How lowering speed limits in an urban highway affects traffics performance and emissions: the case of Madrid M-30 ring-road

The city of Madrid keeps not meeting the GHG and air pollutant limits set by the European legislation. A broad range of strategies have being taken into account to reduce both types of emissions; however traffic management meas ures are usually consigned to the sidelines. In 2004, Madrid City Council launched a plan to re-design its inner ring-road supported by a socioeconomic study that evaluated the environmental and operational benefits of the project. For safety reasons the planned speed limit for the tunnel section was finally reduced from 90km/h to 70km/h. Using a Macroscopic Traffic Model and the European Air Pollutant and Emissions Inventory Guidebook (EMEP/EEA), this paper examines the environmental and traffic performance consequences of this decision. Results support the thesis that reduced speed limits leads to GHG and air pollution reductions in the area affected by the measure without substantially altering traffic performance. The implementation of the new speed limit policy brings about a 15% and 16% reduction in both CO2 and NOx emissions respectively. Emissions’ reduction during off-peak hours is larger than during peak hours.

Fundamental finite key limits for information reconciliation in quantum key distribution

The security of quantum key distribution protocols is guaranteed by the laws of quantum mechanics. However, a precise analysis of the security properties requires tools from both classical cryptography and information theory. Here, we employ recent results in non-asymptotic classical information theory to show that information reconciliation imposes fundamental limitations on the amount of secret key that can be extracted in the finite key regime. In particular, we find that an often used approximation for the information leakage during one-way information reconciliation is flawed and we propose an improved estimate.

Assessment of Underground Wine Cellars Using Geographic Information Technologies

Geographic information technologies (GIT) are essential to many fields of research, such as the preservation and dissemination of cultural heritage buildings, a category which includes traditional underground wine cellars. This article presents a methodology based on research carried out on this type of rural heritage building. The data were acquired using the following sensors: EDM, total station, close-range photogrammetry and laser scanning, and subsequently processed with a specific software which was verified for each case, in order to obtain a satisfactory graphic representation of these underground wine cellars. Two key aspects of this work are the accuracy of the data processing and the visualization of these traditional constructions. The methodology includes an application for geovisualizing these traditional constructions on mobile devices in order to contribute to raising awareness of this unique heritage.

Using Open Geographic Data to Generate Natural Language Descriptions for Hydrological Sensor Networks

Providing descriptions of isolated sensors and sensor networks in natural language, understandable by the general public, is useful to help users find relevant sensors and analyze sensor data. In this paper, we discuss the feasibility of using geographic knowledge from public databases available on the Web (such as OpenStreetMap, Geonames, or DBpedia) to automatically construct such descriptions. We present a general method that uses such information to generate sensor descriptions in natural language. The results of the evaluation of our method in a hydrologic national sensor network showed that this approach is feasible and capable of generating adequate sensor descriptions with a lower development effort compared to other approaches. In the paper we also analyze certain problems that we found in public databases (e.g., heterogeneity, non-standard use of labels, or rigid search methods) and their impact in the generation of sensor descriptions.

Minimum volume stability limits for axisymmetric liquid bridges subject to steady axial acceleration

In this paper the influence of an axial microgravity on the minimum volume stability limit of axisymmetric liquid bridges between unequal disks is analyzed both theoretically and experimentally. The results here presented extend the knowledge of the static behaviour of liquid bridges to fluid configurations different from those studied up to now (almost equal disks). Experimental results, obtained by simulating microgravity conditions by the neutral buoyancy technique, are also presented and are shown to be in complete agreement with theoretical ones.

Stability limits of minimum volume and breaking axisymmetric liquid bridges between unequal disks

This paper deals with the stability limits of minimum volume and the breaking of axisymmetric liquid columns held by capillary forces between two concentric,circular solid disk of different radii. The problem has been analyzed both theoreti-cally and experimentally. A theoretical analysis concerning the breaking of liquid bridges has been performed by using a one-dimensional slice model already used in liquid bridge problems. Experiments have been carried out by using milli-metric liquid bridges, and minimum volume stability limits as well as the volumes of the drops resulting after breaking have been measured for a large number of liquid bridge configurations. Experimental results being in agreement with theoretical prediction.

