FTCS finite difference scheme GPGPU parallel computing for the heat conduction equation = Programación en paralelo GPGPU del método en diferencias finitas FTCS para la ecuación del calor

En el presente artículo se muestran las ventajas de la programación en paralelo resolviendo numéricamente la ecuación del calor en dos dimensiones a través del método de diferencias finitas explícito centrado en el espacio FTCS. De las conclusiones de este trabajo se pone de manifiesto la importancia de la programación en paralelo para tratar problemas grandes, en los que se requiere un elevado número de cálculos, para los cuales la programación secuencial resulta impracticable por el elevado tiempo de ejecución. En la primera sección se describe brevemente los conceptos básicos de programación en paralelo. Seguidamente se resume el método de diferencias finitas explícito centrado en el espacio FTCS aplicado a la ecuación parabólica del calor. Seguidamente se describe el problema de condiciones de contorno y valores iniciales específico al que se va a aplicar el método de diferencias finitas FTCS, proporcionando pseudocódigos de una implementación secuencial y dos implementaciones en paralelo. Finalmente tras la discusión de los resultados se presentan algunas conclusiones. In this paper the advantages of parallel computing are shown by solving the heat conduction equation in two dimensions with the forward in time central in space (FTCS) finite difference method. Two different levels of parallelization are consider and compared with traditional serial procedures. We show in this work the importance of parallel computing when dealing with large problems that are impractical or impossible to solve them with a serial computing procedure. In the first section a summary of parallel computing approach is presented. Subsequently, the forward in time central in space (FTCS) finite difference method for the heat conduction equation is outline, describing how the heat flow equation is derived in two dimensions and the particularities of the finite difference numerical technique considered. Then, a specific initial boundary value problem is solved by the FTCS finite difference method and serial and parallel pseudo codes are provided. Finally after results are discussed some conclusions are presented.

A Compact Formula for the Derivative of a 3-D Rotation in Exponential Coordinates

We present a compact formula for the derivative of a 3-D rotation matrix with respect to its exponential coordinates. A geometric interpretation of the resulting expression is provided, as well as its agreement with other less-compact but better-known formulas. To the best of our knowledge, this simpler formula does not appear anywhere in the literature. We hope by providing this more compact expression to alleviate the common pressure to reluctantly resort to alternative representations in various computational applications simply as a means to avoid the complexity of differential analysis in exponential coordinates.

Irradiation uniformity at the Laser MegaJoule facility in the context of the shock ignition scheme

The use of the Laser MegaJoule facility within the shock ignition scheme has been considered. In the first part of the study, one-dimensional hydrodynamic calculations were performed for an inertial confinement fusion capsule in the context of the shock ignition scheme providing the energy gain and an estimation of the increase of the peak power due to the reduction of the photon penetration expected during the high-intensity spike pulse. In the second part, we considered a Laser MegaJoule configuration consisting of 176 laser beams that have been grouped providing two different irradiation schemes. In this configuration the maximum available energy and power are 1.3 MJ and 440 TW. Optimization of the laser?capsule parameters that minimize the irradiation non-uniformity during the first few ns of the foot pulse has been performed. The calculations take into account the specific elliptical laser intensity profile provided at the Laser MegaJoule and the expected beam uncertainties. A significant improvement of the illumination uniformity provided by the polar direct drive technique has been demonstrated. Three-dimensional hydrodynamic calculations have been performed in order to analyse the magnitude of the azimuthal component of the irradiation that is neglected in twodimensional hydrodynamic simulations.

Compact duplexing for a 680-GHz radar using a waveguide orthomode transducer

A compact 680-GHz waveguide orthomode transducer (OMT) and circular horn combination has been designed, tested, and characterized in a radar transceiver's duplexer. The duplexing capability is implemented by a hybrid waveguide quasi optical solution, combining a linear polarization OMT and an external grating polarizer. Isolation between the OMT's orthogonal ports' flanges was measured with a vector network analyzer to exceed 33 dB over a >10% bandwidth between 630 and 710 GHz. Calibrated Y-factor measurements using a mixer attached to the OMT ports reveal losses through the transmit and receive paths that sum to an average of 4.7 dB of two-way loss over 660-690 GHz. This is consistent with radar sensitivity measurements comparing the new OMT/horn with a quasi-optical wire grid beam splitter. Moreover, the radar performance assessment validates the OMT as a suitable compact substitute of the wire grid for the JPL's short-range 680-GHz imaging radar.

