Cálculo del ruido de tráfico de una carretera empleando lo especificado en el proyecto IMAGINE

El objetivo del trabajo es estudiar el procedimiento descrito en el proyecto IMAGINE(estimación del nivel de ruido del tráfico rodado que se registra en las carreteras europeas, a partir de la obtención del nivel de potencia sonora del ruido de propulsión y del ruido de rodadura). Para validar el modelo, se compararán los resultados teóricos del proyecto con los niveles registrados en las inmediaciones de la M-40, dentro del campus de la Escuela Universitaria de Ingeniería Técnica de Telecomunicación. Para obtener los valores reales, además de lo descrito en el proyecto IMAGINE se empleará como método de medida el descrito en la ISO 1996- Parte 2 y con el instrumental con el que cuenta la Escuela. SUMMARY. The objective of this work is to analyse the procedure described in the IMAGINE project(estimation of the road traffic noise level that can be observed in the European roads, by means of obtaining the level of audible power from both the propulsion and rolling noise), in order to validate the model. The theoretical results from the project will be compared against the levels measured in the surroundings of the M-40 in Madrid, within the campus of the Escuela Universitaria de Ingeniería Técnica de Telecomunicación. To obtain the real values, the IMAGINE project and the methodology described in the norm ISO 1996 - Part 2 will be used, with the equipment made available by the Faculty.

Desarrollo de Técnicas Interferométricas para Radares de Alta Resolución en Milimétricas

En esta tesis doctoral se aborda el desarrollo de técnicas interferométricas para radares de alta resolución en milimétricas. Específicamente, se centra en el desarrollo de técnicas para radares terrestres y en concreto aquellas relacionadas con el seguimiento, clasificación y generación de imágenes de blancos móviles. Aparte del desarrollo teórico y simulación de las diferentes técnicas, uno de los grandes retos de esta tesis es la verificación experimental de las mismas. Para este propósito, se empleará un prototipo de sensor radar interferométrico de muy alta resolución y de ondas milimétricas. El primer capítulo de la tesis realiza una pequeña introducción a las técnicas interferométricas y presenta los objetivos, motivación y organización del presente trabajo. El segundo capítulo hace una pequeña introducción a los radares interferométricos de alta resolución en milimétricas y presenta el sensor radar experimental con el que se llevarán a cabo la validación de las distintas técnicas presentadas. El tercer capítulo recoge las distintas técnicas interferométricas desarrolladas para el seguimiento y cálculo de la altura de blancos móviles en radares de alta resolución. Entre ellas se encuentran: el seguimiento de blancos móviles en sucesión de imágenes ISAR, el cálculo de altura de blancos en imágenes radar bidimensionales distancia-tiempo y su equivalente en imágenes distancia-Doppler. El cuarto capítulo presenta una aplicación de las técnicas interferométricas para la vigilancia de tráfico en carreteras. Se describirán dos configuraciones radar que permiten calcular la velocidad de todos los blancos iluminados por el radar identificando de manera unívoca a los blancos en función del carril por el que circulen. El quinto capítulo presenta técnicas interferométricas aplicadas a la vigilancia en entornos marítimos basadas en la generación de imágenes interferométricas. Para demostrar la viabilidad del uso de estas imágenes se ha desarrollado un simulador de blancos móviles extensos realistas. Abstract This Ph. D thesis deals with the development of radar interferometry techniques for high-resolution millimeter wave sensors. It focuses on the development of techniques for ground-based radars and specifically those related to monitoring, classification and imaging of moving targets. Apart from the theoretical development and simulation, another major technical challenge of this thesis is the experimental verification of the different techniques. For that purpuse, a very high resolution interferometric millimeter wave radar sensor is used. The first chapter of the thesis makes a brief introduction to the interferometric techniques and shows the goals, motivation and organization of this work. The second chapter provides a brief introduction to high resolution interferometric radars in millimeter waves and presents the experimental radar sensor which will be used for the validation of the various techniques presented. The third chapter presents the different interferometric techniques developed for monitoring and obtaining the height of moving targets in high resolution radars. Among them are: tracking of moving targets in a succession of ISAR images, targets height calculation using bidimensional range-time radar images and the equivalente technique using range-Doppler images. The fourth chapter presents the application of interferometric techniques for road traffic monitoring. Two radar configurations are described. Both of them are able to obtain the speed for simultaneuslly illuminated targets, and univocally identify each target based on the detected road lane. The fifth chapter presents the application of interferometric techniques to maritime surveillance based on interferometric imaging. To demonstrate the feasibility of the presented techniques a realistic simulator of extended moving targets has been developed.

