Analysis of microscopic magnitudes of radiative blast waves launched in xenon clusters with collisional-radiative steady-state simulations

Radiative shock waves play a pivotal role in the transport energy into the stellar medium. This fact has led to many efforts to scale the astrophysical phenomena to accessible laboratory conditions and their study has been highlighted as an area requiring further experimental investigations. Low density material with high atomic mass is suitable to achieve radiative regime, and, therefore, low density xenon gas is commonly used for the medium in which the radiative shocks such as radiative blast waves propagate. In this work, by means of collisional-radiative steady-state calculations, a characterization and an analysis of microscopic magnitudes of laboratory blast waves launched in xenon clusters are made. Thus, for example, the average ionization, the charge state distribution, the cooling time or photon mean free paths are studied. Furthermore, for a particular experiment, the effects of the self-absorption and self-emission in the specific intensity emitted by the shock front and that is going through the radiative precursor are investigated. Finally, for that experiment, since the electron temperature is not measured experimentally, an estimation of this magnitude is made both for the shock shell and the radiative precursor.

Determination and analysis of plasma radiative properties for numerical simulations of laboratory radiative blast waves launched in xenon clusters

Radiative shock waves play a pivotal role in the transport energy into the stellar medium. This fact has led to many efforts to scale the astrophysical phenomena to accessible laboratory conditions and their study has been highlighted as an area requiring further experimental investigations. Low density material with high atomic mass is suitable to achieve radiative regime, and, therefore, low density xenon plasmas are commonly used for the medium in which the radiative shocks propagate. The knowledge of the plasma radiative properties is crucial for the correct understanding and for the hydrodynamic simulations of radiative shocks. In this work, we perform an analysis of the radiative properties of xenon plasmas in a range of matter densities and electron temperatures typically found in laboratory experiments of radiative shocks launched in xenon plasmas. Furthermore, for a particular experiment, our analysis is applied to make a diagnostics of the electron temperatures of the radiative shocks since they could not be experimentally measured

Storm characterization for analyzing stone armour damage progression

Storm evolution is fundamental for analysing the damage progression of the different failure modes and establishing suitable protocols for maintaining and optimally sizing structures. However, this aspect has hardly been studied and practically the whole of the studies dealing with the subject adopt the Equivalent triangle storm. As against this approach, two new ones are proposed. The first is the Equivalent Triangle Magnitude Storm model (ETMS), whose base, the triangular storm duration, D, is established such that its magnitude (area describing the storm history above the reference threshold level which sets the storm condition),HT, equals the real storm magnitude. The other is the Equivalent Triangle Number of Waves Storm (ETNWS), where the base is referred in terms of the real storm's number of waves,Nz. Three approaches are used for estimating the mean period, Tm, associated to each of the sea states defining the storm evolution, which is necessary to determine the full energy flux withstood by the structure in the course of the extreme event. Two are based on the Jonswap spectrum representativity and the other uses the bivariate Gumbel copula (Hs, Tm), resulting from adjusting the storm peaks. The representativity of the approaches proposed and those defined in specialised literature are analysed by comparing the main armour layer's progressive loss of hydraulic stability caused by real storms and that relating to theoretical ones. An empirical maximum energy flux model is used for this purpose. The agreement between the empirical and theoretical results demonstrates that the representativity of the different approaches depends on the storm characteristics and point towards a need to investigate other geometrical shapes to characterise the storm evolution associated with sea states heavily influenced by swell wave components.

Understanding extreme Spanish coastal flood events

The Santa Irene flood event, at the end of October 1982, is one of the most dramatically widely reported flood events in Spain. Its renown is mainly due to the collapse of the Tous dam, but its main message is to be the paradigm of the incidence of the maritime/littoral weather and its temporal sea level rise by storm surge accompanying rain process on the coastal plains inland floods. Looking at damages the presentation analyzes the adapted measures from the point of view of the aims of the FP7 SMARTeST Project related to the Flood Resilience improvement in urban areas through looking for Technologies, Systems and Tools an appropriate "road to de market".

Background noise and its influence on the brain waves related to attention

In this work, we present a study whose objective is to prove the influence of background noise produced inside university facilities on the brain waves related to attention processes. Recordings of background noise were carried out in study areas inside university facilities. Volunteers were asked to perform an attention test without any background noise but also while being exposed to the sound recordings, and their cerebral activity was recorded through electroencephalography (EEG). After the application of the test in both conditions, changes in the frequency bands related to attention processes (beta 13-30 Hz and theta 4-7 Hz) were studied. The results of this study show that when the students were performing the test while being exposed to background noise, both beta and theta frequency bands decreased statistically significantly. Because attentional improvement is related to increases of the beta and theta waves, we believe that those decreases are directly related to a lack of attention caused by the exposure to background noise. Nevertheless, the results do not allow us to conclude that background noise produced inside university facilities has an influence on the attentional processes.

