Testing a Cloud Provider Network for Hybrid P2P and Cloud Streaming Architectures

The number of online real-time streaming services deployed over network topologies like P2P or centralized ones has remarkably increased in the recent years. This has revealed the lack of networks that are well prepared to respond to this kind of traffic. A hybrid distribution network can be an efficient solution for real-time streaming services. This paper contains the experimental results of streaming distribution in a hybrid architecture that consist of mixed connections among P2P and Cloud nodes that can interoperate together. We have chosen to represent the P2P nodes as Planet Lab machines over the world and the cloud nodes using a Cloud provider's network. First we present an experimental validation of the Cloud infrastructure's ability to distribute streaming sessions with respect to some key streaming QoS parameters: jitter, throughput and packet losses. Next we show the results obtained from different test scenarios, when a hybrid distribution network is used. The scenarios measure the improvement of the multimedia QoS parameters, when nodes in the streaming distribution network (located in different continents) are gradually moved into the Cloud provider infrastructure. The overall conclusion is that the QoS of a streaming service can be efficiently improved, unlike in traditional P2P systems and CDN, by deploying a hybrid streaming architecture. This enhancement can be obtained by strategic placing of certain distribution network nodes into the Cloud provider infrastructure, taking advantage of the reduced packet loss and low latency that exists among its datacenters.

Riding out of the storm: How to deal with the complexity of grid and cloud management

Over the last decade, Grid computing paved the way for a new level of large scale distributed systems. This infrastructure made it possible to securely and reliably take advantage of widely separated computational resources that are part of several different organizations. Resources can be incorporated to the Grid, building a theoretical virtual supercomputer. In time, cloud computing emerged as a new type of large scale distributed system, inheriting and expanding the expertise and knowledge that have been obtained so far. Some of the main characteristics of Grids naturally evolved into clouds, others were modified and adapted and others were simply discarded or postponed. Regardless of these technical specifics, both Grids and clouds together can be considered as one of the most important advances in large scale distributed computing of the past ten years; however, this step in distributed computing has came along with a completely new level of complexity. Grid and cloud management mechanisms play a key role, and correct analysis and understanding of the system behavior are needed. Large scale distributed systems must be able to self-manage, incorporating autonomic features capable of controlling and optimizing all resources and services. Traditional distributed computing management mechanisms analyze each resource separately and adjust specific parameters of each one of them. When trying to adapt the same procedures to Grid and cloud computing, the vast complexity of these systems can make this task extremely complicated. But large scale distributed systems complexity could only be a matter of perspective. It could be possible to understand the Grid or cloud behavior as a single entity, instead of a set of resources. This abstraction could provide a different understanding of the system, describing large scale behavior and global events that probably would not be detected analyzing each resource separately. In this work we define a theoretical framework that combines both ideas, multiple resources and single entity, to develop large scale distributed systems management techniques aimed at system performance optimization, increased dependability and Quality of Service (QoS). The resulting synergy could be the key 350 J. Montes et al. to address the most important difficulties of Grid and cloud management.

Harmony: Towards automated self-adaptive consistency in cloud storage

In just a few years cloud computing has become a very popular paradigm and a business success story, with storage being one of the key features. To achieve high data availability, cloud storage services rely on replication. In this context, one major challenge is data consistency. In contrast to traditional approaches that are mostly based on strong consistency, many cloud storage services opt for weaker consistency models in order to achieve better availability and performance. This comes at the cost of a high probability of stale data being read, as the replicas involved in the reads may not always have the most recent write. In this paper, we propose a novel approach, named Harmony, which adaptively tunes the consistency level at run-time according to the application requirements. The key idea behind Harmony is an intelligent estimation model of stale reads, allowing to elastically scale up or down the number of replicas involved in read operations to maintain a low (possibly zero) tolerable fraction of stale reads. As a result, Harmony can meet the desired consistency of the applications while achieving good performance. We have implemented Harmony and performed extensive evaluations with the Cassandra cloud storage on Grid?5000 testbed and on Amazon EC2. The results show that Harmony can achieve good performance without exceeding the tolerated number of stale reads. For instance, in contrast to the static eventual consistency used in Cassandra, Harmony reduces the stale data being read by almost 80% while adding only minimal latency. Meanwhile, it improves the throughput of the system by 45% while maintaining the desired consistency requirements of the applications when compared to the strong consistency model in Cassandra.