Combining Text and Graphics for Interactive Exploration of Behavior Datasets

Modern sensor technologies and simulators applied to large and complex dynamic systems (such as road traffic networks, sets of river channels, etc.) produce large amounts of behavior data that are difficult for users to interpret and analyze. Software tools that generate presentations combining text and graphics can help users understand this data. In this paper we describe the results of our research on automatic multimedia presentation generation (including text, graphics, maps, images, etc.) for interactive exploration of behavior datasets. We designed a novel user interface that combines automatically generated text and graphical resources. We describe the general knowledge-based design of our presentation generation tool. We also present applications that we developed to validate the method, and a comparison with related work.

El Poblado Dirigido de Caño Roto: Dialéctica entre morfología urbana y tipología edificatoria

La tesis doctoral titulada “El Poblado Dirigido de Caño Roto. Dialéctica entre morfología urbana y tipología edificatoria” analiza el poblado de Caño Roto, un vecindario de vivienda social construido en Madrid entre 1957 y 1963, a partir de la relación entre la edificación y la forma urbana resultante. También, la investigación desarrolla un análisis historiográfico de la obra así como de las condiciones políticas, sociales, económicas y normativas existentes en el momento de su realización, para concluir con un estudio comparativo entre éste y otros proyectos análogos al poblado en aspectos como el marco temporal y geopolítico, los planteamientos urbanísticos y algunas soluciones tipológicas y constructivas. El trabajo pretende, por un lado, profundizar en el conocimiento que se tiene actualmente de esta obra, considerada por muchos como una de las más relevantes de la arquitectura española contemporánea, y, por otro, extraer a partir de su estudio, pautas, criterios y estrategias de diseño urbano que puedan ser extrapolables al proyecto contemporáneo; a fin de superar los actuales, pero obsoletos, modelos de desarrollo. No obstante, sabemos que cualquier respuesta que plantee una vuelta al pasado está condenada al fracaso. Las circunstancias cambian y, en consecuencia, las soluciones no pueden ser las mismas. Pero si las respuestas ya no nos sirven, las preguntas siguen siendo válidas. Quién es el protagonista del diseño urbano en Caño Roto. Cómo conviven el tráfico peatonal y el rodado. Cuál es la densidad del barrio. Cómo se articulan los usos residencial, comercial y dotacional. De qué manera se organiza el tejido urbano. Qué relación existe entre los tipos edificatorios y la morfología urbana resultante; y entre los espacios de uso privado o restringido y los de uso público. Partimos de la hipótesis de que los análisis, reflexiones y resultados derivados de interrogar al poblado de Caño Roto acerca de estas, y otras muchas, cuestiones nos permitirán alcanzar un entendimiento global de la complejidad urbana y nos revelarán, además, propuestas y soluciones que contribuyan a mejorar la calidad de nuestras ciudades; ahora y en adelante. ABSTRACT The thesis entitled “El Poblado Dirigido de Caño Roto. Dialéctica entre morfología urbana y tipología edificatoria” [Poblado Dirigido of Caño Roto. Dialectic between urban morphology and typology] analyzes Caño Roto, a social housing neighborhood built in Madrid between 1957 and 1963, from the relationship between buildings and the resulting urban form. Also, this research develops a historiographical analysis of this project as well as the social, political, financial and legislative conditions present at time of its construction. This thesis concludes with a comparative study with other similar projects in temporal and geopolitical framework, urban approaches and some typological and constructive solutions. The research aims, on the one hand, to expand the current knowledge about Caño Roto, considered by many as one of the most important project at Spanish contemporary architecture; and, on the other hand, deducing from the study guidelines, criteria and strategies of urban design which can be extrapolated to contemporary architecture and urbanism. This way, we will be able to overcome current, but obsolete development models. However, we know that any response that suggests coming back to the past is destined to failure. Circumstances change and, consequently, solutions cannot be the same. But if the answers do not serve, questions are still right. Who is the protagonist of Caño Roto urban design? How do pedestrian and road traffic coexist together? What is the neighborhood’s density? How are residential, commercial and endowment uses articulated? How is urban fabric organized? What is the relationship between building types and the resulting urban morphology; and between private and public spaces? We start from the hypothesis that analysis, reflections and results arising from questioning Caño Roto about these, and many others, issues will enable us to have a comprehensive understanding of urban complexity, and they will also reveal proposals and solutions which help us to improve the quality of our cities; from now on.