Numerical and experimental study of the parametric rolling of a fisihing vessel in regular head waves

The dynamic behaviour of a fishing vessel in waves is studied in order to reveal its parametric rolling characteristics. This paper presents experimental and numerical results in longitudinal regular waves. The experimental results are compared against the results of a time-domain non-linear strip theory model of ship motions in six degrees-of-freedom. These results contribute to the validation of the parametric rolling prediction method, so that it can be used as an assessment tool to evaluate both the susceptibility and severity of occurrence of parametric rolling at the early design stage of these types of vessels.

Mechanical Degradation of Tungsten Alloys at Extreme Temperatures in Vacuum and Oxidation Atmospheres

Mechanical degradation of tungsten alloys at extreme temperatures in vacuum and oxidation atmospheres.

Offshore stereo measurements of gravity waves

Stereo video techniques are effective for estimating the space-time wave dynamics over an area of the ocean. Indeed, a stereo camera view allows retrieval of both spatial and temporal data whose statistical content is richer than that of time series data retrieved from point wave probes. To prove this, we consider an application of the Wave Acquisition Stereo System (WASS) for the analysis of offshore video measurements of gravity waves in the Northern Adriatic Sea. In particular, we deployed WASS at the oceanographic platform Acqua Alta, off the Venice coast, Italy. Three experimental studies were performed, and the overlapping field of view of the acquired stereo images covered an area of approximately 1100 m2. Analysis of the WASS measurements show that the sea surface can be accurately estimated in space and time together, yielding associated directional spectra and wave statistics that agree well with theoretical models. From the observed wavenumber-frequency spectrum one can also predict the vertical profile of the current flow underneath the wave surface. Finally, future improvements of WASS and applications are discussed.

Chaos in non lineal Alfven waves using the DNLS equations

The electro-dynamical tethers emit waves in structured denominated Alfven wings. The Derivative Nonlineal Schrödinger Equation (DNLS) possesses the capacity to describe the propagation of circularly polarized Alfven waves of finite amplitude in cold plasmas. The DNLS equation is truncated to explore the coherent, weakly nonlinear, cubic coupling of three waves near resonance, one wave being linearly unstable and the other waves damped. In this article is presented a theoretical and numerical analysis when the growth rate of the unstable wave is next to zero considering two damping models: Landau and resistive. The DNLS equation presents a chaotic dynamics when is consider only three wave truncation. The evolution to chaos possesses three routes: hard transition, period-doubling and intermittence of type I.

Contribution to the Analysis of Waveguides and Design of Passive Components at Millimeter and Submillimeter-Waves

Esta tesis está dedicada al análisis de las guías de onda y el diseño de los componentes pasivos con énfasis en aplicaciones de alta frecuencia. En primer lugar, se lleva a cabo el análisis de las guías de onda con conductores metálicos no ideales, con el objetivo de establecer el límite superior en frecuencia de las aproximaciones habitualmente utilizadas en microondas para el cálculo de las pérdidas óhmicas. Posteriormente, se presenta el diseño de diferentes componentes pasivos de guía de ondas: filtros, transductores de modos ortogonales (OMT), polarizadores, duplexores y alimentadores de antena, funcionando en frecuencias desde 10 a 750 GHz. Para el correcto diseño de componentes a altas frecuencias se requiere, en primer lugar, comprender los nuevos procesos de fabricación y después adecuar los diversos componentes para cumplir especificaciones eléctricas y geométricas simultáneamente. Para esto, se presentan modificaciones y nuevas geometrías de guiado de ondas para diferentes aplicaciones y procesos tecnológicos. Además se discuten sus ventajas sobre las soluciones ya existentes. Además, el trabajo presentado en esta tesis se ocupa del desarrollo completo de dispositivos: diseño, fabricación y caracterización de los componentes ya mencionados. Por último, algunos de los dispositivos desarrollados han sido diseñados para ser integrados en diferentes sistemas. De esta forma, se mejoran las prestaciones y capacidades de dichos sistemas.

Dynamic earth pressures against a retaining wall caused by Rayleigh waves

An approximate procedure for studying harmonic soil-structure interaction problems is presented. The presence of Rayleigh waves is considered and the resulting governing equations of the dynamic soil-structure system are solved in the time domain. With this method the transient and steady states of a vibratory motion and also the nonlinear behaviour of the soil can be studied. As an example, the dynamic earth pressure against a rigid retaining wall is investigated. The loads are assumed to be harmonic Rayleigh waves with both static and dynamic surface surcharges. The dependence of the results on the excitation frequency is shown.

