36 resultados para Project 2001-008-C : Project Team Integration: Communication, Coordination and Decision Support
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(Matsukawa and Habeck, 2007) analyse the main instruments for risk mitigation in infrastructure financing with Multilateral Financial Institutions (MFIs). Their review coincided with the global financial crisis of 2007-08, and is highly relevant in current times considering the sovereign debt crisis, the lack of available capital and the increases in bank regulation in Western economies. The current macroeconomic environment has seen a slowdown in the level of finance for infrastructure projects, as they pose a higher credit risk given their requirements for long term investments. The rationale for this work is to look for innovative solutions that are focused on the credit risk mitigation of infrastructure and energy projects whilst optimizing the economic capital allocation for commercial banks. This objective is achieved through risk-sharing with MFIs and looking for capital relief in project finance transactions. This research finds out the answer to the main question: "What is the impact of risk-sharing with MFIs on project finance transactions to increase their efficiency and viability?", and is developed from the perspective of a commercial bank assessing the economic capital used and analysing the relevant variables for it: Probability of Default, Loss Given Default and Recovery Rates, (Altman, 2010). An overview of project finance for the infrastructure and energy sectors in terms of the volume of transactions worldwide is outlined, along with a summary of risk-sharing financing with MFIs. A review of the current regulatory framework beneath risk-sharing in structured finance with MFIs is also analysed. From here, the impact of risk-sharing and the diversification effect in infrastructure and energy projects is assessed, from the perspective of economic capital allocation for a commercial bank. CreditMetrics (J. P. Morgan, 1997) is applied over an existing well diversified portfolio of project finance infrastructure and energy investments, working with the main risk capital measures: economic capital, RAROC, and EVA. The conclusions of this research show that economic capital allocation on a portfolio of project finance along with risk-sharing with MFIs have a huge impact on capital relief whilst increasing performance profitability for commercial banks. There is an outstanding diversification effect due to the portfolio, which is combined with risk mitigation and an improvement in recovery rates through Partial Credit Guarantees issued by MFIs. A stress test scenario analysis is applied to the current assumptions and credit risk model, considering a downgrade in the rating for the commercial bank (lender) and an increase of default in emerging countries, presenting a direct impact on economic capital, through an increase in expected loss and a decrease in performance profitability. Getting capital relief through risk-sharing makes it more viable for commercial banks to finance infrastructure and energy projects, with the beneficial effect of a direct impact of these investments on GDP growth and employment. The main contribution of this work is to promote a strategic economic capital allocation in infrastructure and energy financing through innovative risk-sharing with MFIs and economic pricing to create economic value added for banks, and to allow the financing of more infrastructure and energy projects. This work suggests several topics for further research in relation to issues analysed. (Matsukawa and Habeck, 2007) analizan los principales instrumentos de mitigacin de riesgos en las Instituciones Financieras Multilaterales (IFMs) para la financiacin de infraestructuras. Su presentacin coincidi con el inicio de la crisis financiera en Agosto de 2007, y sus consecuencias persisten en la actualidad, destacando la deuda soberana en economas desarrolladas y los problemas capitalizacin de los bancos. Este entorno macroeconmico ha ralentizado la financiacin de proyectos de infraestructuras. El actual trabajo de investigacin tiene su motivacin en la bsqueda de soluciones para la financiacin de proyectos de infraestructuras y de energa, mitigando los riesgos inherentes, con el objeto de reducir el consumo de capital econmico en los bancos financiadores. Este objetivo se alcanza compartiendo el riesgo de la financiacin con IFMs, a travs de estructuras de risk-sharing. La investigacin responde la pregunta: "Cul es el impacto de risk-sharing con IFMs, en la financiacin de proyectos para aumentar su eficiencia y viabilidad?". El trabajo se desarrolla desde el enfoque de un banco comercial, estimando el consumo de capital econmico en la financiacin de proyectos y analizando las principales variables del riesgo de crdito, Probability of Default, Loss Given Default and Recovery Rates, (Altman, 2010). La investigacin presenta las cifras globales de Project Finance en los sectores de infraestructuras y de energa, y analiza el marco regulatorio internacional en relacin al consumo de capital econmico en la financiacin de proyectos en los que participan IFMs. A continuacin, el trabajo modeliza una cartera real, bien diversificada, de Project Finance de infraestructuras y de energa, aplicando la metodologa CreditMet- rics (J. P. Morgan, 1997). Su objeto es estimar el consumo de capital econmico y la rentabilidad de la cartera de proyectos a travs del RAROC y EVA. La modelizacin permite estimar el efecto diversificacin y la liberacin de capital econmico consecuencia del risk-sharing. Los resultados muestran el enorme impacto del efecto diversificacin de la cartera, as como de las garantas parciales de las IFMs que mitigan riesgos, mejoran el recovery rate de los proyectos y reducen el consumo de capital econmico para el banco comercial, mientras aumentan la rentabilidad, RAROC, y crean valor econmico, EVA. En escenarios econmicos de inestabilidad, empeoramiento del rating de los bancos, aumentos de default en los proyectos y de correlacin en las carteras, hay un impacto directo en el capital econmico y en la prdida de rentabilidad. La liberacin de capital econmico, como se plantea en la presente investigacin, permitir financiar ms proyectos de infraestructuras y de energa, lo que repercutir en un mayor crecimiento econmico y creacin de empleo. La principal contribucin de este trabajo es promover la gestin activa del capital econmico en la financiacin de infraestructuras y de proyectos energticos, a travs de estructuras innovadoras de risk-sharing con IFMs y de creacin de valor econmico en los bancos comerciales, lo que mejorara su eficiencia y capitalizacin. La aportacin metodolgica del trabajo se convierte por su originalidad en una contribucin, que sugiere y facilita nuevas lneas de investigacin acadmica en las principales variables del riesgo de crdito que afectan al capital econmico en la financiacin de proyectos.
