Evaluación de prácticas agrícolas (laboreo y rotación) para mitigar gases de efecto invernadero en clima mediterráneo

El laboreo de conservación (Mínimo Laboreo, ML; No Laboreo, NL) y la rotación de cultivos están consideradas como Buenas Prácticas Agrícolas, y contribuyen a mejorar las propiedades físicas y la fertilidad del suelo, así como a reducir el empleo de algunos insumos agrarios (Follet y Schimel 1989). Sin embargo, existe gran controversia sobre el efecto de estas prácticas sobre las emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI), a las que la agricultura contribuye en un 13.5 %, siendo normalmente el óxido nitroso (N2O) el mayor determinante del Poder de Calentamiento Global derivado de los agrosistemas (IPCC, 2006). La variabilidad de resultados y la escasez de estudios en zonas mediterráneas, especialmente sobre el efecto de la rotación de cultivos, justifican la necesidad de nuevos estudios sobre este tema. El objetivo principal de este ensayo ha sido evaluar la influencia de las prácticas de laboreo de conservación frente al Laboreo Tradicional (LT) mediante vertedera; así como la rotación barbecho - trigo (Tritucum aestivum L. var. ́Marius`) frente a monocultivo de trigo, sobre las emisiones de GEI(N2O, CH4 y CO2) desde el suelo.

The use of geographic information systems for the optimal location of biomass power plants in the Madrid Community (Spain)

This article has been extracted from the results of a thesis entitled “Potential bioelectricity production of the Madrid Community Agricultural Regions based on rye and triticale biomass.” The aim was, first, to quantify the potential of rye (Secale Cereale L.) and triticale ( Triticosecale Aestivum L.) biomass in each of the Madrid Community agricultural regions, and second, to locate the most suitable areas for the installation of power plants using biomass. At least 17,339.9 t d.m. of rye and triticale would be required to satisfy the biomass needs of a 2.2 MW power plant, (considering an efficiency of 21.5%, 8,000 expected operating hours/year and a biomass LCP of 4,060 kcal/kg for both crops), and 2,577 ha would be used (which represent 2.79% of the Madrid Community fallow dry land surface). Biomass yields that could be achieved in Madrid Community using 50% of the fallow dry land surface (46,150 ha representing 5.75% of the Community area), based on rye and triticale crops, are estimated at 84,855, 74,906, 70,109, 50,791, 13,481, and 943 t annually for the Campiña, Vegas, Sur Occidental, Área Metropolitana, Lozoya-Somosierra, and Guadarrama regions. The latter represents a bioelectricity potential of 10.77, 9.5, 8.9, 6.44, 1.71, and 0.12 MW, respectively.

Temperature and precipitation effects on wheat yield across a European transect: a crop model ensemble analysis using impact response surfaces

This study explored the utility of the impact response surface (IRS) approach for investigating model ensemble crop yield responses under a large range of changes in climate. IRSs of spring and winter wheat Triticum aestivum yields were constructed from a 26-member ensemble of process-based crop simulation models for sites in Finland, Germany and Spain across a latitudinal transect. The sensitivity of modelled yield to systematic increments of changes in temperature (-2 to +9°C) and precipitation (-50 to +50%) was tested by modifying values of baseline (1981 to 2010) daily weather, with CO2 concentration fixed at 360 ppm. The IRS approach offers an effective method of portraying model behaviour under changing climate as well as advantages for analysing, comparing and presenting results from multi-model ensemble simulations. Though individual model behaviour occasionally departed markedly from the average, ensemble median responses across sites and crop varieties indicated that yields decline with higher temperatures and decreased precipitation and increase with higher precipitation. Across the uncertainty ranges defined for the IRSs, yields were more sensitive to temperature than precipitation changes at the Finnish site while sensitivities were mixed at the German and Spanish sites. Precipitation effects diminished under higher temperature changes. While the bivariate and multi-model characteristics of the analysis impose some limits to interpretation, the IRS approach nonetheless provides additional insights into sensitivities to inter-model and inter-annual variability. Taken together, these sensitivities may help to pinpoint processes such as heat stress, vernalisation or drought effects requiring refinement in future model development.