A federated repository for PaaS components in a multi-cloud environment

Cloud computing has seen an impressive growth in recent years, with virtualization technologies being massively adopted to create IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) public and private solutions. Today, the interest is shifting towards the PaaS (Platform as a Service) model, which allows developers to abstract from the execution platform and focus only on the functionality. There are several public PaaS offerings available, but currently no private PaaS solution is ready for production environments. To fill this gap a new solution must be developed. In this paper we present a key element for enabling this model: a cloud repository based on the OSGi component model. The repository stores, manages, provisions and resolves the dependencies of PaaS software components and services. This repository can federate with other repositories located in the same or different clouds, both private and public. This way, dependencies can be fulfilled collaboratively, and new business models can be implemented.

Valuation: Developer support for by-references to by-value type conversion.

Modern object oriented languages like C# and JAVA enable developers to build complex application in less time. These languages are based on selecting heap allocated pass-by-reference objects for user defined data structures. This simplifies programming by automatically managing memory allocation and deallocation in conjunction with automated garbage collection. This simplification of programming comes at the cost of performance. Using pass-by-reference objects instead of lighter weight pass-by value structs can have memory impact in some cases. These costs can be critical when these application runs on limited resource environments such as mobile devices and cloud computing systems. We explore the problem by using the simple and uniform memory model to improve the performance. In this work we address this problem by providing an automated and sounds static conversion analysis which identifies if a by reference type can be safely converted to a by value type where the conversion may result in performance improvements. This works focus on C# programs. Our approach is based on a combination of syntactic and semantic checks to identify classes that are safe to convert. We evaluate the effectiveness of our work in identifying convertible types and impact of this transformation. The result shows that the transformation of reference type to value type can have substantial performance impact in practice. In our case studies we optimize the performance in Barnes-Hut program which shows total memory allocation decreased by 93% and execution time also reduced by 15%.

An architecture for a heterogeneous private IaaS management system

Cloud computing and, more particularly, private IaaS, is seen as a mature technology with a myriad solutions tochoose from. However, this disparity of solutions and products has instilled in potential adopters the fear of vendor and data lock-in. Several competing and incompatible interfaces and management styles have given even more voice to these fears. On top of this, cloud users might want to work with several solutions at the same time, an integration that is difficult to achieve in practice. In this paper, we propose a management architecture that tries to tackle these problems; it offers a common way of managing several cloud solutions, and an interface that can be tailored to the needs of the user. This management architecture is designed in a modular way, and using a generic information model. We have validated our approach through the implementation of the components needed for this architecture to support a sample private IaaS solution: OpenStack

A multi-resource load balancing algorithm for cloud cache systems

With the advent of cloud computing model, distributed caches have become the cornerstone for building scalable applications. Popular systems like Facebook [1] or Twitter use Memcached [5], a highly scalable distributed object cache, to speed up applications by avoiding database accesses. Distributed object caches assign objects to cache instances based on a hashing function, and objects are not moved from a cache instance to another unless more instances are added to the cache and objects are redistributed. This may lead to situations where some cache instances are overloaded when some of the objects they store are frequently accessed, while other cache instances are less frequently used. In this paper we propose a multi-resource load balancing algorithm for distributed cache systems. The algorithm aims at balancing both CPU and Memory resources among cache instances by redistributing stored data. Considering the possible conflict of balancing multiple resources at the same time, we give CPU and Memory resources weighted priorities based on the runtime load distributions. A scarcer resource is given a higher weight than a less scarce resource when load balancing. The system imbalance degree is evaluated based on monitoring information, and the utility load of a node, a unit for resource consumption. Besides, since continuous rebalance of the system may affect the QoS of applications utilizing the cache system, our data selection policy ensures that each data migration minimizes the system imbalance degree and hence, the total reconfiguration cost can be minimized. An extensive simulation is conducted to compare our policy with other policies. Our policy shows a significant improvement in time efficiency and decrease in reconfiguration cost.