Análisis del ruido de ocio, propuesta de procedimientos y herramientas de gestión

El ruido derivado de las actividades de ocio es uno de los contaminantes acústicos más importantes en la sociedad actual. Este foco de ruido no sólo se encuentra presente en los entorno de los bares, pubs o discotecas, sino también en las zonas donde se desarrollan los eventos festivos de la ciudad. Sin embargo, son pocos los estudios y actuaciones llevadas a cabo desde el punto de vista ambiental que permitan conocer las principales características del ruido de ocio, los métodos de medida o los parámetros más adecuados. Por este motivo, se han fijado en estos aspectos los objetivos de esta tesis doctoral. Para el estudio del ruido de ocio nocturno se ha desarrollado y evaluado un método de medida, basado en la realización de medidas binaurales durante un recorrido y en medidas de larga duración en puntos fijos de las distintas zonas de ocio de Madrid y Cuenca. A partir de los resultados obtenidos, se ha realizado una caracterización acústica del ruido ocio, se ha definido un procedimiento de actuación en el que se incluye un modelo de predicción, y se ha desarrollado un modelo clasificador capaz de diferenciar el ruido de ocio del ruido de tráfico rodado. En el caso de los eventos de ocio también se ha desarrollado un método de evaluación y medida adaptado a sus características, con el que se han medido los eventos más importantes acontecidos durante un año en Madrid y Cuenca, del análisis de estas medidas se ha determinado qué eventos son los más ruidosos, así como sus características principales y las diferencias entre ellos. Este estudio pretende servir de apoyo en la gestión del ruido ambiental derivado de las actividades de ocio, presentando datos cualitativos y cuantitativos de este tipo de ruido en sus distintas facetas y aportando nuevas herramientas que faciliten su gestión. ABSTRACT Leisure noise is one of the most important environmental pollutants nowadays. This noise is not only nearby leisure venues where people go at night, but also around leisure events like popular parties or concerts placed in urban areas. There are few studies and actions about leisure noise from the environmental noise point of view, and consequently, there are no information about the leisure noise characteristics, the most appropriate measurement methods or the most interesting parameters to evaluate this kind of noise. Consequently, these are the aims of this PhD thesis. About the noise around leisure venues, a measurement method has been defined by using the Soundwalker technique. Besides, fixed point measurements have been done in different leisure areas. With the results of these measurements, a noise characterization has been done and a guide has been developed to act in case of leisure noise problems, including a method to predict the leisure noise in this kind of areas. As well as that, a classifying model has been done to differenciate leisure noise and road traffic noise. A measurement procedure has been developed in the leisure events case. Following this procedure, the most important events happened during a year in two different cities have been measured. With these results, the noisiest events, the most important characteristics of each kind of event and the differences between them have been pointed out. This study tries to support the environmental noise management in the leisure noise case. It provides cualitative and quantitative data of leisure noise levels in different situations; it also defines an action protocol to resolve leisure noise problems and it defines new tools to manage this kind of noise.

Sight distance studies on roads: influence of digital elevation models and roadside elements

Sight distance plays an important role in road traffic safety. Two types of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are utilized for the estimation of available sight distance in roads: Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) and Digital Surface Models (DSMs). DTMs, which represent the bare ground surface, are commonly used to determine available sight distance at the design stage. Additionally, the use of DSMs provides further information about elements by the roadsides such as trees, buildings, walls or even traffic signals which may reduce available sight distance. This document analyses the influence of three classes of DEMs in available sight distance estimation. For this purpose, diverse roads within the Region of Madrid (Spain) have been studied using software based on geographic information systems. The study evidences the influence of using each DEM in the outcome as well as the pros and cons of using each model.