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El presente trabajo de Tesis Doctoral surge de la Figura de la Direccin Integrada de Proyecto en Edificacin (Project & Construction Management) y su analisis de la situacin regulatoria en la legislacin espaola. El primer planteamiento fue pensar en la situacin actual de esta figura en el contexto internacional, para analizar su repercusin en el sector de la edificacin, lo cual me llevo a cabo las siguientes preguntas que he reuelto en esta investigacin. Como surge el Project & Construction Management? Cuales son sus actividades, funciones y cometidos? Existe el Project & Construction Management en otros pases? Hay regulacin del Project & Construction Management en esos paises? Cmo es la regulacin del Project & Construction Management? Existe demanda del Project & Construction Management en Espaa? Cmo es esa demanda en Espaa, y como se puede cuantificar? Existe regulacin del Project & Construction Management en Espaa? Como debera ser la regulacin del Project & Construction Management en Espaa? Todas las preguntas anteriores las he ido respondiendo con el presente trabajo, llegando a una serie de respuestas, que estn reflejadas en el desarrollo del presente trabajo y que resumo: - EL Project & Construction Management surge a principios del siglo XX en USA, desarrollndose como una disciplina con metodologa propia y extendindose por otros pases. - EL Project & Construction Management es una disciplina, basada en una metodologa propia con herramientas y tcnicas para organizar cualquier 14 proyecto de cualquier tipo, pero en este caso un proyecto de edificacin, para lo cual he definido con todo detalle esta figura. - El origen del Project & Construction Management es anglosajn, concretamente en USA, extendiendose luego al Reino Unido, a Europa (Francia y Alemania), a Asia, a Amrica del Sur y a Oceana. - En todos los paises estudiados (Estados Unidos, Reino Unido, Francia y Alemania) existe una regulacin sobre el Project & Construction Management que me ha servido de base comparativa para introducirla en Espaa. - Hay muchas empresas en Espaa (Nacionales e Internacionales) que ejercen su actividad dentro de este sector, por lo que para realizar un estudio ms profundo, hice una muestra de las 30 empresas ms significativas, prepare un cuestionario, dividido en 5 apartados: Organizativo, Sectorial, Cualitativo, Cuantitativo y Profesional para obtener una radiograda de la situacin real del sector, y as valorar cual es la importancia de este agente. - Estudi las posibles regulaciones del Project & Construction Management en Espaa y no encontr ninguna. - El lugar idneo para que se regule al Project & Construction Management es la Ley de Ordenacin de la Edificacin (LOE), ya que la jurisprudencia (sentencias de los tribunales de justicia espaoles) le ha asimilado con los agentes de la LOE y se ha basado para absolver o condenar en la Ley de Ordenacin de la Edificacin. Por lo que el Objetivo fundamental de esta tesis ha sido regular la figura del Project & Construction Management, traducirla al Castellano, definirla y realizar una estructura de Agente de la Edificacin, segn la LOE, para poder introducirla dentro de la Legislacin Espaola, con el objeto de mejorar la calidad de la edificacin, proteger al usuario, estableciendo responsabilidades y garantas y proteger al Project & Construction Management de las responsabilidades solidarias. ABSTRACT This Doctoral Thesis figure emerges from the Integrated Building Project ("Project & Construction Management") and his analysis of the regulatory situation in the Spanish legislation. The first approach was to think of the current situation of this figure in the international context, to analyze its impact on the building sector, which I conducted the following questions that I have met in this research. - How did the Project & Construction Management "? - What are your activities, functions and duties? - Is there a Project & Construction Management "in other countries? - Is there regulation Project & Construction Management "in these countries? - How is regulation of Project & Construction Management "? - Is there demand Project & Construction Management "in Spain? - How is that demand in Spain, and as you can quantify? - Is there regulation Project & Construction Management "in Spain? - How should regulation Project & Construction Management "in Spain? All the above questions have been answered with this study, leading to a series of responses, which are reflected in the development of this study and are summarized: - The Project & Construction Management "comes early twentieth century in the USA, developed as a discipline with its own methodology and extending other countries. - The Project & Construction Management "is a discipline based on a metodology own tools and techniques to organize any project of any kind, but in this case a building project, for which I have defined in detail this figure. - The origin of Project & Construction Management "is Anglo-Saxon, particularly in USA, then spreading to the UK, Europe (France and Germany), Asia, South America and Oceania. - In all countries studied (USA, UK, France and Germany) there is a regulation on Project & Construction Management "has helped me to introduce comparative base in Spain. - There are many companies in Spain (National and International) who perform work within this sector, so for further study, I made a sample of the 30 most important companies, prepare a questionnaire, divided into five sections: Organizational , Sector, Qualitative, Quantitative and Professional radiography for a real situation of the sector, and thus assess which is the importance of this agent. - Study the possible regulations Project & Construction Management "in Spain and found none. - The place to be regulated to Project & Construction Management "is the Law of Construction Planning (LOE), as the case law (judgments of the courts Spanish) has assimilated LOE agents and has been based to absolve or condemn Law Construction Planning. So the objective of this thesis has been regular figure Project & Construction Management ", translated to spanish, define and perform an Agent structure of the Building, as the LOE, to enter into Spanish law, in order to improve the quality of the building, protecting the user, establishing responsibilities and guarantees and protect the Project & Construction Management "solidarity responsibilities.
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Systems integration is the origin of most major difficulties found in the engineering design of aeronautical vehicles. The whole design team must assure that each subsystem accomplishes its particular goals and that, together with the rest of the systems, they all meet the general aircraft requirements.Design and building of UAS is a field of actuation to which leading Universities, research Centers and Aeronautical designers have dedicated a lot of effort. In recent years, a team of students, lecturers and professors at the Escuela Universitaria de Ingeniera Tcnica Aeronutica (EUITA) have been working on the design and building of a UAS for civil observation. The design of multi-mission Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has seen a rapid progress in the last years. A wide variety of designs and applications, some of them really ingenious, have been proposed. The project, which has been going on as a teamwork experience for the last ten years, consists of the design and building of a UAV, and its peculiarity is that it has been carried out entirely by undergraduate students, as part of their Final Research Project. The students face a challenge that includes all the features and stages of an authentic engineering project. We present the current moment of evolution in the process, together with a description of the main difficulties the project has undergone, as a global experience in engineering design and development.