CloudRoom: módulo de gestión de cursos online, abiertos y masivos

La razón de este proyecto, es la de desarrollar el módulo de cursos de la plataforma de Massive Online Open Courses (MOOCs), CloudRoom. Dicho módulo está englobado en una arquitectura orientada a servicios (SOA) y en una infraestructura de Cloud Computing utilizando Amazon Web Services (AWS). Nuestro objetivo es el de diseñar un Software as a Service (SaaS) robusto con las cualidades que a un producto de este tipo se le estiman: alta disponibilidad, alto rendimiento, gran experiencia de usuario y gran extensibilidad del sistema. Para lograrlo, se llevará a cabo la integración de las últimas tendencias tecnológicas dentro del desarrollo de sistemas distribuidos como Neo4j, Node.JS, Servicios RESTful, CoffeeScript. Todo esto siguiendo un estrategia de desarrollo PLAN-DO-CHECK utilizando Scrum y prácticas de metodologías ágiles. ---ABSTRACT---The reason of this Project is to develop the courses‟ module of CloudRoom, a Massive Online Open Courses platform. This module is encapsulated in a service-oriented architecture (SOA) based on a Cloud Computing infrastructure built on Amazon Web Services (AWS). Our goal is to design a robust Software as a Service (SaaS) with the qualities that are estimated in a product of this type: high availability, high performance, great user experience and great extensibility of the system. In order to address this, we carry out the integration of the latest technology trends in the development of distributed systems: Neo4j, Node.JS, RESTful Services and CoffeeScript. All of this, following a development strategy PLAN-DO-CHECK, using Scrum and practices of agile methodologies.

Sistema de monitorización de sistemas distribuidos

La computación distribuida ha estado presente desde hace unos cuantos años, pero es quizás en la actualidad cuando está contando con una mayor repercusión. En los últimos años el modelo de computación en la nube (Cloud computing) ha ganado mucha popularidad, prueba de ello es la cantidad de productos existentes. Todo sistema informático requiere ser controlado a través de sistemas de monitorización que permiten conocer el estado del mismo, de tal manera que pueda ser gestionado fácilmente. Hoy en día la mayoría de los productos de monitorización existentes limitan a la hora de visualizar una representación real de la arquitectura de los sistemas a monitorizar, lo que puede dificultar la tarea de los administradores. Es decir, la visualización que proporcionan de la arquitectura del sistema, en muchos casos se ve influenciada por el diseño del sistema de visualización, lo que impide ver los niveles de la arquitectura y las relaciones entre estos. En este trabajo se presenta un sistema de monitorización para sistemas distribuidos o Cloud, que pretende dar solución a esta problemática, no limitando la representación de la arquitectura del sistema a monitorizar. El sistema está formado por: agentes, que se encargan de la tarea de recolección de las métricas del sistema monitorizado; un servidor, al que los agentes le envían las métricas para que las almacenen en una base de datos; y una aplicación web, a través de la que se visualiza toda la información. El sistema ha sido probado satisfactoriamente con la monitorización de CumuloNimbo, una plataforma como servicio (PaaS), que ofrece interfaz SQL y procesamiento transaccional altamente escalable sobre almacenes clave valor. Este trabajo describe la arquitectura del sistema de monitorización, y en concreto, el desarrollo de la principal contribución al sistema, la aplicación web. ---ABSTRACT---Distributed computing has been around for quite a long time, but now it is becoming more and more important. In the last few years, cloud computing, a branch of distributed computing has become very popular, as its different products in the market can prove. Every computing system requires to be controlled through monitoring systems to keep them functioning correctly. Currently, most of the monitoring systems in the market only provide a view of the architectures of the systems monitored, which in most cases do not permit having a real view of the system. This lack of vision can make administrators’ tasks really difficult. If they do not know the architecture perfectly, controlling the system based on the view that the monitoring system provides is extremely complicated. The project introduces a new monitoring system for distributed or Cloud systems, which shows the real architecture of the system. This new system is composed of several elements: agents, which collect the metrics of the monitored system; a server, which receives the metrics from the agents and saves them in a database; and a web application, which shows all the data collected in an easy way. The monitoring system has been tested successfully with Cumulonimbo. CumuloNimbo is a platform as a service (PaaS) which offers an SQL interface and a high-scalable transactional process. This platform works over key-value storage. This project describes the architecture of the monitoring system, especially, the development of the web application, which is the main contribution to the system.

