D results against the APOLLO2 reference solutions and afterwards using the libraries to compute a 3D assembly problem coupled with a simplified thermal-hydraulic model.

Omnidirectional bearing-only see-and-avoid for small aerial robots:

Motivated by the growing interest in unmanned aerial system's applications in indoor and outdoor settings and the standardisation of visual sensors as vehicle payload. This work presents a collision avoidance approach based on omnidirectional cameras that does not require the estimation of range between two platforms to resolve a collision encounter. It will achieve a minimum separation between the two vehicles involved by maximising the view-angle given by the omnidirectional sensor. Only visual information is used to achieve avoidance under a bearing-only visual servoing approach. We provide theoretical problem formulation, as well as results from real flight using small quadrotors

3D Object following based on visual information for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

This article presents a novel system and a control strategy for visual following of a 3D moving object by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle UAV. The presented strategy is based only on the visual information given by an adaptive tracking method based on the color information, which jointly with the dynamics of a camera fixed to a rotary wind UAV are used to develop an Image-based visual servoing IBVS system. This system is focused on continuously following a 3D moving target object, maintaining it with a fixed distance and centered on the image plane. The algorithm is validated on real flights on outdoors scenarios, showing the robustness of the proposed systems against winds perturbations, illumination and weather changes among others. The obtained results indicate that the proposed algorithms is suitable for complex controls task, such object following and pursuit, flying in formation, as well as their use for indoor navigation

Heterogeneous Collaborative Sensor Network for Electrical Management of an Automated House with PV Energy

In this paper we present a heterogeneous collaborative sensor network for electrical management in the residential sector. Improving demand-side management is very important in distributed energy generation applications. Sensing and control are the foundations of the “Smart Grid” which is the future of large-scale energy management. The system presented in this paper has been developed on a self-sufficient solar house called “MagicBox” equipped with grid connection, PV generation, lead-acid batteries, controllable appliances and smart metering. Therefore, there is a large number of energy variables to be monitored that allow us to precisely manage the energy performance of the house by means of collaborative sensors. The experimental results, performed on a real house, demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed collaborative system to reduce the consumption of electrical power and to increase energy efficiency.

Control en modo corriente y tensión eficaz con lazo de offset para inversor monofásico embarcado en aviones adecuado para funcionamiento en paralelo y conexión trifásica

La incorporación de un lazo de tensión eficaz de (RMS) es una posibilidad atractiva para el control de inversores de potencia de una manera sencilla. Si se combina con un control en modo corriente usando una sonda de efecto Hall, el ruido de modo común de la etapa de potencia transmitido al control puede ser reducido, mejorando la distorsión armónica total (THD) y manteniendo la posibilidad de operación en paralelo. Además, al estar el control de tensión definido sobre baja frecuencia (DC), obtener una gran ganancia a la frecuencia de interés (0Hz) es sencilla con control basado en PI, lo cual garantiza una onda de tensión de salida a 400Hz sin error, a costa de un peor desempeño ante transitorios y ante cargas no lineales. Sin embargo, la implementación de una estrategia de control de esta naturaleza puede provocar la aparición de offset en la salida. Por otra parte, el esquema oculta la información de la fase de la onda de tensión de salida, necesaria para sincronizar tres módulos monofásicos en un montaje trifásico. En este artículo el diseño e implementación del sistema completo es abordado, resolviendo los inconvenientes mencionados mediante un tercer lazo analógico de control para el offset y un algoritmo de sincronización implementado en una FPGA.

Current Mode with RMS Voltage and Offset Control Loops for a Single-Phase Aircraft Inverter Suitable for Parallel and 3-Phase Operation Modes

Rms voltage regulation may be an attractive possibility for controlling power inverters. Combined with a Hall Effect sensor for current control, it keeps its parallel operation capability while increasing its noise immunity, which may lead to a reduction of the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). Besides, as voltage regulation is designed in DC, a simple PI regulator can provide accurate voltage tracking. Nevertheless, this approach does not lack drawbacks. Its narrow voltage bandwidth makes transients last longer and it increases the voltage THD when feeding non-linear loads, such as rectifying stages. On the other hand, the implementation can fall into offset voltage error. Furthermore, the information of the output voltage phase is hidden for the control as well, making the synchronization of a 3-phase setup not trivial. This paper explains the concept, design and implementation of the whole control scheme, in an on board inverter able to run in parallel and within a 3-phase setup. Special attention is paid to solve the problems foreseen at implementation level: a third analog loop accounts for the offset level is added and a digital algorithm guarantees 3-phase voltage synchronization.