Validez del coeficiente de amplificación dinámica como herramienta para predecir el comportamiento de tablas de madera sometidas a acciones de impacto

Las tablas de madera se emplean usualmente en construcción como parte integrante de protecciones colectivas y medios auxiliares. En estos usos, las cargas a que están sometidas son fundamentalmente de tipo dinámico y suelen aplicarse en forma de impacto. Para estas aplicaciones, en la mayoría de las ocasiones, trabajan colocadas de cara. El coeficiente de amplificación dinámica se ha usado desde hace decenios para evaluar analíticamente elementos sometidos a impacto. Sin embargo, la obtención de este coeficiente se basa en unas hipótesis que en ocasiones se alejan de la realidad. En este trabajo se han sometido a distintos tipos de impacto tablas de madera aserrada de pino silvestre, colocadas de cara, y se han comparado los resultados obtenidos con el comportamiento analítico previsto en base al empleo del coeficiente de amplificación dinámica.

Dynamic Effects On Culverts for High Speed Trains

Culverts are very common in recent railway lines. Wild life corridors and drainage conducts often fall in this category of partially buried structures. Their dynamic behavior has received far less attention than other structures such as bridges but its large number makes that study an interesting challenge from the point of view of safety and savings. In this paper a complete study of a culvert, including on-site measurements as well as numerical modelling, will be presented. The structure belongs to the high speed railway line linking Segovia and Valladolid, in Spain. The line was opened to traffic in 2004. Its dimensions (3x3m) are the most frequent along the line. Other factors such as reduced overburden (0.6m) and an almost right angle with the track axis make it an interesting example to extract generalized conclusions. On site measurements have been performed in the structure recording the dynamic response at selected points of the structure during the passage of high speed trains at speeds ranging between 200 and 300km/h. The measurements by themselves provide a good insight into the main features of the dynamic behaviour of the structure. A 3D finite element model of the structure, representing its key features was also studied as it allows further understanding of the dynamic response to the train loads . In the paper the discrepancies between predicted and measured vibration levels will be analyzed and some advices on numerical modelling will be proposed

Dynamic effect of high speed railway traffic loads on the ballast track settlement

The traditional ballast track structures are still being used in high speed railways lines with success, however technical problems or performance features have led to non-ballast track solution in some cases. A considerable maintenance work is needed for ballasted tracks due to the track deterioration. Therefore it is very important to understand the mechanism of track deterioration and to predict the track settlement or track irregularity growth rate in order to reduce track maintenance costs and enable new track structures to be designed. The objective of this work is to develop the most adequate and efficient models for calculation of dynamic traffic load effects on railways track infrastructure, and then evaluate the dynamic effect on the ballast track settlement, using a ballast track settlement prediction model, which consists of the vehicle/track dynamic model previously selected and a track settlement law. The calculations are based on dynamic finite element models with direct time integration, contact between wheel and rail and interaction with railway cars. A initial irregularity profile is used in the prediction model. The track settlement law is considered to be a function of number of loading cycles and the magnitude of the loading, which represents the long-term behavior of ballast settlement. The results obtained include the track irregularity growth and the contact force in the final interaction of numerical simulation

Revisión sobre el estado del arte del análisis de ciclo de vida para tableros derivados de la madera

El presente trabajo tiene por objeto realizar una revisión del „estado del arte‟ sobre los estudios del análisis de ciclo de vida de la madera, más concretamente el caso de los tableros derivados, ya que conforman el eslabón que permite su reutilización en fases sucesivas, asumiéndose de forma intrínseca el concepto de reciclado dentro de la cadena de transformación de esta industria. Todo ello sumado a las ventajas medioambientales de la madera caracterizadas por el efecto sumidero del CO2, así como la reducción del consumo de energía en el proceso de fabricación. En la etapa de recopilación de la documentación durante la búsqueda, se han tratado de recoger y resaltar aquellas experiencias, más interesantes e innovadoras, llevadas a cabo en los últimos años en el tema mencionado, tratando de extraer aquellos casos que permitan obtener una visión tanto de las tendencias en el ámbito internacional como del nacional, e incluso local. De la información aquí recogida sobre el análisis del ciclo de vida de los productos derivados de la madera, se busca constatar las ventajas resultantes de su empleo, respecto de otros materiales.

