Diseño de un instrumento de evaluación de la gestión de recursos humanos. Aplicación en pymes industriales

El punto de partida para que una empresa mejore su competitividad es la evaluación de su gestión; para ello, es necesario contar con instrumentos que de manera objetiva, evalúen la gestión y proporcionen una guía para la mejora continua de los procesos. Este trabajo de investigación presenta el diseño y aplicación de un instrumento para evaluar la gestión de recursos humanos en las pymes industriales. Es un instrumento adaptado a la cultura, mercado, características y especificidades propias de las pymes del sector industrial del Estado Bolívar, Venezuela. Los items de evaluación fueron divididos en cuatro bloques de acuerdo al ciclo Planificar, Hacer, Verificar, Actuar y su validación estadística fue realizada mediante la técnica de análisis multivariante. Una vez validada, se aplicó la herramienta a trescientos setenta y cinco individuos del área de Recursos Humanos en ciento veinticinco Pymes industriales. Los resultados indican que los aspectos de tipo funcional son los que conducen la gestión en lugar de las razones estratégicas de la empresa, y en general, no existe plan de carrera ni sistema de evaluación de desempeño. La caracterización aportada por este estudio permite a las empresas evaluadas conocer cuales son los factores a mejorar en su gestión.The starting point for a company to improve its competitiveness is the evaluation of their management; for this it is necessary to have instruments that objectively evaluate and provide management guidance for continuous process improvement. This research paper presents the design and implementation of a tool to assess the human resource management in industrial SMEs. It is an instrument adapted to the culture, market characteristics and needs of SMEs in the Bolivar State, Venezuela. The evaluation items were divided into four blocks according to the Plan, Do, Check, Act cycle and its statistical validation was performed using the technique of multivariate analysis. Once validated, the tool was applied to hundred seventy five individuals of Human Resources belonging to hundred twenty five industrial SMEs. The results indicate that aspects of functional type are the leading management rather than strategic reasons, and in general, there is no career plan and system performance evaluation. The characterization provided by this study evaluated allows companies to know what factors to improve their management.

A proposal for a Business Framework targeted at emerging business services and applications

Un Service Business Framework consiste en una serie de componentes interrelacionados que permiten la gestión de servicios de negocio a través de su ciclo de vida, desde su creación, descubrimiento y comparación, hasta su monetización (incluyendo un posible reparto de beneficios). De esta manera, el denominado FIWARE Business Framework trata de permitir a los usuarios de la plataforma FIWARE mejorar sus productos con funcionalidades de búsqueda, describrimiento, comparación, monetización y reparto de beneficios. Para lograr este objetivo, el Business Framework de FIWARE proporciona la especificación abierta y las APIs de una serie de components (denominados \Generic Enablers" en terminología FIWARE), junto con una implementación de referencia de las mismas pueden ser facilmente integradas en los sitemas existentes para conseguir aplicaciones con valor a~nadido. Al comienzo de este trabajo de fin de master, el Business Framework de FIWARE no era lo suficientemente maduro como para cubrir los requisitos de sus usuarios, ya que ofrecía modelos demasiado generales y dejaba algunas funcionalidades clave para ser implementadas por los usuarios. Para solucionar estos problemas, el principal objectivo desarrollado en el contexto de este trabajo de fin de master ha consistido en mejorar y evolucionar el Business Framework de FIWARE para dar respuesta a las demandas de sus usuarios. Para alcanzar el pricipal objetivo propuesto, el Business Framework de FIWARE ha sido evaluado usando la información proporcionada por los usuarios de la plataforma, principalmente PyMEs y start-ups que usan este framework en sus soluciones, con el objetivo de obtener una lista de requisitos y de dise~nar a partir de éstos un roadmap de evolución a 6 meses. Después, los diferentes problemas identificados se han tratado uno por uno dando en cada caso una solución capaz de cubrir los requisitos de los usuarios. Finalmente, se han evaluado los resultados obtenidos en el proyecto integrando el Business Framework desarrollado con un sistema existente para la gestión de datos de consusmo energético, construyendo lo que se ha denominado Mercado de Datos de Consumo Energético. Esto además ha permitido demostrar la utilidad del framework propuesto para evolucionar una plataforma de datos abiertos bien conocida como es CKAN a un verdadero mercado de datos.---ABSTRACT---Service Business Frameworks consist on a number of interrelated components that support the management of business services across their whole lifecycle, from their creation, publication, discovery and comparison, to their monetization (possibly including revenue settlement and sharing). In this regard, the FIWARE Business Framework aims at allowing FIWARE users to enhance their solutions with search, discovery, comparison, monetization and revenue settlement and sharing features. To achieve this objective, the FIWARE Business Framework provides the open specification and APIs of a comprehensive set of components (called Generic Enablers in FIWARE terminology), along with a reference implementation of these APIs,, that can be easily integrated with existing systems in order to create value added applications. At the beginning of the current Master's Thesis, the FIWARE Business Framework was not mature enough to cover the requirements of the its users, since it provided too general models and leaved some key functionality to be implemented by those users. To deal with these issues, the main objective carried out in the context of this Master's Thesis have been enhancing and evolving the FIWARE Business Framework to accomplish with the demands of its users. For achieving the main objective of this Master's Thesis, the FWARE Business Framework has been evaluated using the feedback provided by FIWARE users, mainly SMEs and start-ups, actually using the framework in their solutions, in order to determine a list of requirements and to design a roadmap for the evolution and improvement of the existing framework in the next 6 months. Then, the diferent issues detected have been tackle one by one enhancing them, and trying to give a solution able to cover users requirements. Finally, the results of the project have been evaluated by integrating the evolved FIWARE Business Framework with an existing system in charge of the management of energy consumption data, building what has been called the Energy Consumption Data Market. This has also allowed demonstrating the usefulness of the proposed business framework to evolve CKAN, a renowned open data platform, into an actual, fully- edged data market.