A low-cost alternative scheme to detect a 100 Gbps PM-DQPSK signal

We propose and demonstrate a low-cost alternative scheme of direct-detection to detect a 100Gbps polarization-multiplexed differential quadrature phase-shift keying (PM-DQPSK) signal. The proposed scheme is based on a delay line and a polarization rotator; the phase-shift keying signal is first converted into a polarization shift keying signal. Then, this signal is converted into an intensity modulated signal by a polarization beam splitter. Finally, the intensity-modulated signal is detected by balanced photodetectors. In order to demonstrate that our proposed receiver is suitable for using as a PM-DQPSK demodulator, a set of simulations have been performed. In addition to testing the sensitivity, the performance under various impairments, including narrow optical filtering, polarization mode dispersion, chromatic dispersion and polarization sensitivity, is analyzed. The simulation results show that our performance receiver is as good as a conventional receiver based on four delay interferometers. Moreover, in comparison with the typical receiver, fewer components are used in our receiver. Hence, implementation is easier, and total cost is reduced. In addition, our receiver can be easily improved to a bit-rate tunable receiver.

ITIL in Small to Medium-Sized Enterprises: toward a proposal based on an ITIL processes implementation sequence and a pofile scheme strategy for implementing the first process in the sequence

The backdrop of actual problematic about the implementation of Information Technology (IT) services management in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) will be described. It will be exposed the reasons why reaching a maturity/capability level through well-known standards or the implementation of good software engineering practices by means of IT infrastructure Library are really difficult to achieve by SMEs. Also, the solutions to the exposed problems will be explained. Also master thesis goals are presented in terms of: purpose, research questions, research goals, objectives and scope. Finally, thesis structure is described.

Distributed cognitive radio systems with temperature-interference constraints and overlay scheme

Cognitive radio represents a promising paradigm to further increase transmission rates in wireless networks, as well as to facilitate the deployment of self-organized networks such as femtocells. Within this framework, secondary users (SU) may exploit the channel under the premise to maintain the quality of service (QoS) on primary users (PU) above a certain level. To achieve this goal, we present a noncooperative game where SU maximize their transmission rates, and may act as well as relays of the PU in order to hold their perceived QoS above the given threshold. In the paper, we analyze the properties of the game within the theory of variational inequalities, and provide an algorithm that converges to one Nash Equilibrium of the game. Finally, we present some simulations and compare the algorithm with another method that does not consider SU acting as relays.

Loose Coupling Based Reference Scheme for Shop Floor-Control-System/Production-Equipment Integration.

Acoplamiento del sistema informático de control de piso de producción (SFS) con el conjunto de equipos de fabricación (SPE) es una tarea compleja. Tal acoplamiento involucra estándares abiertos y propietarios, tecnologías de información y comunicación, entre otras herramientas y técnicas. Debido a la turbulencia de mercados, ya sea soluciones personalizadas o soluciones basadas en estándares eventualmente requieren un esfuerzo considerable de adaptación. El concepto de acoplamiento débil ha sido identificado en la comunidad de diseño organizacional como soporte para la sobrevivencia de la organización. Su presencia reduce la resistencia de la organización a cambios en el ambiente. En este artículo los resultados obtenidos por la comunidad de diseño organizacional son identificados, traducidos y organizados para apoyar en la solución del problema de integración SFS-SPE. Un modelo clásico de acoplamiento débil, desarrollado por la comunidad de estudios de diseño organizacional, es resumido y trasladado al área de interés. Los aspectos claves son identificados para utilizarse como promotores del acoplamiento débil entre SFS-SPE, y presentados en forma de esquema de referencia. Así mismo, este esquema de referencia es presentado como base para el diseño e implementación de una solución genérica de acoplamiento o marco de trabajo (framework) de acoplamiento, a incluir como etapa de acoplamiento débil entre SFS y SPE. Un ejemplo de validación con varios conjuntos de equipos de fabricación, usando diferentes medios físicos de comunicación, comandos de controlador, lenguajes de programación de equipos y protocolos de comunicación es presentado, mostrando un nivel aceptable de autonomía del SFS. = Coupling shop floor software system (SFS) with the set of production equipment (SPE) becomes a complex task. It involves open and proprietary standards, information and communication technologies among other tools and techniques. Due to market turbulence, either custom solutions or standards based solutions eventually require a considerable effort of adaptation. Loose coupling concept has been identified in the organizational design community as a compensator for organization survival. Its presence reduces organization reaction to environment changes. In this paper the results obtained by the organizational de sign community are identified, translated and organized to support the SFS-SPE integration problem solution. A classical loose coupling model developed by organizational studies community is abstracted and translated to the area of interest. Key aspects are identified to be used as promoters of SFS-SPE loose coupling and presented in a form of a reference scheme. Furthermore, this reference scheme is proposed here as a basis for the design and implementation of a generic coupling solution or coupling framework, that is included as a loose coupling stage between SFS and SPE. A validation example with various sets of manufacturing equipment, using different physical communication media, controller commands, programming languages and wire protocols is presented, showing an acceptable level of autonomy gained by the SFS.