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El Proyecto Fin de Carrera realizado aborda un estudio terico acerca de la retransmisin de un Real Madrid F.C. Barcelona. Con este proyecto se intenta que el lector consiga tener una idea acerca de todo lo que con lleva un partido de ftbol con estas dimensiones desde el punto de vista audiovisual y sea capaz de entender los pasos necesarios a dar para realizarlo. Cuando vemos la retransmisin de un evento deportivo y concretamente de un partido de ftbol de tal envergadura, es casi imposible pensar el despliegue que hay detrs de l. Por ello, se ha intentado explicar de una manera sencilla y breve la manera de realizar un evento de este tamao, que podra servir como ejemplo para realizar otros eventos deportivos de gran escala. A lo largo de este proyecto, se realiza un estudio completo sobre los principales pasos a dar para hacer posible que la retransmisin llegue a los espectadores. La memoria de este proyecto est basada en 7 captulos. En el primer captulo, se expone una breve introduccin sobre la retransmisin de partidos, para que el lector pueda hacerse una idea de lo que se va a realizar posteriormente y pueda tener una idea de lo que se explica en los captulos restantes. En el segundo captulo, se trata del primer paso para la retransmisin de un partido de ftbol, que puede aplicarse a otros eventos deportivos. Este apartado est centrado en la localizacin del lugar, en l se explican los primeros pasos a dar en los primeros das de montaje. Estos son fundamentales para que posteriormente el partido pueda salir de la mejor manera posible, equivocarse o cometer errores al inicio puede acarrear mayores gastos econmicos y grandes demoras de tiempo posteriormente. El tercer captulo se centra en el montaje y la produccin del evento. En la primera parte, se explica cmo situar dentro del campo de ftbol los micrfonos y las cmaras. Adems, se hace una descripcin de cada uno de ellos. Tambin se introducen conceptos bsicos y parmetros de los principales micrfonos y cmaras que se usarn en el evento. La segunda parte del captulo se centra en explicar las diferentes seales utilizadas, como se transmiten y la comunicacin interna y externa. El captulo cuarto sirve para conocer el material necesario para realizar el evento. Se explican: micrfonos, cmaras, EVS (Unidades de grabacin), CCU (Camera Control Unit), mezclador y tipo de cableado indicando los modelos y marcas ms relevantes que se usan en la actualidad. Adems, se pueden ver diferentes figuras del material utilizado. En el quinto captulo, se ven las principales funciones que realizan los empleados. Comienza con una amplia explicacin de la realizacin del evento y contina explicando las diferentes funciones de los operadores del material visto en el captulo anterior. El captulo sexto, sirve para explicar un presupuesto aproximado de lo que sera la realizacin y produccin del evento y poder estudiar la viabilidad de este. Por ltimo, en el captulo sptimo se ven una serie de conclusiones a modo de resumen, las cuales han de ayudar a dejar completamente claros una serie de conceptos bsicos acerca del proyecto. ABSTRACT. The Thesis made deals with a theoretical study of the broadcast of a Real Madrid - FC Barcelona. This project, tries that the reader gets has an idea of everything that has a football match with these dimensions from the visual point of view and be able to understand the steps to take. When we see the broadcast of a sport event and specifically a football match of this magnitude, it is almost impossible to think the deployment behind it. Therefore, we have tried to explain in a simple and concise way to hold an event of this size and it could serve for other large-scale sporting events. Throughout this project, a comprehensive study is done on the main steps to be taken to make the broadcast possible way to reach spectators. The memory of this project is based on seven chapters. In the first chapter, a brief introduction explains retransmission matches, so that the reader can get an idea about is explained in the next chapters. In the second chapter, the first step is performed to broadcast a football match and that can be applied to other sports events. This section focuses on the location of where it explains the first days of installation. This is important for later the match can be done of the best possible way and wrong or make mistakes at the beginning can lead to higher economic costs and long delays of time later. The third chapter focuses on the assembly and production of the event. The first part explains how to locate within the football field microphones and cameras. It also explains each one. Also, introduces basic concepts and parameters of the main microphones and cameras that will be used at the event. In the second part, the chapter focuses on explaining the different signals used as transmission and communication internally and externally. The fourth chapter serves to meet the necessary material for the event. It explains: microphones, cameras, EVS, CCU, mixer and cabling type indicating the most relevant models and brands that are used today. Also, you can see different figures on the material used. In the fifth chapter, the main functions are performed by employees. It begins with a thorough explanation of the event and goes on to explain the various functions of the operators of the material seen in the previous chapter. The sixth chapter, helps explain an estimate of what would be the creation and production of the event and to study the feasibility of this. Finally, in the seventh chapter are a number of conclusions in summary, which should help to make thoroughly clear a number of basic concepts about the project.
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Since 2010 the Industrial Engineering School at Universidad Politcnica de Madrid (ETSII UPM) has its Plan Study accredited by ABET. Since then a big motivation has been promoted from the management team encouraging teachers to work on the measurement and strengthening of students competences. Generic skills or behavior acquired significant importance in the workplace, particularly in relation to project management. Because of this, and framed within the requirements of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA), the curriculum of the new degrees are being developed under the competence-based learning. This situation leads to the need to have a clear measurement tool skills as a basis for developing them within the curriculum. A group of multidisciplinary teachers have been working together during two years to design measuring instruments valid for engineering students.