Methodology for developing and application outsourcing in the cloud using SOA

New technologies such as, the new Information and Communication Technology ICT, break new paths and redefines the way we understand business, the Cloud Computing is one of them. The on demand resource gathering and the per usage payment scheme are now commonplace, and allows companies to save on their ICT investments. Despite the importance of this issue, we still lack methodologies that help companies, to develop applications oriented for its exploitation in the Cloud. In this study we aim to fill this gap and propose a methodology for the development of ICT applications, which are directed towards a business model, and further outsourcing in the Cloud. In the former the Development of SOA applications, we take, as a baseline scenario, a business model from which to obtain a business process model. To this end, we use software engineering tools; and in the latter The Outsourcing we propose a guide that would facilitate uploading business models into the Cloud; to this end we describe a SOA governance model, which controls the SOA. Additionally we propose a Cloud government that integrates Service Level Agreements SLAs, plus SOA governance, and Cloud architecture. Finally we apply our methodology in an example illustrating our proposal. We believe that our proposal can be used as a guide/pattern for the development of business applications.

dOTM: a mechanism for distributing centralized multi-party video conferencing in the cloud

One of the key factors for a given application to take advantage of cloud computing is the ability to scale in an efficient, fast and reliable way. In centralized multi-party video conferencing, dynamically scaling a running conversation is a complex problem. In this paper we propose a methodology to divide the Multipoint Control Unit (the video conferencing server) into more simple units, broadcasters. Each broadcaster receives the media from a participant, processes it and forwards it to the rest. These broadcasters can be distributed among a group of CPUs. By using this methodology, video conferencing systems can scale in a more granular way, improving the deployment.

FIWARE Lab: managing resources and services in a cloud federation supporting future internet applications

Real-world experimentation facilities accelerate the development of Future Internet technologies and services, advance the market for smart infrastructures, and increase the effectiveness of business processes through the Internet. The federation of facilities fosters the experimentation and innovation with larger and more powerful environment, increases the number and variety of the offered services and brings forth possibilities for new experimentation scenarios. This paper introduces a management solution for cloud federation that automates service provisioning to the largest possible extent, relieves the developers from time-consuming configuration settings, and caters for real-time information of all information related to the whole lifecycle of the provisioned services. This is achieved by proposing solutions to achieve the seamless deployment of services across the federation and ability of services to span across different infrastructures of the federation, as well as monitoring of the resources and data which can be aggregated with a common structure, offered as an open ecosystem for innovation at the developers' disposal. This solution consists of several federation management tools and components that are part of the work on Cloud Federation conducted within XIFI project to build the federation of cloud infrastructures for the Future Internet Lab (FIWARE Lab). We present the design and implementation of the solution-concerned FIWARE Lab management tools and components that are deployed within a federation of 17 cloud infrastructures distributed across Europe.

A proposal for a modular and application-aware autonomic manager of private cloud infrastructures