A sensorless virtual slave control scheme for kinematically dissimilar master-slave teleoperation

The use of telerobotic systems is essential for remote handling (RH) operations in radioactive areas of scientific facilities that generate high doses of radiation. Recent developments in remote handling technology has seen a great deal of effort being directed towards the design of modular remote handling control rooms equipped with a standard master arm which will be used to separately control a range of different slave devices. This application thus requires a kinematically dissimilar master-slave control scheme. In order to avoid drag and other effects such as friction or other non-linear and unmodelled slave arm effects of the common position-position architecture in nonbackdrivable slaves, this research has implemented a force-position control scheme. End-effector force is derived from motor torque values which, to avoid the use of radiation intolerant and costly sensing devices, are inferred from motor current measurement. This has been demonstrated on a 1-DOF test-rig with a permanent magnet synchronous motor teleoperated by a Sensable Phantom Omni® haptic master. This has been shown to allow accurate control while realistically conveying dynamic force information back to the operator.

A temperature-based thermodynamically consistent integration scheme for discrete thermo-elastodynamics

The formulation of thermodynamically consistent (TC) time integration methods was introduced by a general procedure based on the GENERIC form of the evolution equations for thermo-mechanical problems. The use of the entropy was reported to be the best choice for the thermodynamical variable to easily provide TC integrators. Also the employment of the internal energy was proved to not involve excessive complications. However, attempts towards the use of the temperature in the design of GENERIC-based TC schemes have so far been unfruitful. This paper complements the said procedure to attain TC integrators by presenting a TC scheme based on the temperature as thermodynamical state variable. As a result, the problems which arise due to the use of the entropy are overcome, mainly the definition of boundary conditions. What is more, the newly proposed method exhibits the general enhanced numerical stability and robustness properties of the entropy formulation.

Design and development of compact optical systems = Diseño y desarrollo de sistemas ópticos compactos