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Las herramientas de configuracin basadas en lenguajes de alto nivel como LabVIEW permiten el desarrollo de sistemas de adquisicin de datos basados en hardware reconfigurable FPGA muy complejos en un breve periodo de tiempo. La estandarizacin del ciclo de diseo hardware/software y la utilizacin de herramientas como EPICS facilita su integracin con la plataforma de adquisicin y control ITER CODAC CORE SYSTEM (CCS) basada en Linux. En este proyecto se propondr una metodologa que simplificar el ciclo completo de integracin de plataformas novedosas, como cRIO, en las que el funcionamiento del hardware de adquisicin puede ser modificado por el usuario para que ste se amolde a sus requisitos especficos. El objetivo principal de este proyecto fin de master es realizar la integracin de un sistema cRIO NI9159 y diferentes mdulos de E/S analgica y digital en EPICS y en CODAC CORE SYSTEM (CCS). Este ltimo consiste en un conjunto de herramientas software que simplifican la integracin de los sistemas de instrumentacin y control del experimento ITER. Para cumplir el objetivo se realizarn las siguientes tareas: Desarrollo de un sistema de adquisicin de datos basado en FPGA con la plataforma hardware CompactRIO. En esta tarea se realizar la configuracin del sistema y la implementacin en LabVIEW para FPGA del hardware necesario para comunicarse con los mdulos: NI9205, NI9264, NI9401.NI9477, NI9426, NI9425 y NI9476 Implementacin de un driver software utilizando la metodologa de AsynDriver para integracin del cRIO con EPICS. Esta tarea requiere definir todos los records necesarios que exige EPICS y crear las interfaces adecuadas que permitirn comunicarse con el hardware. Implementar la descripcin del sistema cRIO y del driver EPICS en el sistema de descripcin de plantas de ITER llamado SDD. Esto automatiza la creacin de las aplicaciones de EPICS que se denominan IOCs. SUMMARY The configuration tools based in high-level programing languages like LabVIEW allows the development of high complex data acquisition systems based on reconfigurable hardware FPGA in a short time period. The standardization of the hardware/software design cycle and the use of tools like EPICS ease the integration with the data acquisition and control platform of ITER, the CODAC Core System based on Linux. In this project a methodology is proposed in order to simplify the full integration cycle of new platforms like CompactRIO (cRIO), in which the data acquisition functionality can be reconfigured by the user to fits its concrete requirements. The main objective of this MSc final project is to develop the integration of a cRIO NI-9159 and its different analog and digital Input/Output modules with EPICS in a CCS. The CCS consists of a set of software tools that simplifies the integration of instrumentation and control systems in the International Thermonuclear Reactor (ITER) experiment. To achieve such goal the following tasks are carried out: Development of a DAQ system based on FPGA using the cRIO hardware platform. This task comprehends the configuration of the system and the implementation of the mandatory hardware to communicate to the I/O adapter modules NI9205, NI9264, NI9401, NI9477, NI9426, NI9425 y NI9476 using LabVIEW for FPGA. Implementation of a software driver using the asynDriver methodology to integrate such cRIO system with EPICS. This task requires the definition of the necessary EPICS records and the creation of the appropriate interfaces that allow the communication with the hardware. Develop the cRIO systems description and the EPICS driver in the ITER plant description tool named SDD. This development will automate the creation of EPICS applications, called IOCs.
Luz industrial e imagen tecnificada: de Moholy Nagy al C.A.V.S. (Center for Advanced Visual Studies)
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El desarrollo de la tecnologa de la luz implicar la transformacin de la vida social, cultural y econmica. Tanto las consideraciones espaciales del Movimiento Moderno, como los efectos producidos por la segunda Guerra Mundial, tendrn efectos visibles en las nuevas configuraciones espaciales y en la relacin simbitica y recproca que se dar entre ideologa y tecnologa. La transformacin en la comprensin de la articulacin espacial, asociada al desarrollo tecnolgico, afectar al modo en que este espacio es experimentado y percibido. El espacio expositivo y el espacio escnico se convertirn en laboratorio prctico donde desarrollar y hacer comprensible todo el potencial ilusorio de la luz, la proyeccin y la imagen, como parmetros modificadores y dinamizadores del espacio arquitectnico. Esta experimentacin espacial estar precedida por la investigacin y creacin conceptual en el mundo plstico, donde los nuevos medios mecnicos sern responsables de la construccin de una nueva mirada moderna mediatizada por los elementos tcnicos. La experimentacin ptica, a travs de la fotografa, el cine, o el movimiento de la luz y su percepcin, vinculada a nuevos modos de representacin y comunicacin, se convertir en elemento fundamental en la configuracin espacial. Este mbito de experimentacin se har patente en la Escuela de la Bauhaus, de la mano de Gropius, Schlemmer o Moholy Nagy entre otros; tanto en reflexiones tericas como en el desarrollo de proyectos expositivos, arquitectnicos o teatrales, que evolucionarn en base a la tecnologa y la modificacin de la relacin con el espectador. El espacio expositivo y el espacio escnico se tomarn como oportunidad de investigacin espacial y de anlisis de los modos de percepcin, convirtindose en lugares de experimentacin bsicos para el aprendizaje. El teatro se postula como punto de encuentro entre el arte y la tcnica, cobrando especial importancia la interseccin con otras disciplinas en la definicin espacial. Las mltiples innovaciones tcnicas ligadas a los nuevos fundamentos teatrales en la modificacin de la relacin con la escena, que se producen a principios del siglo XX, tendrn como consecuencia la transformacin del espacio en un espacio dinmico, tanto fsica como perceptivamente, que dar lugar a nuevas concepciones espaciales, muchas de ellas utpicas. La luz, la proyeccin y la creacin de ilusin en base a estmulos visuales y sonoros, aparecen como elementos proyectuales efmeros e inmateriales, que tendrn una gran incidencia en el espacio y su modo de ser experimentado. La implicacin de la tecnologa en el arte conllevar modificaciones en la visualizacin, as como en la configuracin espacial de los espacios destinados a esta. Destacaremos como propuesta el Teatro Total de Walter Gropius, en cuyo desarrollo se recogen de algn modo las experiencias espaciales y las investigaciones desarrolladas sobre la estructura formal de la percepcin realizadas por Moholy Nagy, adems de los conceptos acerca del espacio escnico desarrollados en el taller de Teatro