Modelling Crowd Load for Floor Vibration Analysis

The dynamic floor loads induced by crowds in gymnasium or stadium structures are commonly modelled by superposition of the individual contributions using reduction factors for the different Fourier coefficients. These Fourier coefficients and the reduction factors are calculated using full scale measurements. Generally the testing is performed on platforms or structures that can be considered rigid, such that the natural frequencies are higher than the frequencies of the spectator movement. In this paper we shall present the testing done on a structure that used to be a gymnasium as well as the procedure used to identify its dynamic properties and a first evaluation of the socalled “group effect”.

Safety-related issues for high-speed railway bridges

Railway bridges have specific requirements related to safety, which often are critical aspects of design. In this paper the main phenomena are reviewed, namely vertical dynamic effects for impact effect of moving loads and resonance in high-speed, service limit states which affect the safety of running traffic, and lateral dynamic effects.

Calculus of the uncertainty in acoustic field measurements: comparative study between the uncertainty propagation method and the distribution propagation method

The new Spanish Regulation in Building Acoustic establishes values and limits for the different acoustic magnitudes whose fulfillment can be verify by means field measurements. In this sense, an essential aspect of a field measurement is to give the measured magnitude and the uncertainty associated to such a magnitude. In the calculus of the uncertainty it is very usual to follow the uncertainty propagation method as described in the Guide to the expression of Uncertainty in Measurements (GUM). Other option is the numerical calculus based on the distribution propagation method by means of Monte Carlo simulation. In fact, at this stage, it is possible to find several publications developing this last method by using different software programs. In the present work, we used Excel for the Monte Carlo simulation for the calculus of the uncertainty associated to the different magnitudes derived from the field measurements following ISO 140-4, 140-5 and 140-7. We compare the results with the ones obtained by the uncertainty propagation method. Although both methods give similar values, some small differences have been observed. Some arguments to explain such differences are the asymmetry of the probability distributions associated to the entry magnitudes,the overestimation of the uncertainty following the GUM

Las características acústicas de las iglesias prerrománicas hispanas

Este trabajo muestra los resultados de una campaña de mediciones acústicas realizadas sobre diversas iglesias prerrománicas hispanas. Debido a las reducidas dimensiones de estas iglesias comparadas con las de otros periodos históricos, los resultados obtenidos distan sensiblemente de los valores de otros tipos de iglesia. Los tiempos de reverberación son bajos, sobre todo en las iglesias más pequeñas y se aprecia una cantidad importante de energía inicial. Todo esto hace que la inteligibilidad de la palabra sea muy superior a la obtenida en iglesias de otros estilos arquitectónicos.

Nuevas cubiertas de madera para la iglesia de San Martín en Jiménez de Jamúz (León)

Nuevas cubiertas de madera para a iglesia de San Martín en Jiménez de Jamúz (León)

Análisis del estado de tensiones en uniones carpinteras de empalme de llave por el método de los elementos finitos

El objeto del presente trabajo es la determinación de la distribución de tensiones en la unión carpintera de empalme de llave mediante el método de los elementos finitos y su comparación con los valores obtenidos mediante la teoría de Resistencia de Materiales. Se analizan las zonas donde se produce concentración de tensiones y se estudia la influencia del refino de la malla sobre los resultados con el fin de determinar el tamaño que proporciona los valores de tensión más ajustados a la teoría. En las zonas donde la concentración de tensiones es menor, distintos tamaños de la malla muestran valores de tensión similares. Los resultados muestran una simetría central de la distribución de isotensiones donde el centro de simetría se corresponde con el centro geométrico de la unión. En las zonas donde se produce concentración de tensiones, los valores de las mismas aumentan considerablemente con el refino de la malla. La comparación de los niveles de tensiones normales obtenidos por el MEF y la teoría clásica muestran diferencias reducidas, excepto en los puntos de concentración de tensiones.

A multi-resource load balancing algorithm for cloud cache systems

With the advent of cloud computing model, distributed caches have become the cornerstone for building scalable applications. Popular systems like Facebook [1] or Twitter use Memcached [5], a highly scalable distributed object cache, to speed up applications by avoiding database accesses. Distributed object caches assign objects to cache instances based on a hashing function, and objects are not moved from a cache instance to another unless more instances are added to the cache and objects are redistributed. This may lead to situations where some cache instances are overloaded when some of the objects they store are frequently accessed, while other cache instances are less frequently used. In this paper we propose a multi-resource load balancing algorithm for distributed cache systems. The algorithm aims at balancing both CPU and Memory resources among cache instances by redistributing stored data. Considering the possible conflict of balancing multiple resources at the same time, we give CPU and Memory resources weighted priorities based on the runtime load distributions. A scarcer resource is given a higher weight than a less scarce resource when load balancing. The system imbalance degree is evaluated based on monitoring information, and the utility load of a node, a unit for resource consumption. Besides, since continuous rebalance of the system may affect the QoS of applications utilizing the cache system, our data selection policy ensures that each data migration minimizes the system imbalance degree and hence, the total reconfiguration cost can be minimized. An extensive simulation is conducted to compare our policy with other policies. Our policy shows a significant improvement in time efficiency and decrease in reconfiguration cost.