On the stability limits of long nonaxisymmetric cylindrical liquid bridges

There is a self-similar solution for the stability limits of long, almost cylindrical liquid bridges between equal disks subjected to both axial and lateral accelerations. The stability limits depend on only two variables; the so-called reduced axial, and lateral Bond numbers. A novel experimental setup that involved rotating a horizontal cylindrical liquid bridge about a vertical axis of rotation was designed to test the stability limits predicted by the self-similar solution. Analytical predictions compared well with both numerical and experimental results.

Cartografía local y sistemas de información geográfica participativos como herramientas de consolidación de la identidad local en la planificación urbana y territorial

Una de las características de la cartografía y SIG Participativos (SIGP) es incluir en sus métodos a la sociedad civil para aportar contenidos cualitativos a la información de sus territorios. Sin embargo no sólo se trata de datos, sino de los efectos que pueden tener estas prácticas sobre el territorio y su sociedad. El acceso a esa información se ve reducida en contraste con el incremento de información difundida a través de servicios de visualización, geoinformación y cartografía on-line. Todo esto hace que sea necesario el análisis del alcance real de las metodologías participativas en el uso de Información Geográfica (IG) y la comparación desde distintos contextos geográficos. También es importante conocer los beneficios e inconvenientes del acceso a la información para el planeamiento; desde la visibilidad de muchos pueblos desapercibidos en zonas rurales y periféricas, hasta la influencia en programas de gobierno sobre la gestión del territorio pasando por el conocimiento local espacial. El análisis se centró en los niveles de participación de la sociedad civil y sus grados de accesibilidad a la información (acceso y uso), dentro del estudio de los SIGP, Participatory Mapping, además se estudió de los TIG (Tecnologías de Información Geográfica), cartografías on-line (geoweb) y plataformas de geovisualización espacial, como recursos de Neocartografía. En este sentido, se realizó un trabajo de campo de cartografía participativa en Bolivia, se evaluaron distintos proyectos SIGP en países del norte y sur (comparativa de contextos en países en desarrollo) y se analizaron los resultados del cruce de las distintas variables.(validación, accesibilidad, verificación de datos, valor en la planificación e identidad) La tesis considera que ambos factores (niveles de participación y grado de accesibilidad) afectan a la (i) validación, verificación y calidad de los datos, la (ii) valor analítico en la planificación, y al (iii) modelo de identidad de un lugar, y que al ser tratados de forma integral, constituyen el valor añadido que los SIGP pueden aportar para lograr una planificación efectiva. Asimismo se comprueba, que la dimensión participativa en los SIGP varía según el contexto, la centralización de sus actores e intereses sectoriales. La información resultante de las prácticas SIGP tiende a estar restringida por la falta de legislaciones y por la ausencia de formatos estándar, que limitan la difusión e intercambio de la información. Todo esto repercute en la efectividad de una planificación estratégica y en la viabilidad de la implementación de cualquier proyecto sobre el territorio, y en consecuencia sobre los niveles de desarrollo de un país. Se confirma la hipótesis de que todos los elementos citados en los SIGP y mapeo participativo actuarán como herramientas válidas para el fortalecimiento y la eficacia en la planificación sólo si están interconectadas y vinculadas entre sí. Se plantea una propuesta metodológica ante las formas convencionales de planificación (nueva ruta del planeamiento; que incluye el intercambio de recursos y determinación participativa local antes de establecer la implementación), con ello, se logra incorporar los beneficios de las metodologías participativas en el manejo de la IG y los SIG (Sistemas de Información Geográfica) como instrumentos estratégicos para el desarrollo de la identidad local y la optimización en los procesos de planeamiento y estudios del territorio. Por último, se fomenta que en futuras líneas de trabajo los mapas de los SIGP y la cartografía participativa puedan llegar a ser instrumentos visuales representativos que transfieran valores identitarios del territorio y de su sociedad, y de esta manera, ayudar a alcanzar un mayor conocimiento, reconocimiento y valoración de los territorios para sus habitantes y sus planificadores. ABSTRACT A feature of participatory mapping and PGIS is to include the participation of the civil society, to provide qualitative information of their territories. However, focus is not only data, but also the effects that such practices themselves may have on the territory and their society. Access to this information is reduced in contrast to the increase of information disseminated through visualization services, geoinformation, and online cartography. Thus, the analysis of the real scope of participatory methodologies in the use of Geographic Information (GI) is necessary, including the comparison of different geographical contexts. It is also important to know the benefits and disadvantages of access to information needed for planning in different contexts, ranging from unnoticed rural areas and suburbs to influence on government programs on land management through local spatial knowledge. The analysis focused on the participation levels of civil society and the degrees of accessibility of the information (access and use) within the study of Participatory GIS (PGIS). In addition, this work studies GIT (Geographic Information Technologies), online cartographies (Geoweb) and platforms of spatial geovisualization, as resources of Neocartography. A participatory cartographic fieldwork was carried out in Bolivia. Several PGIS projects were evaluated in Northern and Southern countries (comparatively with the context of developing countries), and the results were analyzed for each these different variables. (validation, accessibility, verification,value, identity). The thesis considers that both factors (participation levels and degree of accessibility) affect the (i) validation, verification and quality of the data, (ii) analytical value for planning, and (iii) the identity of a place. The integrated management of all the above cited criteria constitutes an added value that PGISs can contribute to reach an effective planning. Also, it confirms the participatory dimension of PGISs varies according to the context, the centralization of its actors, and to sectorial interests. The resulting information from PGIS practices tends to be restricted by the lack of legislation and by the absence of standard formats, which limits in turn the diffusion and exchange of the information. All of this has repercussions in the effectiveness of a strategic planning and in the viability of the implementation of projects about the territory, and consequentially in the land development levels. The hypothesis is confirmed since all the described elements in PGISs and participatory mapping will act as valid tools in strengthening and improving the effectivity in planning only if they are interconnected and linked amongst themselves. This work, therefore, suggests a methodological proposal when faced with the conventional ways of planning: a new planning route which includes the resources exchange and local participatory determination before any plan is established -. With this, the benefits of participatory methodologies in the management of GI and GIS (Geographic Information Systems) is incorporated as a strategic instrument for development of local identity and optimization in planning processes and territory studies. Finally, the study outlines future work on PGIS maps and Participatory Mapping, such that these could eventually evolve into visual representative instruments that transfer identity values of the territory and its society. In this way, they would contribute to attain a better knowledge, recognition, and appraisement of the territories for their inhabitants and planners.