Retos del sector de Sociedades de Garantía Recíproca frente a la crisis actual

El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar los retos a los que se enfrentan las Sociedades de Garantías Recíprocas (SGR) y su papel en la financiación de la PYME en el contexto actual de crisis financiera en España. Entre las principales conclusiones, destacar que ante las mayores dificultades actuales, las SGR adquieren mayor relevancia para facilitar el acceso al crédito para las PYMES debido a que son un instrumento directo, con su garantía los fondos del sistema bancario llegan hacia estas empresas, y muy eficaz, por el efecto multiplicador de su actividad. Sin embargo, a su vez, estas sociedades están afectadas igualmente por el aumento de la morosidad al que deben enfrentarse y que incide en su actividad avalista. Se analiza, por tanto, la importancia de mantener la solvencia de las SGR y de CERSA (Compañía Española de Reafianzamiento) en niveles adecuados para que puedan cumplir con los retos actuales de ampliar su actividad incluso a un mayor número de PYMES. = The aim of this paper is to analyze the challenges confronted by the Reciprocal Guarantees Societies (SGRs,Spanish acronym), and its role in the financing of SMEs in the current context of financial crisis in Spain. Major findings include, considering the greatest current difficulties of nowadays, that the SGRs acquires greater relevance to facilitate the access to credit for SMEs because they are a direct instrument, with its guarantee funds incoming to these companies from the banking system, and very effective, due to the multiplier effect of its activity. However, in turn, these societies are also affected by the increase in doubtful assets which have to face and that affect his guarantor activity. It is analyzed, therefore, the relevance of maintaining the SGRs and CERSA (Compañía Española de Reafianzamiento) solvency at appropriate levels in order to address the current challenges of expanding its activity, indeed to a larger number of SMEs.

Fashion in Actions on Social Media – Spanish SME Fashion Brands Case Studies

Fashion is one of the most vibrant sectors in Europe and important contributors to the European Union (EU) economy. In particular, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play a major part in European fashion industry (EU 2012). Just like fashion, where people¿s style has inherently meant to be shared as it is foremost a representation of one¿s self-image, social media allow the reflection of ones' personality and emotions. Although fashion practitioners have embraced social media in their marketing activities, it is still relatively few known at an academic level about the specificities of fashion industry when approaching social media marketing (SMM) strategies. This study sets out to explore fashion companies' SMM strategy and its activities. From an exploratory approach, we present case studies of two Spanish SME fashion companies, anonymously named hereafter as Company A and Company B, to deepen our understanding on how fashion brands implement their SMM strategy. Company A offers high-end fashion products while Company B produces medium fashion products. We analyzed the case studies using qualitative (interviews to companies' executives) and a mix of qualitative and quantitative (content analysis of companies' social media platform) methods. Public posts data of both companies' Facebook brand pages were used to perform the content analysis. Our findings through case studies of the two companies reveal that branding-oriented strategic objectives are the main drivers of their SMM implementations. There are significant differences between both companies. The main strategic action employed by Company A is engaging customers to participate into brand's offline social gathering events by inviting them through social media platform, while Company B focuses its effort on posting product promotion related contents and engaging influencers such as fashion bloggers. Our results are expected to serve as a basis of further investigations on how SMM strategy and strategic actions implemented by fashion brands may influence marketing outcomes.