Implementación de un sistema informático para el procesamiento de datos de tráfico vial

El presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado se enmarca dentro de un sistema de control y desarrollo de sistemas inteligentes de transporte (ITS). Este Trabajo consta de varias líneas de desarrollo, que se engloban dentro de dicho marco y surgen de la necesidad de aumentar la seguridad, flujo, estructura y mantenimiento de las carreteras incorporando las tecnologías más recientes. En primer lugar, el presente Trabajo se centra en el desarrollo de un nuevo sistema de procesamiento de datos de tráfico en tiempo real que aprovecha las tecnologías de Big Data, Cloud Computing y Map-Reduce que han surgido estos últimos años. Para ello se realiza un estudio previo de los datos de tráfico vial que originan los vehículos que viajan por carreteras. Centrándose en el sistema empleado por la Dirección General de Tráfico de España y comparándolos con el de las Empresas basadas en servicios de localización (LBS). Se expone el modelo Hadoop utilizado así como el proceso Map-Reduce implementado en este sistema analizador. Por último los datos de salida son preparados y enviados a un módulo web básico que actúa como Sistema de Información Geográfica (GIS).---ABSTRACT---This Final Degree Project is part of a control system and development of intelligent transport systems (ITS). This work is part of a several lines of development, which are included within this framework and arise from the need to increase security, flow, structure and maintenance of roads incorporating the latest technologies. First, this paper focuses on the development of a new data processing system of real-time traffic that takes advantage of Big Data, Cloud Computing and Map-Reduce technologies emerged in our recent years. It is made a preliminary study of road traffic data originated by vehicles traveling by road. Focusing on the system used by the Dirección General de Tráfico of Spain and compared with that of the companies offering location based services (LBS). It is exposed the used Hadoop model and the Map-Reduce process implemented on this analyzer system. Finally, the output data is prepared and sent to a basic web module that acts as Geographic Information System (GIS).

Optimización del consumo de combustible de un vehículo dependiendo de las condiciones de la carretera

El consumo de combustible en un automóvil es una característica que se intenta mejorar continuamente debido a los precios del carburante y a la creciente conciencia medioambiental. Esta tesis doctoral plantea un algoritmo de optimización del consumo que tiene en cuenta las especificaciones técnicas del vehículo, el perfil de orografía de la carretera y el tráfico presente en ella. El algoritmo de optimización calcula el perfil de velocidad óptima que debe seguir el vehículo para completar un recorrido empleando un tiempo de viaje especificado. El cálculo del perfil de velocidad óptima considera los valores de pendiente de la carretera así como también las condiciones de tráfico vehicular de la franja horaria en que se realiza el recorrido. El algoritmo de optimización reacciona ante condiciones de tráfico cambiantes y adapta continuamente el perfil óptimo de velocidad para que el vehículo llegue al destino cumpliendo el horario de llegada establecido. La optimización de consumo es aplicada en vehículos convencionales de motor de combustión interna y en vehículos híbridos tipo serie. Los datos de consumo utilizados por el algoritmo de optimización se obtienen mediante la simulación de modelos cuasi-estáticos de los vehículos. La técnica de minimización empleada por el algoritmo es la Programación Dinámica. El algoritmo divide la optimización del consumo en dos partes claramente diferenciadas y aplica la Programación Dinámica sobre cada una de ellas. La primera parte corresponde a la optimización del consumo del vehículo en función de las condiciones de tráfico. Esta optimización calcula un perfil de velocidad promedio que evita, cuando es posible, las retenciones de tráfico. El tiempo de viaje perdido durante una retención de tráfico debe recuperarse a través de un aumento posterior de la velocidad promedio que incrementaría el consumo del vehículo. La segunda parte de la optimización es la encargada del cálculo de la velocidad óptima en función de la orografía y del tiempo de viaje disponible. Dado que el consumo de combustible del vehículo se incrementa cuando disminuye el tiempo disponible para finalizar un recorrido, esta optimización utiliza factores de ponderación para modular la influencia que tiene cada una de estas dos variables en el proceso de minimización. Aunque los factores de ponderación y la orografía de la carretera condicionan el nivel de ahorro de la optimización, los perfiles de velocidad óptima calculados logran ahorros de consumo respecto de un perfil de velocidad constante que obtiene el mismo tiempo de recorrido. Las simulaciones indican que el ahorro de combustible del vehículo convencional puede lograr hasta un 8.9% mientras que el ahorro de energía eléctrica del vehículo híbrido serie un 2.8%. El algoritmo fusiona la optimización en función de las condiciones del tráfico y la optimización en función de la orografía durante el cálculo en tiempo real del perfil óptimo de velocidad. La optimización conjunta se logra cuando el perfil de velocidad promedio resultante de la optimización en función de las condiciones de tráfico define los valores de los factores de ponderación de la optimización en función de la orografía. Aunque el nivel de ahorro de la optimización conjunta depende de las condiciones de tráfico, de la orografía, del tiempo de recorrido y de las características propias del vehículo, las simulaciones indican ahorros de consumo superiores al 6% en ambas clases de vehículo respecto a optimizaciones que no logran evitar retenciones de tráfico en la carretera. ABSTRACT Fuel consumption of cars is a feature that is continuously being improved due to the fuel price and an increasing environmental awareness. This doctoral dissertation describes an optimization algorithm to decrease the fuel consumption taking into account the technical specifications of the vehicle, the terrain profile of the road and the traffic conditions of the trip. The algorithm calculates the optimal speed profile that completes a trip having a specified travel time. This calculation considers the road slope and the expected traffic conditions during the trip. The optimization algorithm is also able to react to changing traffic conditions and tunes the optimal speed profile to reach the destination within the specified arrival time. The optimization is applied on a conventional vehicle and also on a Series Hybrid Electric vehicle (SHEV). The fuel consumption optimization algorithm uses data obtained from quasi-static simulations. The algorithm is based on Dynamic Programming and divides the fuel consumption optimization problem into two parts. The first part of the optimization process reduces the fuel consumption according to foreseeable traffic conditions. It calculates an average speed profile that tries to avoid, if possible, the traffic jams on the road. Traffic jams that delay drivers result in higher vehicle speed to make up for lost time. A higher speed of the vehicle within an already defined time scheme increases fuel consumption. The second part of the optimization process is in charge of calculating the optimal speed profile according to the road slope and the remaining travel time. The optimization tunes the fuel consumption and travel time relevancies by using two penalty factors. Although the optimization results depend on the road slope and the travel time, the optimal speed profile produces improvements of 8.9% on the fuel consumption of the conventional car and of 2.8% on the spent energy of the hybrid vehicle when compared with a constant speed profile. The two parts of the optimization process are combined during the Real-Time execution of the algorithm. The average speed profile calculated by the optimization according to the traffic conditions provides values for the two penalty factors utilized by the second part of the optimization process. Although the savings depend on the road slope, traffic conditions, vehicle features, and the remaining travel time, simulations show that this joint optimization process can improve the energy consumption of the two vehicles types by more than 6%.