Recientemente, el paradigma de la computación en la nube ha recibido mucho interés por parte tanto de la industria como del mundo académico. Las infraestructuras cloud públicas están posibilitando nuevos modelos de negocio y ayudando a reducir costes. Sin embargo, una compañía podría desear ubicar sus datos y servicios en sus propias instalaciones, o tener que atenerse a leyes de protección de datos. Estas circunstancias hacen a las infraestructuras cloud privadas ciertamente deseables, ya sea para complementar a las públicas o para sustituirlas por completo. Por desgracia, las carencias en materia de estándares han impedido que las soluciones para la gestión de infraestructuras privadas se hayan desarrollado adecuadamente. Además, la multitud de opciones disponibles ha creado en los clientes el miedo a depender de una tecnología concreta (technology lock-in). Una de las causas de este problema es la falta de alineación entre la investigación académica y los productos comerciales, ya que aquella está centrada en el estudio de escenarios idealizados sin correspondencia con el mundo real, mientras que éstos consisten en soluciones desarrolladas sin tener en cuenta cómo van a encajar con los estándares más comunes o sin preocuparse de hacer públicos sus resultados. Con objeto de resolver este problema, propongo un sistema de gestión modular para infraestructuras cloud privadas enfocado en tratar con las aplicaciones en lugar de centrarse únicamente en los recursos hardware. Este sistema de gestión sigue el paradigma de la computación autónoma y está diseñado en torno a un modelo de información sencillo, desarrollado para ser compatible con los estándares más comunes. Este modelo divide el entorno en dos vistas, que sirven para separar aquello que debe preocupar a cada actor involucrado del resto de información, pero al mismo tiempo permitiendo relacionar el entorno físico con las máquinas virtuales que se despliegan encima de él. En dicho modelo, las aplicaciones cloud están divididas en tres tipos genéricos (Servicios, Trabajos de Big Data y Reservas de Instancias), para que así el sistema de gestión pueda sacar partido de las características propias de cada tipo. El modelo de información está complementado por un conjunto de acciones de gestión atómicas, reversibles e independientes, que determinan las operaciones que se pueden llevar a cabo sobre el entorno y que es usado para hacer posible la escalabilidad en el entorno. También describo un motor de gestión encargado de, a partir del estado del entorno y usando el ya mencionado conjunto de acciones, la colocación de recursos. Está dividido en dos niveles: la capa de Gestores de Aplicación, encargada de tratar sólo con las aplicaciones; y la capa del Gestor de Infraestructura, responsable de los recursos físicos. Dicho motor de gestión obedece un ciclo de vida con dos fases, para así modelar mejor el comportamiento de una infraestructura real. El problema de la colocación de recursos es atacado durante una de las fases (la de consolidación) por un resolutor de programación entera, y durante la otra (la online) por un heurístico hecho ex-profeso. Varias pruebas han demostrado que este acercamiento combinado es superior a otras estrategias. Para terminar, el sistema de gestión está acoplado a arquitecturas de monitorización y de actuadores. Aquella estando encargada de recolectar información del entorno, y ésta siendo modular en su diseño y capaz de conectarse con varias tecnologías y ofrecer varios modos de acceso. ABSTRACT The cloud computing paradigm has raised in popularity within the industry and the academia. Public cloud infrastructures are enabling new business models and helping to reduce costs. However, the desire to host company’s data and services on premises, and the need to abide to data protection laws, make private cloud infrastructures desirable, either to complement or even fully substitute public oferings. Unfortunately, a lack of standardization has precluded private infrastructure management solutions to be developed to a certain level, and a myriad of diferent options have induced the fear of lock-in in customers. One of the causes of this problem is the misalignment between academic research and industry ofering, with the former focusing in studying idealized scenarios dissimilar from real-world situations, and the latter developing solutions without taking care about how they f t with common standards, or even not disseminating their results. With the aim to solve this problem I propose a modular management system for private cloud infrastructures that is focused on the applications instead of just the hardware resources. This management system follows the autonomic system paradigm, and is designed around a simple information model developed to be compatible with common standards. This model splits the environment in two views that serve to separate the concerns of the stakeholders while at the same time enabling the traceability between the physical environment and the virtual machines deployed onto it. In it, cloud applications are classifed in three broad types (Services, Big Data Jobs and Instance Reservations), in order for the management system to take advantage of each type’s features. The information model is paired with a set of atomic, reversible and independent management actions which determine the operations that can be performed over the environment and is used to realize the cloud environment’s scalability. From the environment’s state and using the aforementioned set of actions, I also describe a management engine tasked with the resource placement. It is divided in two tiers: the Application Managers layer, concerned just with applications; and the Infrastructure Manager layer, responsible of the actual physical resources. This management engine follows a lifecycle with two phases, to better model the behavior of a real infrastructure. The placement problem is tackled during one phase (consolidation) by using an integer programming solver, and during the other (online) with a custom heuristic. Tests have demonstrated that this combined approach is superior to other strategies. Finally, the management system is paired with monitoring and actuators architectures. The former able to collect the necessary information from the environment, and the later modular in design and capable of interfacing with several technologies and ofering several access interfaces.

