On the leakage-power modeling for optimal server operation

Leakage power consumption is a com- ponent of the total power consumption in data cen- ters that is not traditionally considered in the set- point temperature of the room. However, the effect of this power component, increased with temperature, can determine the savings associated with the careful management of the cooling system, as well as the re- liability of the system. The work presented in this paper detects the need of addressing leakage power in order to achieve substantial savings in the energy consumption of servers. In particular, our work shows that, by a careful detection and management of two working regions (low and high impact of thermal- dependent leakage), energy consumption of the data- center can be optimized by a reduction of the cooling budget.

A cyber-physical approach to combined HW-SW monitoring for improving energy efficiency in data centers

High-Performance Computing, Cloud computing and next-generation applications such e-Health or Smart Cities have dramatically increased the computational demand of Data Centers. The huge energy consumption, increasing levels of CO2 and the economic costs of these facilities represent a challenge for industry and researchers alike. Recent research trends propose the usage of holistic optimization techniques to jointly minimize Data Center computational and cooling costs from a multilevel perspective. This paper presents an analysis on the parameters needed to integrate the Data Center in a holistic optimization framework and leverages the usage of Cyber-Physical systems to gather workload, server and environmental data via software techniques and by deploying a non-intrusive Wireless Sensor Net- work (WSN). This solution tackles data sampling, retrieval and storage from a reconfigurable perspective, reducing the amount of data generated for optimization by a 68% without information loss, doubling the lifetime of the WSN nodes and allowing runtime energy minimization techniques in a real scenario.

Leakage and temperature aware server control for improving energy efficiency in data centers

Reducing the energy consumption for computation and cooling in servers is a major challenge considering the data center energy costs today. To ensure energy-efficient operation of servers in data centers, the relationship among computa- tional power, temperature, leakage, and cooling power needs to be analyzed. By means of an innovative setup that enables monitoring and controlling the computing and cooling power consumption separately on a commercial enterprise server, this paper studies temperature-leakage-energy tradeoffs, obtaining an empirical model for the leakage component. Using this model, we design a controller that continuously seeks and settles at the optimal fan speed to minimize the energy consumption for a given workload. We run a customized dynamic load-synthesis tool to stress the system. Our proposed cooling controller achieves up to 9% energy savings and 30W reduction in peak power in comparison to the default cooling control scheme.

Ajuste de Reguladores de Velocidad de Grupos Hidroeléctricos en Redes Aisladas: Consideración de la Compresibilidad del Agua y de la Tubería Forzada.

El control de las centrales hidroeléctricas ha venido siendo motivo continuo de estudio. Más aún en el caso de centrales que proporcionan la energía a Islas donde se intenta sustituir la generación térmica por la convivencia de los parques eólicos y una central hidroeléctrica, puesto que el control es fundamental para el correcto funcionamiento del sistema. Varios son los trabajos que se han desarrollado en esta materia hasta la fecha pero no se han prodigado en analizar la influencia que la longitud de las conducciones forzadas tiene en el ajuste del controlador. El objetivo principal de este estudio es desarrollar unas recomendaciones relativas al ajuste de los reguladores de velocidad de los grupos hidroeléctricos en sistemas aislados con conducciones de gran longitud, aportando así valores alternativos a los propuestos por otros autores; entre otras razones porque éstos estudiaban centrales cuyas conducciones no exigían el análisis de la elasticidad de la conducción y del fluido. Dichas recomendaciones están basadas en la oportuna ubicación de los polos que representan la respuesta dinámica de los principales componentes de la central. Así, encontramos los valores de las ganancias del controlador PI que mejoran la respuesta de la central dado que la longitud de la tubería forzada es lo suficientemente grande como para que sea preciso incluir su efecto en el ajuste. Para tener en cuenta la compresibilidad del agua y de la tubería se ha empleado el modelo de parámetros concentrados. Dicho modelo se simplifica y se linealiza para su estudio, mientras que el ajuste propuesto es aplicado al modelo no lineal original.

Carbon dioxide emissions from semi-arid soils amended with biochar alone or combined with mineral and organic fertilizers