Vehicular traffic surveillance and road lane detection using radar interferometry

Speed enforcement on public roadways is an important issue in order to guarantee road security and to reduce the number and seriousness of traffic accidents. Traditionally, this task has been partially solved using radar and/or laser technologies and, more recently, using video-camera based systems. All these systems have significant shortcomings that have yet to be overcome. The main drawback of classical Doppler radar technology is that the velocity measurement fails when several vehicles are in the radars beam. Modern radar systems are able to measure speed and range between vehicle and radar. However, this is not enough to discriminate the lane where the vehicle is driving on. The limitation of several vehicles in the beam is overcome using laser technology. However, laser systems have another important limitation: They cannot measure the speed of several vehicles simultaneously. Novel video-camera systems, based on license plate identification, solve the previous drawbacks, but they have the problem that they can only measure average speed but never top-speed. This paper studies the feasibility of using an interferometric linear frequency modulated continuous wave radar to improve top-speed enforcement on roadways. Two different systems based on down-the-road and across-the-road radar configurations are presented. The main advantage of the proposed solutions is they can simultaneously measure speed, range, and lane of several vehicles, allowing the univocal identification of the offenders. A detailed analysis about the operation and accuracy of these solutions is reported. In addition, the feasibility of the proposed techniques has been demonstrated with simulations and real experiments using a Ka-band interferometric radar developed by our research group.