INDICIa: a new distributed clustering protocol

Many data streaming applications produces massive amounts of data that must be processed in a distributed fashion due to the resource limitation of a single machine. We propose a distributed data stream clustering protocol. Theoretical analysis shows preliminary results about the quality of discovered clustering. In addition, we present results about the ability to reduce the time complexity respect to the centralized approach.

STONE: a stream-based DDoS defense framework

An effective Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) defense mechanism must guarantee legitimate users access to an Internet service masking the effects of possible attacks. That is, it must be able to detect threats and discard malicious packets in a online fashion. Given that emerging data streaming technology can enable such mitigation in an effective manner, in this paper we present STONE, a stream-based DDoS defense framework, which integrates anomaly-based DDoS detection and mitigation with scalable data streaming technology. With STONE, the traffic of potential targets is analyzed via continuous data streaming queries maintaining information used for both attack detection and mitigation. STONE provides minimal degradation of legitimate users traffic during DDoS attacks and it also faces effectively flash crowds. Our preliminary evaluation based on an implemented prototype and conducted with real legitimate and malicious traffic traces shows that STONE is able to provide fast detection and precise mitigation of DDoS attacks leveraging scalable data streaming technology.

Evaluación de la protección conseguida en la cuenca de un torrente de montaña ante los daños causados por eventos torrenciales mediante su restauración hidrológico-forestal. Cuenca del torrente de Arratiecho en el Pirineo Aragonés, España.

La demanda continua e insistente de innovación en el ámbito cotidiano, nos hace perder la perspectiva de análisis cuando los procesos requieren un periodo prolongado para resolverse. Esto ocurre con los bosques ubicados en cuencas vertientes a torrentes de montaña, que tienen su origen en la restauración hidrológico-forestal llevada a cabo en las mismas, como complemento de los trabajos de corrección hidráulica efectuados en los torrentes, para controlar los procesos de erosión, inundaciones y aterramientos, desencadenados en diferentes zonas de la cuenca, cuando se dinamizan en ella los ciclos del agua y de los sedimentos a causa de los aguaceros o de la repentina fusión del manto de nieve. La cuenca vertiente al torrente de Arratiecho, situada en el municipio de Biescas, Pirineo Aragonés, fue restaurada y el barranco corregido entre 1903-05; para evitar su desertificación ante la erosión generalizada que sufría la misma, frenar el deslizamiento de una ladera morrénica y reducir los efectos de las inundaciones y aterramientos en su cono de sedimentación, donde se ubican los terrenos más fértiles y le atraviesa la carretera nacional N-260. Se comentan los trabajos realizados y los resultados obtenidos un siglo después, atendiendo especialmente a la evolución de las reforestaciones, siguiendo los criterios utilizados en el análisis de los bosques protectores.

Sementeira Directa e Tecnologias de Agricultura de Precisão - Contributo para o Aumento de Performance do Semeador

As tecnologias de sementeira directa e agricultura de precisão podem conciliar-se num novo conceito de sementeira directa de precisão. Desta forma, neste ensaio ambas as tecnologias permitiram provar que variações da resistência de penetração do solo afectam a qualidade da operação de sementeira no que respeita à uniformidade de profundidade de distribuição da semente. A utilização de um equipamento de GPS na georeferenciação de uma sementeira de milho, e a montagem de uma célula de carga e de um sensor LVDT numa das linhas de um semeador mecânico monogrão permitiram avaliar a variação da força exercida sobre o solo pelo braço de sementeira e a respectiva variação de profundidade de deposição da semente. Os resultados mostram uma correlação moderada de 0.4 para as classes de Força de 0-735N, 735-882N e 882-1176N com as classes de profundidades de 0-10mm, 10-20mm e 20-30mm, respectivamente. Apesar de mais ensaios serem necessários para a consolidação dos valores obtidos, atendendo à importância que a sementeira directa tem no panorama dos sistemas de agricultura de conservação em Portugal, estes resultados mostram o interesse no desenvolvimento de sistemas de controlo de pressão dinâmicos nos semeadores de sementeira directa de modo a reduzir as variações encontradas.