Semi-arid soils cover a significant area of Earth s land surface and typically contain large amounts of inorganic C. Determining the effects of biochar additions on CO2 emissions fromsemi-arid soils is therefore essential for evaluating the potential of biochar as a climate change mitigation strategy. Here, we measured the CO2 that evolved from semi-arid calcareous soils amended with biochar at rates of 0 and 20 t ha?1 in a full factorial combination with three different fertilizers (mineral fertilizer, municipal solid waste compost, and sewage sludge) applied at four rates (equivalent to 0, 75, 150, and 225 kg potentially available N ha?1) during 182 days of aerobic incubation. A double exponential model, which describes cumulative CO2 emissions from two active soil C compartments with different turnover rates (one relatively stable and the other more labile), was found to fit verywell all the experimental datasets. In general, the organic fertilizers increased the size and decomposition rate of the stable and labile soil C pools. In contrast, biochar addition had no effects on any of the double exponential model parameters and did not interact with the effects ascribed to the type and rate of fertilizer. After 182 days of incubation, soil organic and microbial biomass C contents tended to increase with increasing the application rates of organic fertilizer, especially of compost, whereas increasing the rate of mineral fertilizer tended to suppress microbial biomass. Biochar was found to increase both organic and inorganic C contents in soil and not to interactwith the effects of type and rate of fertilizer on C fractions. As a whole, our results suggest that the use of biochar as enhancer of semi-arid soils, either alone or combined with mineral and organic fertilizers, is unlikely to increase abiotic and biotic soil CO2 emissions.

Stability Analysis of a Run-of-River Diversion Hydropower Plant With Surge Tank And Spillway in the Head Pond

Run-of-river hydropower plants usually lack significant storage capacity; therefore, the more adequate control strategy would consist of keeping a constant water level at the intake pond in order to harness the maximum amount of energy from the river flow or to reduce the surface flooded in the head pond. In this paper, a standard PI control system of a run-of-river diversion hydropower plant with surge tank and a spillway in the head pond that evacuates part of the river flow plant is studied. A stability analysis based on the Routh-Hurwitz criterion is carried out and a practical criterion for tuning the gains of the PI controller is proposed. Conclusions about the head pond and surge tank areas are drawn from the stability analysis. Finally, this criterion is applied to a real hydropower plant in design state; the importance of considering the spillway dimensions and turbine characteristic curves for adequate tuning of the controller gains is highlighted

Wind pumps for irrigating greenhouse crops: Comparison in different socio-economical frameworks

A methodology is applied for economic evaluation of water pumping technologies. Different socioeconomic frameworks are considered for Spain, Cuba and Pakistan. The levelised cost of energy is used to determine the best technology. Wind speed, distance to grid, water storage size and elevation are considered. The water elevation has greater influence on wind pumps than on solar PV pumping.

A novel energy-driven computing paradigm for e-health scenarios

A first-rate e-Health system saves lives, provides better patient care, allows complex but useful epidemiologic analysis and saves money. However, there may also be concerns about the costs and complexities associated with e-health implementation, and the need to solve issues about the energy footprint of the high-demanding computing facilities. This paper proposes a novel and evolved computing paradigm that: (i) provides the required computing and sensing resources; (ii) allows the population-wide diffusion; (iii) exploits the storage, communication and computing services provided by the Cloud; (iv) tackles the energy-optimization issue as a first-class requirement, taking it into account during the whole development cycle. The novel computing concept and the multi-layer top-down energy-optimization methodology obtain promising results in a realistic scenario for cardiovascular tracking and analysis, making the Home Assisted Living a reality.

Enhancing regression models for complex systems using evolutionary techniques for feature engineering

This work proposes an automatic methodology for modeling complex systems. Our methodology is based on the combination of Grammatical Evolution and classical regression to obtain an optimal set of features that take part of a linear and convex model. This technique provides both Feature Engineering and Symbolic Regression in order to infer accurate models with no effort or designer's expertise requirements. As advanced Cloud services are becoming mainstream, the contribution of data centers in the overall power consumption of modern cities is growing dramatically. These facilities consume from 10 to 100 times more power per square foot than typical office buildings. Modeling the power consumption for these infrastructures is crucial to anticipate the effects of aggressive optimization policies, but accurate and fast power modeling is a complex challenge for high-end servers not yet satisfied by analytical approaches. For this case study, our methodology minimizes error in power prediction. This work has been tested using real Cloud applications resulting on an average error in power estimation of 3.98%. Our work improves the possibilities of deriving Cloud energy efficient policies in Cloud data centers being applicable to other computing environments with similar characteristics.

La Capilla del MIT versus La Capilla del ITT

El artículo compara la capilla del Instituto de Tecnología de Massachussets ,del arquitecto Eero Saarinen y la capilla del Instituto de Tecnología de Illinois,del arquitecto Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, como dos de los cuatro ejemplos destacados prototípicos construidos en los ¿50, (hoy en uso), correspondientes a la nueva arquitectura religiosa interconfesional universitaria norteamericana, como representantes de una segunda modernidad de posguerra 4 en lo religioso y universitario. A pesar de que las administraciones correspondientes de cada universidad, creyeron necesario fomentar la educación religiosa y moral de sus alumnos, al interior de sus capillas no se consiguió transmitir, en la misma medida, la experiencia sensorial de sus espacios. El modelo propuesto en la capilla del M.I.T., no se repite en el tiempo, ni en ninguna otra universidad y además se posiciona como el mejor ejemplo prototípico de su década, hito de una nueva arquitectura religiosa universitaria. El artículo destaca la principal diferencia concluyente que engloba el total de las distancias entre los ejemplos comparados, correspondiente al ?sincretismo? capaz de la unión de la ciencia y la fe en la armoniosa arquitectura de la capilla del M.I.T. ; capaz de servir al científico y al religioso. Esta capacidad sintética y mixta, queda referida no sólo a lo interconfesional y aconfesional, sino a la validez del ejemplo por encima del resto de los construidos en los ¿50.