Biometric authentication of users through iris by using key binding and similarity preserving hash functions = Autenticación biométrica de usuarios a través del iris mediante la ocultación de claves y funciones resumen que preservan la similitud

El extraordinario auge de las nuevas tecnologías de la información, el desarrollo de la Internet de las Cosas, el comercio electrónico, las redes sociales, la telefonía móvil y la computación y almacenamiento en la nube, han proporcionado grandes beneficios en todos los ámbitos de la sociedad. Junto a éstos, se presentan nuevos retos para la protección y privacidad de la información y su contenido, como la suplantación de personalidad y la pérdida de la confidencialidad e integridad de los documentos o las comunicaciones electrónicas. Este hecho puede verse agravado por la falta de una frontera clara que delimite el mundo personal del mundo laboral en cuanto al acceso de la información. En todos estos campos de la actividad personal y laboral, la Criptografía ha jugado un papel fundamental aportando las herramientas necesarias para garantizar la confidencialidad, integridad y disponibilidad tanto de la privacidad de los datos personales como de la información. Por otro lado, la Biometría ha propuesto y ofrecido diferentes técnicas con el fin de garantizar la autentificación de individuos a través del uso de determinadas características personales como las huellas dáctilares, el iris, la geometría de la mano, la voz, la forma de caminar, etc. Cada una de estas dos ciencias, Criptografía y Biometría, aportan soluciones a campos específicos de la protección de datos y autentificación de usuarios, que se verían enormemente potenciados si determinadas características de ambas ciencias se unieran con vistas a objetivos comunes. Por ello es imperativo intensificar la investigación en estos ámbitos combinando los algoritmos y primitivas matemáticas de la Criptografía con la Biometría para dar respuesta a la demanda creciente de nuevas soluciones más técnicas, seguras y fáciles de usar que potencien de modo simultáneo la protección de datos y la identificacíón de usuarios. En esta combinación el concepto de biometría cancelable ha supuesto una piedra angular en el proceso de autentificación e identificación de usuarios al proporcionar propiedades de revocación y cancelación a los ragos biométricos. La contribución de esta tesis se basa en el principal aspecto de la Biometría, es decir, la autentificación segura y eficiente de usuarios a través de sus rasgos biométricos, utilizando tres aproximaciones distintas: 1. Diseño de un esquema criptobiométrico borroso que implemente los principios de la biometría cancelable para identificar usuarios lidiando con los problemas acaecidos de la variabilidad intra e inter-usuarios. 2. Diseño de una nueva función hash que preserva la similitud (SPHF por sus siglas en inglés). Actualmente estas funciones se usan en el campo del análisis forense digital con el objetivo de buscar similitudes en el contenido de archivos distintos pero similares de modo que se pueda precisar hasta qué punto estos archivos pudieran ser considerados iguales. La función definida en este trabajo de investigación, además de mejorar los resultados de las principales funciones desarrolladas hasta el momento, intenta extender su uso a la comparación entre patrones de iris. 3. Desarrollando un nuevo mecanismo de comparación de patrones de iris que considera tales patrones como si fueran señales para compararlos posteriormente utilizando la transformada de Walsh-Hadarmard. Los resultados obtenidos son excelentes teniendo en cuenta los requerimientos de seguridad y privacidad mencionados anteriormente. Cada uno de los tres esquemas diseñados han sido implementados para poder realizar experimentos y probar su eficacia operativa en escenarios que simulan situaciones reales: El esquema criptobiométrico borroso y la función SPHF han sido implementados en lenguaje Java mientras que el proceso basado en la transformada de Walsh-Hadamard en Matlab. En los experimentos se ha utilizado una base de datos de imágenes de iris (CASIA) para simular una población de usuarios del sistema. En el caso particular de la función de SPHF, además se han realizado experimentos