Change of extreme rainfall indexes at Ebro River Basin

The purpose of this work is to provide a description of the heavy rainfall phenomenon on statistical tools from a Spanish region. We want to quantify the effect of the climate change to verify the rapidity of its evolution across the variation of the probability distributions. Our conclusions have special interest for the agrarian insurances, which may make estimates of costs more realistically. In this work, the analysis mainly focuses on: The distribution of consecutive days without rain for each gauge stations and season. We estimate density Kernel functions and Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD) for a network of station from the Ebro River basin until a threshold value u. We can establish a relation between distributional parameters and regional characteristics. Moreover we analyze especially the tail of the probability distribution. These tails are governed by law of power means that the number of events n can be expressed as the power of another quantity x : n(x) = x? . ? can be estimated as the slope of log-log plot the number of events and the size. The most convenient way to analyze n(x) is using the empirical probability distribution. Pr(X mayor que x) ? x-?. The distribution of rainfall over percentile of order 0.95 from wet days at the seasonal scale and in a yearly scale with the same treatment of tails than in the previous section.

Intermediate Band Solar Cell with Extreme Broadband Spectrum Quantum Efficiency

We report, for the first time, about an intermediate band solar cell implemented with InAs/AlGaAs quantum dots whose photoresponse expands from 250 to ~ 6000  nm. To our knowledge, this is the broadest quantum efficiency reported to date for a solar cell and demonstrates that the intermediate band solar cell is capable of producing photocurrent when illuminated with photons whose energy equals the energy of the lowest band gap. We show experimental evidence indicating that this result is in agreement with the theory of the intermediate band solar cell, according to which the generation recombination between the intermediate band and the valence band makes this photocurrent detectable. © 2015 American Physical Society

Runup variability due to time dependence and stochasticity in the beach profiles: two extreme cases of the Spanish coast

Equations for extreme runup worked out from several experimental studies are compared. Infragraviatory oscillations dominate the swash in a dissipative state but not in intermediate - reflective states. Therefore two kinds of equation depending on either significant wave height, H-0, or the Iribarren number, xi(0), should be used. Through a sand bed physical model with a uniform sand bed slope, equations are proposed for both beach states, and results are compared with precedent field and physical model experiments. Once the equations are chosen, the time-longshore variability in a medium - long term time scale of the foreshore slope is evaluated in two extreme cases relating to the Spanish coast. The Salinas beach on the North coast (Bay of Biscay) displayed a permanent dissipative beach state with small variations in the beach foreshore slope both along the shore and in time, so foreshore slope deviations in a medium-long term period were irrelevant and extreme runup is predicted with the wave height worked out from the design return period. Peniscola beach on the East coast (Mediterranean sea) displayed an intermediate state. If only time variations are analysed, variations in determining extreme runup are irrelevant. In contrast, significant differences were found when the longshore variations were studied in this Mediterranean beach.

Caracterización multivariada de los temporales para su aplicación en el dimensionamiento del manto principal

