Estudio y simulación de sistemas de comunicaciones digitales TCM

Desde que las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación comenzaron a adquirir una gran importancia en la sociedad, uno de los principales objetivos ha sido conseguir que la información transmitida llegue en perfectas condiciones al receptor. Por este motivo, se hace necesario el desarrollo de nuevos sistemas de comunicación digital capaces de ofrecer una transmisión segura y fiable. Con el paso de los años, se han ido mejorando las características de los mismos, lo que significa importantes avances en la vida cotidiana. En este contexto, uno de los sistemas que más éxito ha tenido es la Modulación Reticulada con Codificación TCM, que aporta grandes ventajas en la comunicación digital, especialmente en los sistemas de banda estrecha. Este tipo de código de protección contra errores, basado en la codificación convolucional, se caracteriza por realizar la modulación y codificación en una sola función. Como consecuencia, se obtiene una mayor velocidad de transmisión de datos sin necesidad de incrementar el ancho de banda, a costa de pasar a una constelación superior. Con este Proyecto Fin de Grado se quiere analizar el comportamiento de la modulación TCM y cuáles son las ventajas que ofrece frente a otros sistemas similares. Se propone realizar cuatro simulaciones, que permitan visualizar diversas gráficas en las que se relacione la probabilidad de bit erróneo BER y la relación señal a ruido SNR. Además, con estas gráficas se puede determinar la ganancia que se obtiene con respecto a la probabilidad de bit erróneo teórica. Estos sistemas pasan de una modulación QPSK a una 8PSK o de una 8PSK a una 16QAM. Finalmente, se desarrolla un entorno gráfico de Matlab con el fin de proporcionar un sencillo manejo al usuario y una mayor interactividad. ABSTRACT. Since Information and Communication Technologies began to gain importance on society, one of the main objectives has been to achieve the transmitted information reaches the receiver perfectly. For this reason, it is necessary to develop new digital communication systems with the ability to offer a secure and reliable transmission. The systems characteristics have improved over the past years, what it means important progress in everyday life. In this context, one of the most successful systems is Trellis Coded Modulation TCM, that brings great advantages in terms of digital communications, especially narrowband systems. This kind of error correcting code, based on convolutional coding, is characterized by codifying and modulating at the same time. As a result, a higher data transmission speed is achieved without increasing bandwidth at the expense of using a superior modulation. The aim of this project is to analyze the TCM performance and the advantages it offers in comparison with other similar systems. Four simulations are proposed, that allows to display several graphics that show how the Bit Error Ratio BER and Signal Noise Ratio SNR are related. Furthermore, it is possible to calculate the coding gain. Finally, a Matlab graphic environment is designed in order to guarantee the interactivity with the final user.

Bayesian network modeling of the consensus between experts: an application to neuron classification

Neuronal morphology is hugely variable across brain regions and species, and their classification strategies are a matter of intense debate in neuroscience. GABAergic cortical interneurons have been a challenge because it is difficult to find a set of morphological properties which clearly define neuronal types. A group of 48 neuroscience experts around the world were asked to classify a set of 320 cortical GABAergic interneurons according to the main features of their three-dimensional morphological reconstructions. A methodology for building a model which captures the opinions of all the experts was proposed. First, one Bayesian network was learned for each expert, and we proposed an algorithm for clustering Bayesian networks corresponding to experts with similar behaviors. Then, a Bayesian network which represents the opinions of each group of experts was induced. Finally, a consensus Bayesian multinet which models the opinions of the whole group of experts was built. A thorough analysis of the consensus model identified different behaviors between the experts when classifying the interneurons in the experiment. A set of characterizing morphological traits for the neuronal types was defined by performing inference in the Bayesian multinet. These findings were used to validate the model and to gain some insights into neuron morphology.

Photoexcited-induced sensitivity of InGaAs surface QDs to environment

A detailed analysis of the impact of illumination on the electrical response of In0.5Ga0.5As surface nanostructures is carried out as a function of different relative humidity conditions. The importance of the surface-to-volume ratio for sensing applications is once more highlighted. From dark-to-photo conditions, the sheet resistance (SR) of a three-dimensional In0.5Ga0.5As nanostructure decays two orders of magnitude compared with that of a two-dimensional nanostructure. The electrical response is found to be vulnerable to the energy of the incident light and the external conditions. Illuminating with high energy light translates into an SR reduction of one order of magnitude under humid atmospheres, whereas it remains nearly unchanged under dry environments. Conversely, lighting with energy below the bulk energy bandgap, shows a negligible effect on the electrical properties regardless the local moisture. Both illumination and humidity are therefore needed for sensing. Photoexcited carriers can only contribute to conductivity if surface states are inactive due to water physisorption. The strong dependence of the electrical response on the environment makes these nanostructures very suitable for the development of highly sensitive and efficient sensing devices.

Seven Ulmus minor clones tolerant to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi registered as forest reproductive material in Spain

The Spanish elm programme began in 1986 in response to the devastating impact of Dutch elm disease on natural elm stands and urban trees. Its main objectives were to conserve remaining genetic resources and select and breed tolerant native elm genotypes. After 27 years of work conducting susceptibility trials on thousands of elm genotypes, the first seven tolerant Ulmus minor trees are now being registered by the Spanish Environmental Administration. This paper presents the results of the susceptibility tests on these clones and their distinctive genetic, morphological and phenological features. In all susceptibility trials the commercial ?Sapporo Autumn Gold? clone, which is highly tolerant to O. novo-ulmi, was used as a control. The registered clones were named ?Ademuz?, ?Dehesa de la Villa?, ?Majadahonda?, ?Toledo?, ?Dehesa de Amaniel?, ?Retiro? and ?Fuente Umbría?. The most tolerant clone was ?Dehesa de Amaniel?, as its wilting values were below 5% during the two consecutive inoculation trials performed in Madrid. ?Fuente Umbría?, tested over four consecutive years in Guadalajara and Palencia, was the Spanish clone with the most reliable tolerance level to O. novo-ulmi. The ?Ademuz? and ?Majadahonda? clones had the highest ornamental scores and are promising trees for use in urban environments and tree breeding for ornamental quality. These two genotypes showed a later bud burst phenology than the other U. minor clones, demonstrating suitability to areas with late frost events. The Spanish programme aims to substantially increase the range of tolerant native elms through new selections and crossings to gain a better understanding of the genetic basis of resistance.