Dynamic behaviour of underspanned suspension road bridges under traffic loads

Underspanned suspension bridges are structures with important economical and aesthetic advantages, due to their high structural efficiency. However, road bridges of this typology are still uncommon because of limited knowledge about this structural system. In particular, there remains some uncertainty over the dynamic behaviour of these bridges, due to their extreme lightness. The vibrations produced by vehicles crossing the viaduct are one of the main concerns. In this work, traffic-induced dynamic effects on this kind of viaduct are addressed by means of vehicle-bridge dynamic interaction models. A finite element method is used for the structure, and multibody dynamic models for the vehicles, while interaction is represented by means of the penalty method. Road roughness is included in this model in such a way that the fact that profiles under left and right tyres are different, but not independent, is taken into account. In addition, free software {PRPgenerator) to generate these profiles is presented in this paper. The structural dynamic sensitivity of underspanned suspension bridges was found to be considerable, as well as the dynamic amplification factors and deck accelerations. It was also found that vehicle speed has a relevant influence on the results. In addition, the impact of bridge deformation on vehicle vibration was addressed, and the effect on the comfort of vehicle users was shown to be negligible.

Reduction in Calculated Uncertainty of a Noise Map by Improving the Traffic Model Data Through Two Phases

The influence of applying European default traffic values to the making of a noise map was evaluated in a typical environment like Palma de Mallorca. To assess these default traffic values, a first model has been created and compared with measured noise levels. Subsequently a second traffic model, improving the input data used for the first one, has been created and validated according to the deviations. Different methodologies were also examined for collecting model input data that would be of higher quality, by analysing the improvement generated in the reduction in the uncertainty of the noise map introduced by the road traffic noise emission

Detecting Traffic Problems with ILP

Expert systems for decision support have recently been successfully introduced in road transport management. In this paper, we apply three state-of-the art ILP systems to learn how to detect traffic problems.

Implementation and management of private traffic limitation in urban areas: experiences and methodologies.

This paper shows the results of a research aimed to formulate a general model for supporting the implementation and management of an urban road pricing scheme. After a preliminary work, to define the state of the art in the field of sustainable urban mobility strategies, the problem has been theoretically set up in terms of transport economy, introducing the external costs’ concept duly translated into the principle of pricing for the use of public infrastructures. The research is based on the definition of a set of direct and indirect indicators to qualify the urban areas by land use, mobility, environmental and economic conditions. These indicators have been calculated for a selected set of typical urban areas in Europe on the basis of the results of a survey carried out by means of a specific questionnaire. Once identified the most typical and interesting applications of the road pricing concept in cities such as London (Congestion Charging), Milan (Ecopass), Stockholm (Congestion Tax) and Rome (ZTL), a large benchmarking exercise and the cross analysis of direct and indirect indicators, has allowed to define a simple general model, guidelines and key requirements for the implementation of a pricing scheme based traffic restriction in a generic urban area. The model has been finally applied to the design of a road pricing scheme for a particular area in Madrid, and to the quantification of the expected results of its implementation from a land use, mobility, environmental and economic perspective.

The interurban DRAG-Spain model: the main factors of influence on road accidents in Spain

This paper presents the results of applying DRAG methodology to the identification of the main factors of influence on the number of injury and fatal accidents occurring on Spain’s interurban network. Nineteen independent variables have been included in the model grouped together under ten categories: exposure, infrastructure, weather, drivers, economic variables, vehicle stock, surveillance, speed and legislative measures. Highly interesting conclusions can be reached from the results on the basis of the different effects of a single variable on each of the accident types according to severity. The greatest influence revealed by the results is exposure, which together with inexperienced drivers, speed and an ageing vehicle stock, have a negative effect, while the increased surveillance on roads, the improvement in the technological features of vehicles and the proportion of high capacity networks have a positive effect, since the results obtained show a significant drop in accidents.

Analysis of road safety incentives in highway concessions in Spain

Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) are mostly implemented for three reasons: to circumvent budgetary constraints, encourage efficiency and improvement of quality in the provision of public infrastructure. One of the ways of reaching the latter objective is by the introduction of performance-based standards tied to bonuses and penalties to reward or punish the performance of the contractor. These performance based standards often refer to different aspects such as technical, environmental and safety issues. This paper focuses on the implementation of safety based incentives in PPPs. The main aim of this paper is to analyze whether the incentives to improve road safety in PPPs are effective in improving safety ratios in Spain. To this end, negative binomial regression models have been applied using information from the Spanish high capacity network in 2006. The findings indicate that even though road safety is highly influenced by variables that are not much controllable by the contractor such as the Average Annual Daily Traffic and the percentage of heavy vehicles in the highway, the implementation of safety incentives in PPPs has a positive influence in the reduction of fatalities, injuries and accidents.