En esta tesis se presenta una metodología para la caracterización del oleaje, dentro del marco de las nuevas Recomendaciones para Obras Marítimas (ROM 0.0.-00 y ROM 1.0-09), por ser una de las principales acciones que afectan a la estabilidad de las estructuras marítimas. Debido al carácter aleatorio intrínsecamente multivariado de la acción considerada, las tormentas, su caracterización paramétrica se realiza en términos de funciones cópula uniparamétricas. Las variables consideradas son altura de ola significante del pico de la tormenta, el periodo medio asociado y la magnitud, o número de olas, de todo el ciclo de solicitación. Para establecer un patrón teórico de evolución de la tormenta que permita extrapolar las muestras fuera de la región con datos se analizan los modelos teóricos existentes, comprobándose que no reproducen adecuadamente las tormentas constituidas por estados de mar con un peso importante de oleaje swell. Para evitar esta limitación se proponen cuatro modelos teóricos de evolución de tormentas con distintas formas geométricas. El análisis de los modelos existentes y los propuestos pone de relieve que el Modelo Magnitud Equivalente de Tormenta (EMS= Equivalent Magnitude Storm) con la forma triangular es el que mejor adapta las tormentas constituidas por estados de mar típicos del viento. Para tormentas con un mayor grado de desarrollo, el modelo teórico de tormenta EMS con la forma trapezoidal es el adecuado. De las aproximaciones propuestas para establecer el periodo medio de los sucesivos estados de mar del ciclo de solicitación. la propuesta por Martín Soldevilla et al., (2009) es la más versátil y , en general , mejor reproduce la evolución de todo tipo de tormentas. La caracterización de las tormentas se complementa con la altura de ola máxima. Debido a la mayor disponibilidad y longitud temporal de los datos sintéticos frente a las registros, la práctica totalidad de los análisis de extremos se realizan con tormentas sintéticas en las que la distribución de olas individuales es desconocida. Para evitar esta limitación se utilizan modelos teóricos de distribución de olas acordes a las características de cada uno de los estados de mar que conforman la tormenta sintética. Para establecer dichas características se utiliza la curtosis y en función de su valor la altura de ola máxima se determina asumiendo una determinada distribución de olas. Para estados de mar lineales la distribución de olas individuales de Rayleigh es la considerada. Para condiciones no lineales de gran ancho de banda el modelo de distribución de olas propuesto por Dawson, (2004) es el utilizado y si es de banda estrecha las predicciones de (Boccotti, (1989), Boccotti et al., (2013)) se compara con las resultantes del modelo de Dawson. La caracterización de la evolución de las tormentas en términos multivariados es aplicada al estudio de la progresión del daño del manto principal de diques en talud, y al rebase de las olas. Ambos aspectos cubren el segundo objetivo de la tesis en el que se propone una nueva formulación para el dimensionamiento de mantos constituidos por bloques cúbicos de hormigón. Para el desarrollo de esta nueva formulación se han utilizado los resultados recogidos en los estudios de estabilidad del manto principal de diques talud realizados en modelo físico a escala reducida en el Centro de Estudios de Puertos y Costas (CEDEX) desde la década de los 80 empleando, en su mayoría, bloques paralelepípedos cúbicos de hormigón. Por este motivo y porque los últimos diques construidos en la costa Española utilizan este tipo de pieza, es por lo que la formulación planteada se centra en este tipo de pieza. Después de un primer análisis de las fórmulas de cálculo y de evolución existentes, se llega a la conclusión de que es necesario realizar un esfuerzo de investigación en este campo, así como ensayos en laboratorio y recogida de datos in-situ con base a desarrollar fórmulas de evolución de daño para mantos constituidos por piezas diferentes a la escollera, que tenga en cuenta las principales variables que condiciona su estabilidad. En esta parte de la tesis se propone un método de análisis de evolución de daño, que incluye el criterio de inicio de avería, adecuada para diques en talud constituidos por bloque cúbicos de hormigón y que considera la incidencia oblicua, el daño acumulado y el rebase. This thesis proposes a methodology to estimate sea waves, one of the main actions affecting the maritime structures stability, complying with (ROM 0.0.-00 & ROM 1.0-09.Due to the multivariate behavior of sea storms, the characterization of the structures of sea storms is done using copula function. The analyzed variables are the significant height wave, mean period and magnitude or number of waves during the storm history. The storm evolution in terms of the significant height wave and the mean period is also studied in other to analyze the progressive failure modes. The existing models of evolution are studied, verifying that these approximations do not adjust accurately for developed waves. To overcome this disadvantage, four evolution models are proposed, with some geometrical shapes associated to fit any development degree. The proposed Equivalent Magnitude Storm model, EMS, generally obtains the best results for any kind of storm (predominant sea, swell or both). The triangle is recommended for typical sea storms whereas the trapezoid shape is much more appropriate for more developed storm conditions.The Martín Soldevilla et al., (2009) approach to estimate the mean period is better than others approaches used.The storm characterization is completed with the maximum wave height of the whole storm history. Due to synthetic historical waves databases are more accessible and longer than recorded database, the extreme analyses are done with synthetic data. For this reason the individual waves’ distribution is not known. For that limitation to be avoided, and depending on the characteristics of every sea states, one theoretical model of waves is choose and used. The kurtosis parameter is used to distinguish between linear and nonlinear sea states. The Rayleigh model is used for the linear sea states. For the nonlinear sea states, Dawson, (2004) approach is used for non-narrow bandwidth storms, comparing the results with the Boccotti, (1989), Boccotti et al., (2013) approach, with is used for narrow bandwidth storms. The multivariate and storm evolution characterization is used to analyze of stone armour damage progression and wave overtopping discharge. Both aspects are included in the second part of the thesis, with a new formula is proposed to design cubes armour layer. The results the stability studies of armour layer, done in the Centre for Harbours and Coastal Studies (CEDEX) laboratory are used for defining a new stability formula. For this reason and because the last biggest breakwater built in Spain using the cube, the damage progression is analyze for this kind of concrete block. Before to analyze the existing formulae, it is concluded that it is necessary more investigation, more tests in laboratory and data gathering in situ to define damage evolution formulae to armour of other kind of pieces and that takes to account the principal variables. This thesis proposed a method to calculate the damage progression including oblique waves, accumulated damage, and overtopping effect. The method also takes account the beginning of the movement of the blocks.