para comprobar su utilidad en el campo de análisis forense comparando archivos e imágenes con contenido similar y distinto. En este sentido, para cada uno de los esquemas se han calculado los ratios de falso negativo y falso positivo. ABSTRACT The extraordinary increase of new information technologies, the development of Internet of Things, the electronic commerce, the social networks, mobile or smart telephony and cloud computing and storage, have provided great benefits in all areas of society. Besides this fact, there are new challenges for the protection and privacy of information and its content, such as the loss of confidentiality and integrity of electronic documents and communications. This is exarcebated by the lack of a clear boundary between the personal world and the business world as their differences are becoming narrower. In both worlds, i.e the personal and the business one, Cryptography has played a key role by providing the necessary tools to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability both of the privacy of the personal data and information. On the other hand, Biometrics has offered and proposed different techniques with the aim to assure the authentication of individuals through their biometric traits, such as fingerprints, iris, hand geometry, voice, gait, etc. Each of these sciences, Cryptography and Biometrics, provides tools to specific problems of the data protection and user authentication, which would be widely strengthen if determined characteristics of both sciences would be combined in order to achieve common objectives. Therefore, it is imperative to intensify the research in this area by combining the basics mathematical algorithms and primitives of Cryptography with Biometrics to meet the growing demand for more secure and usability techniques which would improve the data protection and the user authentication. In this combination, the use of cancelable biometrics makes a cornerstone in the user authentication and identification process since it provides revocable or cancelation properties to the biometric traits. The contributions in this thesis involve the main aspect of Biometrics, i.e. the secure and efficient authentication of users through their biometric templates, considered from three different approaches. The first one is designing a fuzzy crypto-biometric scheme using the cancelable biometric principles to take advantage of the fuzziness of the biometric templates at the same time that it deals with the intra- and inter-user variability among users without compromising the biometric templates extracted from the legitimate users. The second one is designing a new Similarity Preserving Hash Function (SPHF), currently widely used in the Digital Forensics field to find similarities among different files to calculate their similarity level. The function designed in this research work, besides the fact of improving the results of the two main functions of this field currently in place, it tries to expand its use to the iris template comparison. Finally, the last approach of this thesis is developing a new mechanism of handling the iris templates, considering them as signals, to use the Walsh-Hadamard transform (complemented with three other algorithms) to compare them. The results obtained are excellent taking into account the security and privacy requirements mentioned previously. Every one of the three schemes designed have been implemented to test their operational efficacy in situations that simulate real scenarios: The fuzzy crypto-biometric scheme and the SPHF have been implemented in Java language, while the process based on the Walsh-Hadamard transform in Matlab. The experiments have been performed using a database of iris templates (CASIA-IrisV2) to simulate a user population. The case of the new SPHF designed is special since previous to be applied i to the Biometrics field, it has been also tested to determine its applicability in the Digital Forensic field comparing similar and dissimilar files and images. The ratios of efficiency and effectiveness regarding user authentication, i.e. False Non Match and False Match Rate, for the schemes designed have been calculated with different parameters and cases to analyse their behaviour.