Inter-organizational information systems adoption for service innovation in building sector

The building sector has experienced a significant decline in recent years in Spain and Europe as a result of the financial crisis that began in 2007. This drop accompanies a low penetration of information and communication technologies in inter-organizational oriented business processes. The market decrease is causing a slowdown in the building sector, where only flexible small and medium enterprises (SMEs) survive thanks to specialization and innovation in services, which allow them to face new market demands. Inter-organizational information systems (IOISs) support innovation in services, and are thus a strategic tool for SMEs to obtain competitive advantage. Because of the inherent complexity of IOIS adoption, this research extends Kurnia and Johnston's (2000) theoretical model of IOIS adoption with an empirical model of IOIS characterization. The resultant model identifies the factors influencing IOIS adoption in SMEs in the building sector, to promote further service innovation for competitive and collaborative advantages. An empirical longitudinal study over six consecutive years using data from Spanish SMEs in the building sector validates the model, using the partial least squares technique and analyzing temporal stability. The main findings of this research are the four ways an IOIS might contribute to service innovation in the building sector. Namely: a) improving client interfaces and the link between service providers and end users; b) defining a specific market where SMEs can develop new service concepts; c) enhancing the service delivery system in traditional customer?supplier relationships; and d) introducing information and communication technologies and tools to improve information management.