The use of geographic information systems for the optimal location of biomass power plants in the Madrid Community (Spain)

This article has been extracted from the results of a thesis entitled “Potential bioelectricity production of the Madrid Community Agricultural Regions based on rye and triticale biomass.” The aim was, first, to quantify the potential of rye (Secale Cereale L.) and triticale ( Triticosecale Aestivum L.) biomass in each of the Madrid Community agricultural regions, and second, to locate the most suitable areas for the installation of power plants using biomass. At least 17,339.9 t d.m. of rye and triticale would be required to satisfy the biomass needs of a 2.2 MW power plant, (considering an efficiency of 21.5%, 8,000 expected operating hours/year and a biomass LCP of 4,060 kcal/kg for both crops), and 2,577 ha would be used (which represent 2.79% of the Madrid Community fallow dry land surface). Biomass yields that could be achieved in Madrid Community using 50% of the fallow dry land surface (46,150 ha representing 5.75% of the Community area), based on rye and triticale crops, are estimated at 84,855, 74,906, 70,109, 50,791, 13,481, and 943 t annually for the Campiña, Vegas, Sur Occidental, Área Metropolitana, Lozoya-Somosierra, and Guadarrama regions. The latter represents a bioelectricity potential of 10.77, 9.5, 8.9, 6.44, 1.71, and 0.12 MW, respectively.