Contribución a las arquitecturas flexibles para la multiconferencia web adaptable a la demanda

Los sistemas de videoconferencia y colaboración en tiempo real para múltiples usuarios permiten a sus usuarios comunicarse por medio de vídeo, audio y datos. Históricamente estos han sido sistemas caros de obtener y de mantener. El paso de las décadas ha limado estos problemas acercado el mundo de comunicación en tiempo real a un grupo mucho más amplio, llegando a usarse en diversos ámbitos como la educación o la medicina. En este sentido, el último gran salto evolutivo al que hemos asistido ha sido la transición de este tipo de aplicaciones hacia la Web. Varias tecnologías han permitido este viaje hacia el navegador. Las Aplicaciones Ricas de Internet (RIAs), que permiten crear aplicaciones Web interactivas huyendo del clásico esquema de petición y respuesta y llevando funcionalidades propias de las aplicaciones nativas a la Web. Por otro lado, la computación en la nube o Cloud Computing, con su modelo de pago por uso de recursos virtualizados, ha llevado a la creación de servicios que se adaptan mejor a la demanda, han habilitado este viaje hacia el navegador. No obstante, como cada cambio, este salto presenta una serie de retos para los sistemas de videoconferencia establecidos. Esta tesis doctoral propone un conjunto de arquitecturas, mecanismos y algoritmos para adaptar los sistemas de multiconferencia al entorno Web, teniendo en cuenta que este es accedido desde dispositivos diferentes y mediante redes de acceso variadas. Para ello se comienza por el estudio de los requisitos que debe cumplir un sistema de videoconferencia en la Web. Como resultado se diseña, implementa y desarrolla un servicio de videoconferencia que permite la colaboración avanzada entre múltiples usuarios mediante vídeo, audio y compartición de escritorio. Posteriormente, se plantea un sistema de comunicación entre una aplicación nativa y Web, proponiendo técnicas de adaptación entre los dos entornos que permiten la conversación de manera transparente para los usuarios. Estos sistemas permiten facilitar la transición hacia tecnologías Web. Como siguiente paso, se identificaron los principales problemas que existen para la comunicación multiusuario en dispositivos de tamaño reducido (teléfonos inteligentes) utilizando redes de acceso heterogéneas. Se propone un mecanismo, combinación de transcodificación y algoritmos de adaptación de calidad para superar estas limitaciones y permitir a los usuarios de este tipo de dispositivos participar en igualdad de condiciones. La aparición de WebRTC como tecnología disruptiva en este entorno, permitiendo nuevas posibilidades de comunicación en navegadores, motiva la segunda iteración de esta tesis. Aquí se presenta un nuevo esquema de adaptación a la demanda para servidores de videoconferencia diseñado para las necesidades del entorno Web y para aprovechar las características de Cloud Computing. Finalmente, esta tesis repasa las conclusiones obtenidas como fruto del trabajo llevado a cabo, reflejando la evolución de la videoconferencia Web desde sus inicios hasta nuestros días. ABSTRACT Multiuser Videoconferencing and real-time collaboration systems allow users to communicate using video, audio and data streams. These systems have been historically expensive to obtain and maintain. Over the last few decades, technological breakthroughs have mitigated those costs and popularized real time video communication, allowing its use in environments such as education or health. The last big evolutionary leap forward has been the transition of these types of applications towards theWeb. Several technologies have allowed this journey to theWeb browser. Firstly, Rich Internet Applications (RIAs) enable the creation of dynamic Web pages that defy the classical request-response interaction and provide an experience similar to their native counterparts. On the other hand, Cloud Computing brings the leasing of virtualized hardware resources in a pay-peruse model and, with it, better scalability in resource-demanding services. However, as with every change, this evolution imposes a set of challenges on existing videoconferencing solutions. This dissertation proposes a set of architectures, mechanisms and algorithms that aim to adapt multi-conferencing systems to the Web platform, taking into account the variety of devices and access networks that come with it. To this end, this thesis starts with a study concerning the requirements that must be met by new Web videoconferencing systems. The result of this study is the design, development and implementation of a new videoconferencing services that provides advanced collaboration to its user by providing video and audio communication as well as desktop sharing. After this, a new communication system between Web and native applications is presented. This system proposes adaptation mechanisms to bridge the two worlds providing a seamless integration transparent to users who can now access the powerful native application via an easy Web interface. The next step is to identify the main challenges posed by multi-conferencing on small devices (smartphones) with heterogeneous access networks. This dissertation proposes a mechanism that combines transcoding and adaptive quality algorithms to overcome those limitations. A second iteration in this dissertation is motivated by WebRTC. WebRTC appears as a disrupting technology by enabling new real-time communication possibilities in browsers. A new mechanism for flexible videoconferencing server scalability is presented. This mechanism aims to address the strong scalability requirements in the Web environment by taking advantage of Cloud Computing. Finally, the dissertation discusses the results obtained throughout the study, capturing the evolution of Web videoconferencing systems.