GPS-PYMEs: Marco de Gestión de Proyectos para el desarrollo Seguro en PYMEs

En la actualidad no se concibe una empresa, por pequeña que esta sea, sin algún tipo de servicio TI. Se presenta para cada empresa el reto de emprender proyectos para desarrollar o contratar servicios de TI que soporten los diferentes procesos de negocio de la empresa. Por otro lado, a menos que los servicios de TI estén aislados de toda red, lo cual es prácticamente imposible en la actualidad, no existe un servicio o un proyecto que lo desarrolle garantizando el 100% de seguridad. Así la empresa maneja una dualidad entre desarrollar productos/servicios de TI seguros y el mantenimiento constante de sus servicios TI en estado seguro. La gestión de los proyectos para el desarrollo de los servicios de TI se aborda, en la mayoría de las empresas, aplicando distintas prácticas, utilizadas en otros proyectos y recomendadas, a tal efecto, por marcos y estándares con mayor reconocimiento. Por lo general, estos marcos incluyen, entre sus procesos, la gestión de los riesgos orientada al cumplimiento de plazos, de costes y, a veces, de la funcionalidad del producto o servicio. Sin embargo, en estas prácticas se obvian los aspectos de seguridad (confidencialidad, integridad y disponibilidad) del producto/servicio, necesarios durante el desarrollo del proyecto. Además, una vez entregado el servicio, a nivel operativo, cuando surge algún fallo relativo a estos aspectos de seguridad, se aplican soluciones ad-hoc. Esto provoca grandes pérdidas y, en ocasiones, pone en peligro la continuidad de la propia empresa. Este problema, se va acrecentando cada día más, en cualquier tipo de empresa y, son las PYMEs, por su la falta de conocimiento del problema en sí y la escasez de recursos metodológicos y técnicos, las empresas más vulnerables. Por todo lo anterior, esta tesis doctoral tiene un doble objetivo. En primer lugar, demostrar la necesidad de contar con un marco de trabajo que, integrado con otros posibles marcos y estándares, sea sencillo de aplicar en distintos tipos y envergaduras de proyectos, y que guíe a las PYMEs en la gestión de proyectos para el desarrollo seguro y posterior mantenimiento de la seguridad de sus servicios de TI. En segundo lugar, cubrir esta necesidad desarrollando un marco de trabajo que ofrezca un modelo de proceso genérico aplicable sobre distintos patrones de proyecto y una librería de activos de seguridad que sirva a las PYMEs de guía durante el proceso de gestión del proyecto para el desarrollo seguro. El modelo de proceso del marco propuesto describe actividades en los tres niveles organizativos de la empresa (estratégico, táctico y operativo). Está basado en el ciclo de mejora continua (PDCA) y en la filosofía Seguridad por Diseño, propuesta por Siemens. Se detallan las prácticas específicas de cada actividad, las entradas, salidas, acciones, roles, KPIs y técnicas aplicables para cada actividad. Estas prácticas específicas pueden aplicarse o no, a criterio del jefe de proyecto y de acuerdo al estado de la empresa y proyecto que se quiera desarrollar, estableciendo así distintos patrones de proceso. Para la validación del marco se han elegido dos PYMEs. La primera del sector servicios y la segunda del sector TIC. El modelo de proceso ha sido aplicado sobre un mismo patrón de proyecto que responde a necesidades comunes a ambas empresas. El patrón de proceso ha sido valorado en los proyectos elegidos en ambas empresas, antes y después de su aplicación. Los resultados del estudio, después de su aplicación en ambas empresas, han permitido la validación del patrón de proceso, en la mejora de la gestión de proyecto para el desarrollo seguro de TI en las PYMEs. ABSTRACT Today a company without any IT service is not conceived, even if it is small either. It presents the challenge for each company to undertake projects to develop or contract IT services that support the different business processes of the company. On the other hand, unless IT services are isolated from whole network, which is virtually impossible at present, there is no service or project, which develops guaranteeing 100% security. So the company handles a duality, develop products / insurance IT services and constant maintenance of their IT services in a safe state. The project management for the development of IT services is addressed, in most companies, using different practices used in other projects and recommended for this purpose by frameworks and standards with greater recognition. Generally, these frameworks include, among its processes, risk management aimed at meeting deadlines, costs and, sometimes, the functionality of the product or service. However, safety issues such as confidentiality, integrity and availability of the product / service, necessary for the project, they are ignored in these practices. Moreover, once the service delivered at the operational level, when a fault on these safety issues arise, ad-hoc solutions are applied. This causes great losses and sometimes threatens the continuity of the company. This problem is adding more every day, in any kind of business and SMEs are, by their lack of knowledge of the problem itself and the lack of methodological and technical resources, the most vulnerable companies. For all these reasons, this thesis has two objectives. Firstly demonstrate the need for a framework that integrated with other possible frameworks and standards, it is simple to apply in different types and wingspans of projects, and to guide SMEs in the management of development projects safely, and subsequent maintenance of the security of their IT services. Secondly meet this need by developing a framework that provides a generic process model applicable to project different patterns and a library of security assets, which serve to guide SMEs in the process of project management for development safe. The process model describes the proposed activities under the three organizational levels of the company (strategic, tactical and operational). It is based on the continuous improvement cycle (PDCA) and Security Design philosophy proposed by Siemens. The specific practices, inputs, outputs, actions, roles, KPIs and techniques applicable to each activity are detailed. These specific practices can be applied or not, at the discretion of the project manager and according to the state of the company and project that the company wants to develop, establishing different patterns of process. Two SMEs have been chosen to validate the frame work. The first of the services sector and the second in the ICT sector. The process model has been applied on the same pattern project that responds to needs common to both companies. The process pattern has been valued at the selected projects in both companies before and after application. The results of the study, after application in both companies have enabled pattern validation process, improving project management for the safe development of IT in SMEs.

How small and medium enterprises can begin their implementation of ITIL?

Sequencing of Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) processes related to their order of implementation is one of the pending issues in the ITIL handbooks. Other frameworks and process models related to service management (e.g., COBIT, COSO and CMMI-SVC) are quite well described in the literature and their handbooks. However, the identifi cation of the fi rst process to be implemented has not been deeply analysed in the previous frameworks and models, and it is also a complex question to answer for organizations, especially Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Moreover, SMEs are the organizations that have the largest presence in the world economy; offi cial data of General Business Directory, show that their range of presence in different countries around the world is between 93% and 99%, and the average of employment contribution is around 60%. Consequently, the improvement of information technology service management is of vital importance to accomplish in this type of enterprises. This research has focused on two surveys that aim at helping SMEs to select the ITIL process by which starting the implementation of ITIL. In the fi rst survey, data were gathered through a questionnaire to SMEs registered in the region of Madrid. The second survey obtained data from experts and enterprises in countries as Spain, Ecuador, Chile, Luxembourg, Colombia, Norway, El Salvador, and Venezuela. Finally, the results of both surveys show that the tendency for starting an ITIL implementation in SMEs points to one of the processes included in the Service Operation.