Esta tesis considera dos tipos de aplicaciones del diseño óptico: óptica formadora de imagen por un lado, y óptica anidólica (nonimaging) o no formadora de imagen, por otro. Las ópticas formadoras de imagen tienen como objetivo la obtención de imágenes de puntos del objeto en el plano de la imagen. Por su parte, la óptica anidólica, surgida del desarrollo de aplicaciones de concentración e iluminación, se centra en la transferencia de energía en forma de luz de forma eficiente. En general, son preferibles los diseños ópticos que den como resultado sistemas compactos, para ambos tipos de ópticas (formadora de imagen y anidólica). En el caso de los sistemas anidólicos, una óptica compacta permite tener costes de producción reducidos. Hay dos razones: (1) una óptica compacta presenta volúmenes reducidos, lo que significa que se necesita menos material para la producción en masa; (2) una óptica compacta es pequeña y ligera, lo que ahorra costes en el transporte. Para los sistemas ópticos de formación de imagen, además de las ventajas anteriores, una óptica compacta aumenta la portabilidad de los dispositivos, que es una gran ventaja en tecnologías de visualización portátiles, tales como cascos de realidad virtual (HMD del inglés Head Mounted Display). Esta tesis se centra por tanto en nuevos enfoques de diseño de sistemas ópticos compactos para aplicaciones tanto de formación de imagen, como anidólicas. Los colimadores son uno de los diseños clásicos dentro la óptica anidólica, y se pueden utilizar en aplicaciones fotovoltaicas y de iluminación. Hay varios enfoques a la hora de diseñar estos colimadores. Los diseños convencionales tienen una relación de aspecto mayor que 0.5. Con el fin de reducir la altura del colimador manteniendo el área de iluminación, esta tesis presenta un diseño de un colimador multicanal. En óptica formadora de imagen, las superficies asféricas y las superficies sin simetría de revolución (o freeform) son de gran utilidad de cara al control de las aberraciones de la imagen y para reducir el número y tamaño de los elementos ópticos. Debido al rápido desarrollo de sistemas de computación digital, los trazados de rayos se pueden realizar de forma rápida y sencilla para evaluar el rendimiento del sistema óptico analizado. Esto ha llevado a los diseños ópticos modernos a ser generados mediante el uso de diferentes técnicas de optimización multi-paramétricas. Estas técnicas requieren un buen diseño inicial como punto de partida para el diseño final, que será obtenido tras un proceso de optimización. Este proceso precisa un método de diseño directo para superficies asféricas y freeform que den como resultado un diseño cercano al óptimo. Un método de diseño basado en ecuaciones diferenciales se presenta en esta tesis para obtener un diseño óptico formado por una superficie freeform y dos superficies asféricas. Esta tesis consta de cinco capítulos. En Capítulo 1, se presentan los conceptos básicos de la óptica formadora de imagen y de la óptica anidólica, y se introducen las técnicas clásicas del diseño de las mismas. El Capítulo 2 describe el diseño de un colimador ultra-compacto. La relación de aspecto ultra-baja de este colimador se logra mediante el uso de una estructura multicanal. Se presentará su procedimiento de diseño, así como un prototipo fabricado y la caracterización del mismo. El Capítulo 3 describe los conceptos principales de la optimización de los sistemas ópticos: función de mérito y método de mínimos cuadrados amortiguados. La importancia de un buen punto de partida se demuestra mediante la presentación de un mismo ejemplo visto a través de diferentes enfoques de diseño. El método de las ecuaciones diferenciales se presenta como una herramienta ideal para obtener un buen punto de partida para la solución final. Además, diferentes técnicas de interpolación y representación de superficies asféricas y freeform se presentan para el procedimiento de optimización. El Capítulo 4 describe la aplicación del método de las ecuaciones diferenciales para un diseño de un sistema óptico de una sola superficie freeform. Algunos conceptos básicos de geometría diferencial son presentados para una mejor comprensión de la derivación de las ecuaciones diferenciales parciales. También se presenta un procedimiento de solución numérica. La condición inicial está elegida como un grado de libertad adicional para controlar la superficie donde se forma la imagen. Basado en este enfoque, un diseño anastigmático se puede obtener fácilmente y se utiliza como punto de partida para un ejemplo de diseño de un HMD con una única superficie reflectante. Después de la optimización, dicho diseño muestra mejor rendimiento. El Capítulo 5 describe el método de las ecuaciones diferenciales ampliado para diseños de dos superficies asféricas. Para diseños ópticos de una superficie, ni la superficie de imagen ni la correspondencia entre puntos del objeto y la imagen pueden ser prescritas. Con esta superficie adicional, la superficie de la imagen se puede prescribir. Esto