de la Bauhaus por Oskar Schlemmer. En el Teatro Total, Gropius incorporar su propia visin de cuestiones que pertenecen a la tradicin de la arquitectura teatral y las innovaciones conceptuales que estaban teniendo lugar desde finales del s.XIX, tales como la participacin activa del pblico o la superacin entre escena y auditorio, estableciendo en el proyecto una nueva relacin perceptual entre sala, espectculo y espectador; aumentando la sensacin de inmersin, a travs del uso de la fsica, la ptica, y la acstica, creando una energa concntrica capaz de extenderse en todas direcciones. El Teatro Total ser uno de los primeros ejemplos en los que desde el punto de partida del proyecto, se conjuga la imagen como elemento comunicativo con la configuracin espacial. Las nuevas configuraciones escnicas tendrn como premisa de desarrollo la capacidad de transformacin tanto perceptiva, como fsica. En la segunda mitad del s.XX, la creacin de centros de investigacin como el CAVS (The Center for Advanced Visual Studies,1967), o el EAT (Experiments in Art and Technology, 1966), favorecern la colaboracin interdisciplinar entre arte y ciencia, implicando a empresas de carcter tecnolgico, como Siemens, HP, IBM o Philips, facilitando soporte tcnico y econmico para el desarrollo de nuevos sistemas. Esta colaboracin interdisciplinar dar lugar a una serie de intervenciones espaciales que tendrn su mayor visibilidad en algunas Exposiciones Universales. El resultado ser, en la mayora de los casos, la creacin de espacios de carcter inmersivo, donde se establecer una relacin simbitica entre espacio, imagen, sonido, y espectador. La colocacin del espectador en el centro de la escena y la disposicin dinmica de imagen y sonido, crearn una particular narrativa espacial no lineal, concebida para la experiencia. Desde las primeras proyecciones de cine a la pantalla mltiple de los Eames, las tcnicas espaciales de difusin del sonido en Stockhausen, o los experimentos con el movimiento fsico interactivo, la imagen, la luz en movimiento y el sonido, quedan inevitablemente convertidos en material arquitectnico. ABSTRACT. Light technology development would lead to a social, cultural and economic transformation. Both spatial consideration of Modern Movement and Second World War effects on technology, would have a visible aftereffect on spatial configuration and on the symbiotic and mutual relationship between ideology & technology. Comprehension adjustment on the articulation of space together with technology development, would impact on how space is perceived and felt. Exhibition space and scenic space would turn into a laboratory where developing and making comprehensive all illusory potential of light, projection and image. These new parameters would modify and revitalize the architectonic space. as modifying and revitalizing parameters of architectonic space. Spatial experimentation would be preceded by conceptual creation and investigation on the sculptural field, where new mechanic media would be responsible for a fresh and modern look influenced by technical elements. Optical experimentation, through photography, cinema or light movement and its perception, would turn into essential components for spatial arrangement linked to new ways of performance and communication. This experimentation sphere would be clear at The Bauhaus School, by the hand of Gropius, Schlemmer or Moholy Nag among others; in theoretical, theatrical or architectural performances projects, that would evolve based on technology and also based on the transformation of the relationship with the observer. Exhibition and perfor-mance areas would be taken as opportunities of spatial investigation and for the analysis of the different ways of perception, thus becoming key places for learning. Theater is postulated as a meeting point between art and technique, taking on a new significance at its intersection with other disciplines working with spatial definition too. The multiple innovation techniques linked to the new foundations for the theater regarding stage relation, would have as a consequence the regeneration of the space. Space would turn dynamic, both physically and perceptibly, bringing innovative spatial conceptions, many of them unrealistic. Light, projection and illusory creation based on sound and visual stimulus would appear as intangible and momentary design components, which would have a great impact on the space and on the way it is experienced. Implication of technology in art would bring changes on the observer as well as on the spatial configuration of the art spaces2. It would stand out as a proposal Walter Groupis Total Theater, whose development would include somehow the spatial experiments and studies about formal structure of perception accomplished by Moholy Nagy besides the concepts regarding stage space enhanced at the Bauhaus Theater Studio by Oskar Schlemmer. Within Total Theater, Groupis would incorporate his own view about traditional theatric architecture and conceptual innovations that were taking place since the end of the nineteenth century, such as active audience participation or the diffusing limits between scene and audience, establishing a new perception relationship between auditorium, performance and audience, improving the feeling of immersion through the use of physics, optics and acoustics, creating a concentric energy capable of spreading in all directions. Total Theater would be one of the first example in which, from the beginning of the Project, image is combined as a communicating element with the spatial configuration. As a premise of development, new stage arrangement would have the capacity of transformation, both perceptive and physically. During the second half or the twentieth century, the creation of investigation centers such as CAVS (Center for Advanced Visual Studies, 1967) or EAT (Experiments in Art and Technology, 1966), would help to the interdisciplinary collaboration between art and science, involving technology companies like Siemens, HP, IBM or Philips, providing technical and economic support to the development of new systems. This interdisciplinary collaboration would give room to a series of spatial interventions which would have visibility in some Universal Exhibitions. The result would be, in most cases, the creation of immersive character spaces, where a symbiotic relationship would be stablished between space, image, sound and audience. The new location of the audience in the middle of the display, together with the dynamic arrangement of sound and image would create a particular, no lineal narrative conceived to be experienced. Since the first cinema projections, the multiple screen of Eames, the spatial techniques for sound dissemination at Stockhausen or the interactive physical movement experimentation, image, motion light and sound would turn inevitably into architectural material.
