A proposal for pellet production from residual woody biomass in the island of Majorca (Spain)

The use of residual biomass for energy purposes is of great interest in isolated areas like Majorca for waste reduction, energy sufficiency and renewable energies development. In addition, densification processes lead to easy-to-automate solid biofuels which additionally have higher energy density. The present study aims at (i) the estimation of the potential of residual biomass from woody crops as well as from agri-food and wood industries in Majorca, and (ii) the analysis of the optimal location of potential pellet plants by means of a GIS approach (location-allocation analysis) and a cost evaluation of the pellets production chain. The residual biomass potential from woody crops in Majorca Island was estimated at 35,874 metric tons dry matter (t DM) per year, while the wood and agri-food industries produced annually 21,494 t DM and 2717 t DM, respectively. Thus, there would be enough resource available for the installation of 10 pellet plants of 6400 t·year−1 capacity. These plants were optimally located throughout the island of Mallorca with a maximum threshold distance of 28 km for biomass transport from the production points. Values found for the biomass cost at the pellet plant ranged between 57.1 €·t−1 and 63.4 €·t−1 for biomass transport distance of 10 and 28 km. The cost of pelleting amounted to 56.7 €·t−1; adding the concepts of business fee, pellet transport and profit margin (15%), the total cost of pelleting was estimated at 116.6 €·t−1. The present study provides a proposal for pellet production from residual woody biomass that would supply up to 2.8% of the primary energy consumed by the domestic and services sector in the Balearic Islands.

Cubierta para el parque arqueológico de El Molinete. Cartagena, Spain, 2008-2011

Cubierta para el parque arqueológico de El Molinete. Cartagena, Spain, 2008-2011

Fundación San José en Zamora

Fundación San José en Zamora

Assessment of insurance coverage and claims in rainfall related risksin processing tomato in Western Spain

An extension of guarantees related to rainfall-related risks in the insurance of processing tomato crops hasbeen accompanied with a large increase in claims in Western Spain, suggesting that damages may havebeen underestimated in previous years. A database was built by linking agricultural insurance records,meteorological data from local weather stations, and topographic data. The risk of rainfall-related dam-ages in processing tomato in the Extremenian Guadiana river basin (W Spain) was studied using a logisticmodel. Risks during the growth of the crop and at harvesting were modelled separately. First, the riskrelated to rainfall was modelled as a function of meteorological, terrain and management variables. Theresulting models were used to identify the variables responsible for rainfall-related damages, with a viewto assess the potential impact of extending insurance coverage, and to develop an index to express thesuitability of the cropping system for insurance. The analyses reveal that damages at different stages ofcrop development correspond to different hazards. The geographic dependence of the risk influences the scale at which the model might have validity, which together with the year dependency, hampers the possibilityof implementing index based insurances is questioned.

Estudio de modelos de propagación en bandas milimétricas para su futura utilización en redes de comunicaciones móviles 5G

La generalización del uso de dispositivos móviles, con su consiguiente aumento del tráfico de datos, está generando una demanda cada vez mayor de bandas de frecuencia para el despliegue de sistemas de comunicación inalámbrica, así como una creciente congestión en las bandas bajas del espectro (hasta 3 GHz). Entre las posibles soluciones a este problema, se ha propuesto que la próxima generación de sistemas celulares, 5G, hagan uso de la banda milimétrica, entre 30 GHz y 300 GHz, donde hay anchos de banda contiguos disponibles con tamaños muy difíciles de encontrar en las frecuencias en uso en la generación actual. Este Proyecto de Fin de Grado tiene como finalidad estudiar la viabilidad del despliegue de sistemas celulares en dicha banda, basándose en los estudios tanto empíricos como teóricos ya publicados, así como en las recomendaciones de la UIT donde se estudian las características de propagación en estas bandas. En un siguiente apartado, se han analizado los documentos disponibles de los distintos proyectos y grupos, como pueden ser METIS-2020, impulsado por la Comisión Europea o IMT-2020 promovido por la UIT, dedicados a definir los futuros estándares de comunicación y sus características, así como la evolución de los actuales. Aparte del trabajo de documentación, se han realizado una serie de simulaciones. En primer lugar, se ha utilizado MATLAB para estudiar el comportamiento y la atenuación de la onda electromagnética a las frecuencias de interés en diferentes ubicaciones y climas, tanto en ubicaciones habituales como extremas, estudiándose los efectos de los gases atmosféricos y los hidrometeoros. También se ha utilizado software de planificación radioeléctrica profesional para hacer estudios de cobertura en entornos tanto urbanos, entre ellos Madrid o Barcelona, suburbanos, como Tres Cantos (Madrid) y O Barco de Valdeorras (Orense), y rurales como Valdefuentes (Cáceres) y Quiruelas de Vidriales (Zamora). Por último se han recogido todos los resultados, tanto los provenientes de los estudios como los obtenidos de nuestras propias simulaciones, y se ha realizado un breve comentario, comparando estos y analizando su impacto para posibles despliegues futuros de redes 5G. ABSTRACT. The generalization of mobile device use, with its associated data traffic growth, is generating a growing demand of spectrum for its use in the deployment of wireless telecommunication systems, and a growing congestion in the lower end of the spectrum (until 3 GHz). Among the possible solutions for this problem, it has been proposed that the next generation of cellular systems, 5G, makes use of the millimeter band, between 30 GHz and 300 GHz, where there are contiguous bandwidths with sizes hardly available in the bands used in the present. This Project aims to study the feasibility of cellular system deployments in said band, based on published empirical and theoretical studies and papers, and the ITU recommendations, where the propagation characteristics in those bands are studied. In the next section, available documentation coming from the different study groups and projects like METIS 2020 promoted by the European Commission, or IMT-2020, promoted by the ITU has been studied. In the documentation, future telecommunication standards and its characteristics and the evolution of the current ones are defined. Besides the documentation work, a series of simulations have been carried out. First, MATLAB has been used to study the behavior and attenuation of the electromagnetic wave at the frequencies of interest in different locations and climates, studying the effects of atmospheric gasses and hydrometeors in conventional and extreme locations. Industry standard radioelectric planning software has been used to study the coverage in different environments, such as urban locations like Madrid and Barcelona, both in Spain, suburban locations like Tres Cantos (Madrid, Spain) and O Barco de Valdeorras (Orense, Spain) and rural locations such as Valdefuentes (Cáreces, Spain) and Quiruelas de Vidriales (Zamora, Spain). Finally, all the results, both from the documentation and our own simulations, have been collected, and a brief commentary has been made, comparing those results and their possible impact in the future deployment of 5G networks.

