Prevención de patologías de la columna vertebral

En esta revisión bibliográfica, llevada a cabo a través de una búsqueda en distintas bases de datos (PubMed, SportDiscus, Scielo) así como en revistas tales como Elsevier y buscadores como Google, se busca la evidencia referente a las patologías de la columna vertebral en la infancia así como programas educativos de prevención y tratamiento y el papel que puede desempeñar la educación física en las patologías de la columna vertebral en general y de la hiperlordosis específicamente. La literatura existente debía estar comprendida entre los años 2005g2015. Como visión global de esta revisión, podríamos decir que los problemas de espalda en la niñez son muy habituales pese a producirse en menor número que en poblaciones adultas y que, actualmente, siguen considerándose como un desafío clínico debido a que, en la mayoría de las veces, vienen acompañadas de patologías más complejas. Dentro de los problemas más prevalentes se encuentran algunos como la hiperlordosis, el genu valgum, el desequilibrio entre los hombros, la inclinación pélvica lateral, la escoliosis, la rotación del tronco y la hipercifosis torácica, entre otros. Se exponen, además de los problemas más habituales de columna vertebral en la niñez, las posibles causas, diversos programas de prevención e intervención y, finalmente, se exponen la importancia que tienen la educación postural, el papel del profesor de educación física en la prevención, detección y tratamiento de dichas patologías así como el papel vital que puede desarrollar la educación física en dichos niños. ABSTRACT This literature review was carried out through a search in different databases (PubMed, SportDiscus, Scielo) as well as in magazines such as Elsevier and, finally, in Google. Evidences related to the pathologies of the spine in children as well as educational programs for the prevention and treatment were searched. The role that educational programs can play in the prevention of the spine pathologies in general and specifically in the hyperlordosis was also analyzed. Literature review period was from 2005 till 2015. Results showed that back problems in childhood are very common although the prevalence is lower than in adults. The fact that these pathologies come normally associated with other more important problems, makes spine diseases a medical challenge. Within the most prevalent problems we can find hyperlordosis, genu valgum, lateral pelvic tilt, scoliosis, trunk rotation, uneven shoulders and chest’s hipercifosis, among others. Most common problems of vertebral column in the childhood, the possible causes, different programs of prevention and intervention were also reviewed. Importance of postural education in schools as well as the figure of the physical education teacher in the prevention, detection and treatment were analyzed.

Comparative study of the effect of several trains on the ballast rotation

The ballast pick-up (or ballast train-induced-wind erosion (BTE)) phenomenon is a limiting factor for the maximum allowed operational train speed. The determination of the conditions for the initiation of the motion of the ballast stones due to the wind gust created by high-speed trains is critical to predict the start of ballast pick-up because, once the motion is initiated, a saltation-like chain reaction can take place. The aim of this paper is to present a model to evaluate the effect of a random aerodynamic impulse on stone motion initiation, and an experimental study performed to check the capability of the proposed model to classify trains by their effect on the ballast due to the flow generated by the trains. A measurement study has been performed at kp 69 + 500 on the Madrid – Barcelona High Speed Line. The obtained results show the feasibility of the proposed method, and contribute to a technique for BTE characterization, which can be relevant for the development of train interoperability standards