conduce a un conjunto de tres ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias implícitas. La solución numérica se puede obtener a través de cualquier software de cálculo numérico. Dicho procedimiento también se explica en este capítulo. Este método de diseño da como resultado una lente anastigmática, que se comparará con una lente aplanática. El diseño anastigmático converge mucho más rápido en la optimización y la solución final muestra un mejor rendimiento. ABSTRACT We will consider optical design from two points of view: imaging optics and nonimaging optics. Imaging optics focuses on the imaging of the points of the object. Nonimaging optics arose from the development of concentrators and illuminators, focuses on the transfer of light energy, and has wide applications in illumination and concentration photovoltaics. In general, compact optical systems are necessary for both imaging and nonimaging designs. For nonimaging optical systems, compact optics use to be important for reducing cost. The reasons are twofold: (1) compact optics is small in volume, which means less material is needed for mass-production; (2) compact optics is small in size and light in weight, which saves cost in transportation. For imaging optical systems, in addition to the above advantages, compact optics increases portability of devices as well, which contributes a lot to wearable display technologies such as Head Mounted Displays (HMD). This thesis presents novel design approaches of compact optical systems for both imaging and nonimaging applications. Collimator is a typical application of nonimaging optics in illumination, and can be used in concentration photovoltaics as well due to the reciprocity of light. There are several approaches for collimator designs. In general, all of these approaches have an aperture diameter to collimator height not greater than 2. In order to reduce the height of the collimator while maintaining the illumination area, a multichannel design is presented in this thesis. In imaging optics, aspheric and freeform surfaces are useful in controlling image aberrations and reducing the number and size of optical elements. Due to the rapid development of digital computing systems, ray tracing can be easily performed to evaluate the performance of optical system. This has led to the modern optical designs created by using different multi-parametric optimization techniques. These techniques require a good initial design to be a starting point so that the final design after optimization procedure can reach the optimum solution. This requires a direct design method for aspheric and freeform surface close to the optimum. A differential equation based design method is presented in this thesis to obtain single freeform and double aspheric surfaces. The thesis comprises of five chapters. In Chapter 1, basic concepts of imaging and nonimaging optics are presented and typical design techniques are introduced. Readers can obtain an understanding for the following chapters. Chapter 2 describes the design of ultra-compact collimator. The ultra-low aspect ratio of this collimator is achieved by using a multichannel structure. Its design procedure is presented together with a prototype and its evaluation. The ultra-compactness of the device has been approved. Chapter 3 describes the main concepts of optimizing optical systems: merit function and Damped Least-Squares method. The importance of a good starting point is demonstrated by presenting an example through different design approaches. The differential equation method is introduced as an ideal tool to obtain a good starting point for the final solution. Additionally, different interpolation and representation techniques for aspheric and freeform surface are presented for optimization procedure. Chapter 4 describes the application of differential equation method in the design of single freeform surface optical system. Basic concepts of differential geometry are presented for understanding the derivation of partial differential equations. A numerical solution procedure is also presented. The initial condition is chosen as an additional freedom to control the image surface. Based on this approach, anastigmatic designs can be readily obtained and is used as starting point for a single reflective surface HMD design example. After optimization, the evaluation shows better MTF. Chapter 5 describes the differential equation method extended to double aspheric surface designs. For single optical surface designs, neither image surface nor the mapping from object to image can be prescribed. With one more surface added, the image surface can be prescribed. This leads to a set of three implicit ordinary differential equations. Numerical solution can be obtained by MATLAB and its procedure is also explained. An anastigmatic lens is derived from this design method and compared with an aplanatic lens. The anastigmatic design converges much faster in optimization and the final solution shows better performance.