Convento para religiosas clarisas, en Zamora

Convento para religiosas clarisas, en Zamora

Capilla de las Escuelas profesionales Salesianas de San José, en Zamora

Capilla de las Escuelas profesionales Salesianas de San José, en Zamora

Doubling the width of the platform of the San Pedro bridge in Spain

The San Pedro Bridge has six spans and is 750 m (2460 ft) long, 88 m (290 ft) high, 12 m (39 ft) wide, and curved with a radius of 700 m (2300 ft). It was built in 1993 using the cantilever method. Its super - structure is a prestressed concrete box girder with main spans of 150 m (490 ft). In 2008 and 2009, the width of the platform was enlarged to 23 m (75 ft) using five movable sets of scaffolding. The bridge remained open to traffic during construction. The original platform was widened 6 m (20 ft) on each side by connecting a new lightweight concrete cantilever to the original upper slab. These cantilevers were supported by steelstruts. The tie into the upper slab was made with new transverse post-tensioned tendons. The original superstructure was strengthened to resist the additional dead load of the expansion and live loads of the extra traffic. An additional new central web and a composite concrete-steel section were constructed and connected to the concrete box and central web using vertical high-strength post-tensioning bars. Also, external post-tensioning cables were implemented. It was also necessary to strengthen the connection of the original concrete box section to the piers. Detailed calculations were performed to evaluate the load distribution transmitted to the piers by the webs and by the original inclined concrete walls of the box girder. Finally, a detailed second-order-analysis of the complete structure was made to guarantee the resistance of the piers compared with actual loads

Launching the Vicario Viaduct: Andalucia, Spain

The Vicario Viaduct is located in the A-44 motorway, in the South-East part of Spain. It crosses a natural gorge, near the town of Ízbor in the province of Granada. A single continuous steel concrete composite deck, 24 m wide and 175 m long, divided in two 87,5 m spans, has been built. The cross section is a single structural steel box, 8,00 m wide and 4,52 m deep. The total width of 24 m is reached adding a strut and tie system each 4,375 m on both sides of the box. The steel parts of the deck were entirely constructed in the workshop and then they were erected on site just behind one of the abutments. Finally a 27.5 m long steel nose was connected to launch the deck. The main problems have been the curved shape of the deck (1420 m radius in plan) producing a non symmetric transverse distribution of reactions on each support and the cantilever reaching 87,5 m long, producing a maximum deflection of 1500 mm

La arquitectura de la luz. Consejo Consultivo de la Junta de Castilla y León, Zamora.

Sede del Consejo Consultivo de Castilla y León en Zamora.

Casa del Infinito, Cádiz, Spain

Casa del Infinito, Tarifa, Cádiz. A.Mag, Amag editorial, Portugal

Implications of climate change for rice farming in the Doñana wetland (SW Spain)

Climate change impacts are expected to affect rice farming and wetlands welfare in the Doñana protected Area, due to decreases in quantity and quality water supply and higher temperatures. The largest rice farming area is closely located to the Doñana wetlands in the Guadalquivir river basin estuary (South Western of Spain).

Dynamical influences of El Niño on maize yield in Spain

Climate variability and changes in the frequency of extremes events have a direct impact on crop damages and yield. In a former work of Capa et al. (2013) the crop yield variability has been studied using different reanalyses datasets with the aim of extending the time series of potential yield. The reliability of these time series have been checked using observational data. The influence of the sea surface temperature on the crop yield variability has been studied, finding a relation with El Niño phenomenon. The highest correlation between El Niño and yield was during 1960-1980. This study aims to analyse the dynamical mechanism of El Niño impacts on maize yield in Spain during 1960-1980 by comparison with atmospheric circulation patterns.