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Quizs el campo de las telecomunicaciones sea uno de los campos en el que ms se ha progresado en este ltimo siglo y medio, con la ayuda de otros campos de la ciencia y la tcnica tales como la computacin, la fsica electrnica, y un gran nmero de disciplinas, que se han utilizado estos ltimos 150 aos en conjuncin para mejorarse unas con la ayuda de otras. Por ejemplo, la qumica ayuda a comprender y mejorar campos como la medicina, que tambin a su vez se ve mejorada por los progresos en la electrnica creados por los fsicos y qumicos, que poseen herramientas ms potentes para calcular y simular debido a los progresos computacionales. Otro de los campos que ha sufrido un gran avance en este ltimo siglo es el de la automocin, aunque estancados en el motor de combustin, los vehculos han sufrido enormes cambios debido a la irrupcin de los avances en la electrnica del automvil con multitud de sistemas ya ampliamente integrados en los vehculos actuales. La Formula SAE o Formula Student es una competicin de diseo, organizada por la SAE International (Society of Automotive Engineers) para estudiantes de universidades de todo el mundo que promueve la ingeniera a travs de una competicin donde los miembros del equipo disean, construyen, desarrollan y compiten en un pequeo y potente monoplaza. En el mbito educativo, evitando el sistema tradicional de clases magistrales, se introducen cambios en las metodologas de enseanza y surge el proyecto de la Frmula Student para lograr una mejora en las acciones formativas, que permitan ir incorporando nuevos objetivos y disear nuevas situaciones de aprendizaje que supongan una oportunidad para el desarrollo de competencias de los alumnos, mejorar su formacin como ingenieros y contrastar sus progresos compitiendo con las mejores universidades del mundo. En este proyecto se pretende dotar a los alumnos de las escuelas de ingeniera de la UPM que desarrollan el vehculo de FSAE de una herramienta de telemetra con la que evaluar y probar comportamiento del vehculo de FSAE junto con sus subsistemas que ellos mismos disean, con el objetivo de evaluar el comportamiento, introducir mejoras, analizar resultados de una manera ms rpida y cmoda, con el objetivo de poder progresar ms rpidamente en su desarrollo, recibiendo y almacenando una realimentacin directa e instantnea del funcionamiento mediante la lectura de los datos que circulan por el bus CAN del vehculo. Tambin ofrece la posibilidad de inyectar datos a los sistemas conectados al bus CAN de manera remota. Se engloba en el conjunto de proyectos de la FSAE, ms concretamente en los basados en la plataforma PIC32 y propone una solucin conjunta con otros proyectos o tambin por s sola. Para la ejecucin del proyecto se fabric una placa compuesta de dos placas de circuito impreso, la de la estacin base que enva comandos, instrucciones y datos para inyectar en el bus CAN del vehculo mediante radiofrecuencia y la placa que incorpora el vehculo que enva las tramas que circulan por el bus CAN del vehculo con los identificadores deseados, ejecuta los comandos recibidos por radiofrecuencia y salva las tramas CAN en una memoria USB o SD Card. Las dos PCBs constituyen el hardware del proyecto. El software se compone de dos programas. Un programa para la PCB del vehculo que emite los datos a la estacin base, codificado en lenguaje C con ayuda del entorno de desarrollo MPLAB de Microchip. El otro programa hecho con LabView para la PCB de la estacin base que recibe los datos provenientes del vehculo y los interpreta. Se propone un hardware y una capa o funciones de software para los microcontroladores PIC32 (similar al de otros proyectos del FSAE) para la transmisin de las tramas del bus CAN del vehculo de manera inalmbrica a una estacin base, capaz de insertar tramas en el bus CAN del vehculo enviadas desde la estacin base. Tambin almacena estas tramas CAN en un dispositivo USB o SD Card situado en el vehculo. Para la transmisin de los datos se hizo un estudio de las frecuencias de transmisin, la legislacin aplicable y los tipos de transceptores. Se opt por utilizar la banda de radiofrecuencia de uso comn ISM de 433MHz mediante el transceptor integrado CC110L de Texas Instruments altamente configurable y con interfaz SPI. Se adquirieron dos parejas de mdulos compatibles, con amplificador de potencia o sin l. LabView controla la estacin que recoge las tramas CAN va RF y est dotada del mismo transceptor de radio junto con un puente de comunicaciones SPI-USB, al que se puede acceder de dos diferentes maneras, mediante libreras dll, o mediante NI-VISA con transferencias RAW-USB. La aplicacin desarrollada posee una interfaz configurable por el usuario para la muestra de los futuros sensores o actuadores que se incorporen en el vehculo y es capaz de interpretar las tramas CAN, mostrarlas, grfica, numricamente y almacenar esta informacin, como si fuera el cuadro de instrumentos del vehculo. Existe una limitacin de la velocidad global del sistema en forma de cuello de botella que se crea debido a las limitaciones del transceptor CC110L por lo que si no se desea filtrar los datos que se crean necesarios, sera necesario aumentar el nmero de canales de radio para altas ocupaciones del bus CAN. Debido a la prdida de relaciones con el INSIA, no se pudo probar de manera real en el propio vehculo, pero se hicieron pruebas satisfactorias (hasta 1,6 km) con una configuracin de tramas CAN estndar a una velocidad de transmisin de 1 Mbit/s y un tiempo de bit de 1 microsegundo. El perifrico CAN del PIC32 se programar para cumplir con estas especificaciones de la ECU del vehculo, que se presupone que es la MS3 Sport de Bosch, de la que LabView interpretar las tramas CAN recibidas de manera inalmbrica. Para poder probar el sistema, ha sido necesario reutilizar el hardware y adaptar el software del primer prototipo creado, que emite tramas CAN preprogramadas con una latencia tambin programable y que simular al bus CAN proporcionando los datos a transmitir por el sistema que incorpora el vehculo. Durante el desarrollo de este proyecto, en las etapas finales, el fabricante del puente de comunicaciones SPI-USB MCP2210 liber una librera (dll) compatible y sin errores, por lo que se nos ofreca una oportunidad interesante para la comparacin de las velocidades de acceso al transceptor de radio, que se presupona y se comprob ms eficiente que la solucin ya hecha mediante NI-VISA. ABSTRACT. The Formula SAE competition is an international university applied to technological innovation in vehicles racing type formula, in which each team, made up of students, should design, construct and test a prototype each year within certain rules. The challenge of FSAE is that it is an educational project farther away than a master class. The goal of the present project is to make a tool for other