Power-frequency control of hydropower plants with long penstocks in isolated systems with wind generation

In this paper the power-frequency control of hydropower plants with long penstocks is addressed. In such configuration the effects of pressure waves cannot be neglected and therefore commonly used criteria for adjustment of PID governors would not be appropriate. A second-order Π model of the turbine-penstock based on a lumped parameter approach is considered. A correction factor is introduced in order to approximate the model frequency response to the continuous case in the frequency interval of interest. Using this model, several criteria are analysed for adjusting the PI governor of a hydropower plant operating in an isolated system. Practical criteria for adjusting the PI governor are given. The results are applied to a real case of a small island where the objective is to achieve a generation 100% renewable (wind and hydro). Frequency control is supposed to be provided exclusively by the hydropower plant. It is verified that the usual criterion for tuning the PI controller of isolated hydro plants gives poor results. However, with the new proposed adjustment, the time response is considerably improved

Server power modeling for run-time energy optimization of cloud computing facilities

As advanced Cloud services are becoming mainstream, the contribution of data centers in the overall power consumption of modern cities is growing dramatically. The average consumption of a single data center is equivalent to the energy consumption of 25.000 households. Modeling the power consumption for these infrastructures is crucial to anticipate the effects of aggressive optimization policies, but accurate and fast power modeling is a complex challenge for high-end servers not yet satisfied by analytical approaches. This work proposes an automatic method, based on Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization, for the identification of power models of enterprise servers in Cloud data centers. Our approach, as opposed to previous procedures, does not only consider the workload consolidation for deriving the power model, but also incorporates other non traditional factors like the static power consumption and its dependence with temperature. Our experimental results shows that we reach slightly better models than classical approaches, but simul- taneously simplifying the power model structure and thus the numbers of sensors needed, which is very promising for a short-term energy prediction. This work, validated with real Cloud applications, broadens the possibilities to derive efficient energy saving techniques for Cloud facilities.

Leakage-aware cooling management for improving server energy efficiency

The computational and cooling power demands of enterprise servers are increasing at an unsustainable rate. Understanding the relationship between computational power, temperature, leakage, and cooling power is crucial to enable energy-efficient operation at the server and data center levels. This paper develops empirical models to estimate the contributions of static and dynamic power consumption in enterprise servers for a wide range of workloads, and analyzes the interactions between temperature, leakage, and cooling power for various workload allocation policies. We propose a cooling management policy that minimizes the server energy consumption by setting the optimum fan speed during runtime. Our experimental results on a presently shipping enterprise server demonstrate that including leakage awareness in workload and cooling management provides additional energy savings without any impact on performance.

La Capilla del MIT de Eero Saarinen: construcción y acústica

El artículo se centra en la Capilla del MIT y en la búsqueda de respuestas para aclarar cuestiones y soluciones constructivas que hacen de este modelo prototipo, un nuevo ejemplo a reconsiderar y medir el papel jugado por la arquitectura religiosa en la universidad Norteamericana moderna. En este artículo se ofrece la posibilidad de discernir la relación entre construcción y acústica, dentro de un marco unitario proyectado. El artículo usa como método de base, la recopilación de documentación original del proyecto en distintas universidades americanas, así como los datos y documentos publicados en revistas internacionales, en referencia a la capilla y en particular a su estudio acústico. El procedimiento empleado para la redacción del texto, se desarrolla entre textos y gráficos obtenidos en la investigación, concluyendo con aclaraciones constructivas sobre algunos detalles técnicos dibujados.

Proactive and reactive thermal aware optimization techniques to minimize the environmental impact of data centers

Data centers are easily found in every sector of the worldwide economy. They are composed of thousands of servers, serving millions of users globally and 24-7. In the last years, e-Science applications such e-Health or Smart Cities have experienced a significant development. The need to deal efficiently with the computational needs of next-generation applications together with the increasing demand for higher resources in traditional applications has facilitated the rapid proliferation and growing of Data Centers. A drawback to this capacity growth has been the rapid increase of the energy consumption of these facilities. In 2010, data center electricity represented 1.3% of all the electricity use in the world. In year 2012 alone, global data center power demand grep 63% to 38GW. A further rise of 17% to 43GW was estimated in 2013. Moreover, Data Centers are responsible for more than 2% of total carbon dioxide emissions.