Effects of a bifenthrin-treated net on the natural enemies Aphidius colemani (Haliday) and Adalia bipunctata L. in a cucumber crop in Central Spain. Semi-field experiments

Pest management practices that rely on pesticides are growing increasingly less effective and environmentally inappropriate in many cases and the search of alternatives is under focus nowadays. Exclusion of pests from the crop by means of pesticide-treated screens can be an eco-friendly method to protect crops, especially if pests are vectors of important diseases. The mesh size of nets is crucial to determine if insects can eventually cross the barrier or exclude them because there is a great variation in insect size depending on the species. Long-lasting insecticide-treated (LLITN) nets, factory pre-treated, have been used since years to fight against mosquitoes vector of malaria and are able to retain their biological efficacy under field for 3 years. In agriculture, treated nets with different insecticides have shown efficacy in controlling some insects and mites, so they seem to be a good tool in helping to solve some pest problems. However, treated nets must be carefully evaluated because can diminish air flow, increase temperature and humidity and decrease light transmission, which may affect plant growth, pests and natural enemies. As biological control is considered a key factor in IPM nowadays, the potential negative effects of treated nets on natural enemies need to be studied carefully. In this work, the effects of a bifentrhin-treated net (3 g/Kg) (supplied by the company Intelligent Insect Control, IIC) on natural enemies of aphids were tested on a cucumber crop in Central Spain in autumn 2011. The crop was sown in 8x6.5 m tunnels divided in 2 sealed compartments with control or treated nets, which were simple yellow netting with 25 mesh (10 x 10 threads/cm2; 1 x 1 mm hole size). Pieces of 2 m high of the treated-net were placed along the lateral sides of one of the two tunnel compartments in each of the 3 available tunnels (replicates); the rest was covered by a commercial untreated net of a similar mesh. The pest, Aphis gossypii Glover (Aphidae), the parasitoid Aphidius colemani (Haliday) (Braconidae) and the predator Adalia bipunctata L. (Coccinellidae) were artificially introduced in the crop. Weekly sampling was done determining the presence or absence of the pest and the natural enemies (NE) in the 42 plants/compartment as well as the number of insects in 11 marked plants. Environmental conditions (temperature, relative humidity, UV and PAR radiation) were recorded. Results show that when aphids were artificially released inside the tunnels, neither its number/plant nor their distribution was affected by the treated net. A lack of negative effect of the insecticide-treated net on natural enemies was also observed. Adalia bipunctata did not establish in the crop and only a short term control of aphids was observed one week after release. On the other hand, A. colemani did establish in the crop and a more long-term effect on the numbers of aphids/plant was detected irrespective of the type of net. KEY WORDS: bifenthrin-treated net, Adalia bipunctata, Aphidius colemani, Aphis gossypii, semi-field

Estudio y análisis para la elaboración de un modelo de certificado de calidad cinegética en España = Study and analysis for the development of a model of hunting quality certificate in Spain

Con esta tesis doctoral se pretende elaborar un modelo de Certificado de Calidad Cinegética independiente, de adhesión voluntaria y aplicable a todo tipo de espacios cinegéticos, de forma que posteriormente pueda convertirse en una metodología que sea empleada como instrumento válido de medición de la Calidad Cinegética y normalizada a través de una familia de Normas aprobadas por un organismo de normalización reconocido a nivel nacional o internacional. En primer lugar, se procedió a la realización de un riguroso y exhaustivo estudio de justificación siguiendo la metodología propuesta por la Norma UNE 66172:2003 IN, Directrices para la justificación y desarrollo de sistemas de gestión (equivalente a la Norma Internacional GUIA ISO/IEC 72:2001). A continuación, se procedió a la identificación y desarrollo de los parámetros de Ordenación Cinegética comunes a cualquier espacio cinegético en España y a la conceptualización de la Calidad Cinegética. Finalmente, se desarrolló un modelo estructurado en nueve Criterios y treinta y cuatro Indicadores de Calidad Cinegética, y un proyecto de familia de Normas para la Certificación de la Calidad Cinegética. ABSTRACT This doctoral thesis aims to produce a model of Hunting Quality Certificate independent, of voluntary adherence and applicable to all types of hunting areas, so that later it can become a methodology to be used as a valid instrument for measuring Hunting Quality and standardized through a family of standards approved by an organization of standardization recognized at a national or an international level. First, we proceeded to carry out a rigorous and comprehensive justification study following the methodology proposed by the UNE 66172: 2003 IN, Guidelines for the justification and development of management systems standards (equivalent to the International Standard GUIA ISO / IEC 72: 2001). Then, we proceeded to the identification and development of Hunting Management parameters common to any hunting area in Spain and the conceptualization of Hunting Quality. Finally, a model structured into nine Criteria and thirty-four Indicators of Hunting Quality and a draft of a family of standards for Hunting Quality Certification were developed.