students to use it in his projects related to FSAE to test and improve the vehicle, and, the improvements that can be provided by the electronics could be materialized in a victory and win the competition with this competitive advantage. A telemetry system was developed. It sends the data provided by the cars CAN bus through a radio frequency transceiver and receive commands to execute on the system, it provides by a base station on the ground. Moreover, constant verification in real time of the status of the car or data parameters like the revolutions per minute, pressure from collectors, water temperature, and so on, can be accessed from the base station on the ground, so that, it could be possible to study the behaviour of the vehicle in early phases of the car development. A printed circuit board, composed of two boards, and two software programs in two different languages, have been developed, and built for the project implementation. The software utilized to design the PCB is Orcad10.5/Layout. The base station PCB on a PC receives data from the PCB connected to the vehicles CAN bus and sends commands like set CAN filters or masks, activate data logger or inject CAN frames. This PCB is connected to a PC via USB and contains a bridge USB-SPI to communicate with a similar transceiver on the vehicle PCB. LabView controls this part of the system. A special virtual Instrument (VI) had been created in order to add future new elements to the vehicle, is a dashboard, which reads the data passed from the main VI and represents them graphically to studying the behaviour of the car on track. In this special VI other alums can make modifications to accommodate the data provided from the vehicle CANs bus to new elements on the vehicle, show or save the CAN frames in the form or format they want. Two methods to access to SPI bus of CC110l RF transceiver over LabView have been developed with minimum changes between them. Access through NI-VISA (Virtual Instrument Software Architecture) which is a standard for configuring, programming, USB interfaces or other devices in National Instruments LabView. And access through DLL (dynamic link library) supplied by the manufacturer of the bridge USB-SPI, Microchip. Then the work is done in two forms, but the dll solution developed shows better behaviour, and increase the speed of the system because has less overload of the USB bus due to a better efficiency of the dll solution versus VISA solution. The PCB connected to the vehicles CAN bus receives commands from the base station PCB on a PC, and, acts in function of the command or execute actions like to inject packets into CAN bus or activate data logger. Also sends over RF the CAN frames present on the bus, which can be filtered, to avoid unnecessary radio emissions or overflowing the RF transceiver. This PCB consists of two basic pieces: A microcontroller with 32 bit architecture PIC32MX795F512L from Microchip and the radio transceiver integrated circuit CC110l from Texas Instruments. The PIC32MX795F512L has an integrated CAN and several peripherals like SPI controllers that are utilized to communicate with RF transceiver and SD Card. The USB controller on the PIC32 is utilized to store CAN data on a USB memory, and change notification peripheral is utilized like an external interrupt. Hardware for other peripherals is accessible. The software part of this PCB is coded in C with MPLAB from Microchip, and programming over PICkit 3 Programmer, also from Microchip. Some of his libraries have been modified to work properly with this project and other was created specifically for this project. In the phase for RF selection and design is made a study to clarify the general aspects of regulations for the this project in order to understand it and select the proper band, frequency, and radio transceiver for the activities developed in the project. From the different options available it selects a common use band ICM, with less regulation and free to emit with restrictions and disadvantages like high occupation. The transceiver utilized to transmit and receive the data CC110l is an integrated circuit which needs fewer components from Texas Instruments and it can be accessed through SPI bus. Basically is a state machine which changes his state whit commands received over an SPI bus or internal events. The transceiver has several programmable general purpose Inputs and outputs. These GPIOs are connected to PIC32 change notification input to generate an interrupt or connected to GPIO to MCP2210 USB-SPI bridge to inform to the base station for a packet received. A two pair of modules of CC110l radio module kit from different output power has been purchased which includes an antenna. This is to keep away from fabrication mistakes in RF hardware part or designs, although reference design and gerbers files are available on the webpage of the chip manufacturer. A neck bottle is present on the complete system, because the maximum data rate of CC110l transceiver is a half than CAN bus data rate, hence for high occupation of CAN bus is recommendable to filter the data or add more radio channels, because the buffers cant sustain this load along the time. Unfortunately, during the development of the project, the relations with the INSIA, who develops the vehicle, was lost, for this reason, will be made impossible to test the final phases of the project like integration on the car, final test of integration, place of the antenna, enclosure of the electronics, connectors selection, etc. To test or evaluate the system, it was necessary to simulate the CAN bus with a hardware to feed the system with entry data. An early hardware prototype was adapted his software to send programed CAN frames at a fixed data rate and certain timing who simulate several levels of occupation of the CAN Bus. This CAN frames emulates the Bosch ECU MS3 Sport.
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Conflict resolution is a key issue to manage when dealing with diverse stakeholders. By analysing in depth the most relevant and implicit aspects of the construct "conflict", this study focuses on examining how the five main strategies in solving common disagreements are adopted by considering different conflict sources. Hypotheses are tested using data collected from both the academic and business world. Perceptions of project managers and team members allows the authors not only to find significant differences by role played or type of organization, but to narrow the design of future approaches to investigate the relation between conflict and project performance. More specifically, the research indicates that project managers adopt confronting and compromising styles in most cases as first options, highlighting the influence of responsibility degree factor in how issues are undertaken within a project team.