Esquema de Referencia para Acoplamiento Débil entre Sistema Informático y Equipo de Producción

La meta de intercambiabilidad de piezas establecida en los sistemas de producción del siglo XIX, es ampliada en el último cuarto del siglo pasado para lograr la capacidad de fabricación de varios tipos de producto en un mismo sistema de manufactura, requerimiento impulsado por la incertidumbre del mercado. Esta incertidumbre conduce a plantear la flexibilidad como característica importante en el sistema de producción. La presente tesis se ubica en el problema de integración del sistema informático (SI) con el equipo de producción (EP) en la búsqueda de una solución que coadyuve a satisfacer los requerimientos de flexibilidad impuestas por las condiciones actuales de mercado. Se describen antecedentes de los sistemas de producción actuales y del concepto de flexibilidad. Se propone una clasificación compacta y práctica de los tipos de flexibilidad relevantes en el problema de integración SI-EP, con la finalidad de ubicar el significado de flexibilidad en el área de interés. Así mismo, las variables a manejar en la solución son clasificadas en cuatro tipos: Medio físico, lenguajes de programación y controlador, naturaleza del equipo y componentes de acoplamiento. Por otra parte, la característica de reusabilidad como un efecto importante y deseable de un sistema flexible, es planteada como meta en la solución propuesta no solo a nivel aplicación del sistema sino también a nivel de reuso de conceptos de diseño. Se propone un esquema de referencia en tres niveles de abstracción, que permita manejar y reutilizar en forma organizada el conocimiento del dominio de aplicación (integración SI-EP), el desarrollo de sistemas de aplicación genérica así como también la aplicación del mismo en un caso particular. Un análisis del concepto de acoplamiento débil (AD) es utilizado como base en la solución propuesta al problema de integración SI-EP. El desarrollo inicia identificando condiciones para la existencia del acoplamiento débil, compensadores para soportar la operación del sistema bajo AD y los efectos que ocasionan en el sistema informático los cambios en el conjunto de equipos de producción. Así mismo, se introducen como componentes principales del acoplamiento los componentes tecnológico, tarea y rol, a utilizar en el análisis de los requerimientos para el desarrollo de una solución de AD entre SI-EP. La estructura de tres niveles del esquema de referencia propuesto surge del análisis del significado de conceptos de referencia comúnmente reportados en la literatura, tales como arquitectura de referencia, modelo de referencia, marco de trabajo, entre otros. Se presenta un análisis de su significado como base para la definición de cada uno de los niveles de la estructura del esquema, pretendiendo con ello evitar la ambigüedad existente debido al uso indistinto de tales conceptos en la literatura revisada. Por otra parte, la relación entre niveles es definida tomando como base la estructura de cuatro capas planteada en el área de modelado de datos. La arquitectura de referencia, implementada en el primer nivel del esquema propuesto es utilizada como base para el desarrollo del modelo de referencia o marco de trabajo para el acoplamiento débil entre el SI y el EP. La solución propuesta es validada en la integración de un sistema informático de coordinación de flujo y procesamiento de pieza con un conjunto variable de equipos de diferentes tipos, naturaleza y fabricantes. En el ejercicio de validación se abordaron diferentes estándares y técnicas comúnmente empleadas como soporte al problema de integración a nivel componente tecnológico, tales como herramientas de cero configuración (ejemplo: plug and play), estándar OPC-UA, colas de mensajes y servicios web, permitiendo así ubicar el apoyo de estas técnicas en el ámbito del componente tecnológico y su relación con los otros componentes de acoplamiento: tarea y rol. ABSTRACT The interchangeability of parts, as a goal of manufacturing systems at the nineteenth century, is extended into the present to achieve the ability to manufacture various types of products in the same manufacturing system, requirement associated with market uncertainty. This uncertainty raises flexibility as an important feature in the production system. This thesis addresses the problem regarding integration of software system (SS) and the set of production equipment (PE); looking for a solution that contributes to satisfy the requirements of flexibility that the current market conditions impose on manufacturing, particularly to the production floor. Antecedents to actual production systems as well as the concept of flexibility are described and analyzed in detail. A practical and compact classification of flexibility types of relevance to the integration SS-EP problem is proposed with the aim to delimit the meaning of flexibility regarding the area of interest. Also, a classification for the variables involved in the integration problem is presented into four types: Physical media, programming and controller languages, equipment nature and coupling components. In addition, the characteristic of reusability that has been seen as an important and desirable effect of a flexible system is taken as a goal in the proposed solution, not only at system implementation level but also at system design level. In this direction, a reference scheme is proposed consisting of three abstraction levels to systematically support management and reuse of domain knowledge (SS-PE), development of a generic system as well as its application in a particular case. The concept of loose coupling is used as a basis in the development of the proposed solution to the problem of integration SS-EP. The first step of the development process consists of an analysis of the loose coupled concept, identifying conditions for its existence, compensators for system operation under loose coupling conditions as well as effects in the software system caused by modification in the set of production equipment. In addition coupling components: technological, task and role are introduced as main components to support the analysis of requirements regarding loose coupling of SS-PE. The three tier structure of the proposed reference scheme emerges from the analysis of reference concepts commonly reported in the literature, such as reference architecture, reference model and framework, among others. An analysis of these concepts is used as a basis for definition of the structure levels of the proposed scheme, trying to avoid the ambiguity due to the indiscriminate use of such concepts in the reviewed literature. In addition, the relation between adjacent levels of the structure is defined based on the four tiers structure commonly used in the data modelling area. The reference architecture is located as the first level in the structure of the proposed reference scheme and it is utilized as a basis for the development of the reference model or loose coupling framework for SS-PE integration. The proposed solution is validated by integrating a software system (process and piece flow coordination system) with a variable set of production equipment including different types, nature and manufacturers of equipment. Furthermore, in this validation exercise, different standards and techniques commonly used have been taken into account to support the issue of technology coupling component, such as tools for zero configuration (i.e. Plug and Play), message queues, OPC-UA standard, and web services. Through this part of the validation exercise, these integration tools are located as a part of the technological component and they are related to the role and task components of coupling.

Scalable high-order UWB pulse generation employing an FBG-based photonic superstructure

In this letter, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a compact, flexible, and scalable ultrawideband (UWB) generator based on the merge of phase-to-intensity conversion and pulse shaping employing an fiber Bragg Grating-based superstructure. Our approach offers the capacity for generating high-order UWB pulses by means of the combination of various low-order derivatives. Moreover, the scheme permits the implementation of binary and multilevel modulation formats. Experimental measurements of the generated UWB pulses, in both time and frequency domain, are presented revealing efficiency and a proper fit in terms of Federal Communications Commission settled standards.