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In this paper, we describe the successful results of an international research project focused on the use of Web technology in the educational context. The article explains how this international project, funded by public organizations and developed over the last two academic years, focuses on the area of open educational resources (OER) and particularly the educational content of the OpenCourseWare (OCW) model. This initiative has been developed by a research group composed of researchers from three countries. The project was enabled by the Universidad Politcnica de Madrid OCW Offices leadership of the Consortium of Latin American Universities and the distance education know-how of the Universidad Tcnica Particular de Loja (UTPL, Ecuador). We give a full account of the project, methodology, main outcomes and validation. The project results have further consolidated the group, and increased the maturity of group members and networking with other groups in the area. The group is now participating in other research projects that continue the lines developed here
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La Internet de las Cosas (IoT), como parte de la Futura Internet, se ha convertido en la actualidad en uno de los principales temas de investigacin; en parte gracias a la atencin que la sociedad est poniendo en el desarrollo de determinado tipo de servicios (telemetra, generacin inteligente de energa, telesanidad, etc.) y por las recientes previsiones econmicas que sitan a algunos actores, como los operadores de telecomunicaciones (que se encuentran desesperadamente buscando nuevas oportunidades), al frente empujando algunas tecnologas interrelacionadas como las comunicaciones Mquina a Mquina (M2M). En este contexto, un importante nmero de actividades de investigacin a nivel mundial se estn realizando en distintas facetas: comunicaciones de redes de sensores, procesado de informacin, almacenamiento de grandes cantidades de datos (big--data), semntica, arquitecturas de servicio, etc. Todas ellas, de forma independiente, estn llegando a un nivel de madurez que permiten vislumbrar la realizacin de la Internet de las Cosas ms que como un sueo, como una realidad tangible. Sin embargo, los servicios anteriormente mencionados no pueden esperar a desarrollarse hasta que las actividades de investigacin obtengan soluciones holsticas completas. Es importante proporcionar resultados intermedios que eviten soluciones verticales realizadas para desarrollos particulares. En este trabajo, nos hemos focalizado en la creacin de una plataforma de servicios que pretende facilitar, por una parte la integracin de redes de sensores y actuadores heterogneas y geogrficamente distribuidas, y por otra lado el desarrollo de servicios horizontales utilizando dichas redes y la informacin que proporcionan. Este habilitador se utilizar para el desarrollo de servicios y para la experimentacin en la Internet de las Cosas. Previo a la definicin de la plataforma, se ha realizado un importante estudio focalizando no slo trabajos y proyectos de investigacin, sino tambin actividades de estandarizacin. Los resultados se pueden resumir en las siguientes aseveraciones: a) Los modelos de datos definidos por el grupo Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) del Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) representan hoy en da la solucin ms completa para describir las redes de sensores y actuadores as como las observaciones. b) Las interfaces OGC, a pesar de las limitaciones que requieren cambios y extensiones, podran ser utilizadas como las bases para acceder a sensores y datos. c) Las redes de nueva generacin (NGN) ofrecen un buen sustrato que facilita la integracin de redes de sensores y el desarrollo de servicios. En consecuencia, una nueva plataforma de Servicios, llamada Ubiquitous Sensor Networks (USN), se ha definido en esta Tesis tratando de contribuir a rellenar los huecos previamente mencionados. Los puntos ms destacados de la plataforma USN son: a) Desde un punto de vista arquitectnico, sigue una aproximacin de dos niveles (Habilitador y Gateway) similar a otros habilitadores que utilizan las NGN (como el OMA Presence). b) Los modelos de datos estn basado en los estndares del OGC SWE. iv c) Est integrado en las NGN pero puede ser utilizado sin ellas utilizando infraestructuras IP abiertas. d) Las principales funciones son: Descubrimiento de sensores, Almacenamiento de observaciones, Publicacion--subscripcion--notificacin, ejecucin remota homognea, seguridad, gestin de diccionarios de datos, facilidades de monitorizacin, utilidades de conversin de protocolos, interacciones sncronas y asncronas, soporte para el streaming y arbitrado bsico de recursos. Para demostrar las funcionalidades que la Plataforma USN propuesta pueden ofrecer a los futuros escenarios de la Internet de las Cosas, se presentan resultados experimentales de tres pruebas de concepto (telemetra, Smart Places y monitorizacin medioambiental) reales a pequea escala y un estudio sobre semntica (sistema de informacin vehicular). Adems, se est utilizando actualmente como Habilitador para desarrollar tanto experimentacin como servicios reales en el proyecto Europeo SmartSantander (que aspira a integrar alrededor de 20.000 dispositivos IoT). v Abstract Internet of Things, as part of the Future Internet, has become one of the main research topics nowadays; in part thanks to the pressure the society is putting on the development of a particular kind of services (Smart metering, Smart Grids, eHealth, etc.), and by the recent business forecasts that situate some players, like Telecom Operators (which are desperately seeking for new opportunities), at the forefront pushing for some interrelated technologies like Machine--to--Machine (M2M) communications. Under this context, an important number of research activities are currently taking place worldwide at different levels: sensor network communications, information processing, big-- data storage, semantics, service level architectures, etc. All of them, isolated, are arriving to a level of maturity that envision the achievement of Internet of Things (IoT) more than a dream, a tangible goal. However, the aforementioned services cannot wait to be developed until the holistic research actions bring complete solutions. It is important to come out with intermediate results that avoid vertical solutions tailored for particular deployments. In the present work, we focus on the creation of a Service--level platform intended to facilitate, from one side the integration of heterogeneous and geographically disperse Sensors and Actuator Networks (SANs), and from the other the development of horizontal services using them and the information they provide. This enabler will be used for horizontal service development and for IoT experimentation. Prior to the definition of the platform, we have realized an important study targeting not just research works and projects, but also standardization topics. The results can be summarized in the following assertions: a) Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) data models today represent the most complete solution to describe SANs and observations. b) OGC interfaces, despite the limitations that require changes and extensions, could be used as the bases for accessing sensors and data. c) Next Generation Networks (NGN) offer a good substrate that facilitates the integration of SANs and the development of services. Consequently a new Service Layer platform, called Ubiquitous Sensor Networks (USN), has been defined in this Thesis trying to contribute to fill in the previous gaps. The main highlights of the proposed USN Platform are: a) From an architectural point of view, it follows a two--layer approach (Enabler and Gateway) similar to other enablers that run on top of NGN (like the OMA Presence). b) Data models and interfaces are based on the OGC SWE standards. c) It is integrated in NGN but it can be used without it over open IP infrastructures. d) Main functions are: Sensor Discovery, Observation Storage, Publish--Subscribe--Notify, homogeneous remote execution, security, data dictionaries handling, monitoring facilities, authorization support, protocol conversion utilities, synchronous and asynchronous interactions, streaming support and basic resource arbitration. vi In order to demonstrate the functionalities that the proposed USN Platform can offer to future IoT scenarios, some experimental results have been addressed in three real--life small--scale proofs--of concepts (Smart Metering, Smart Places and Environmental monitoring) and a study for semantics (in--vehicle information system). Furthermore we also present the current use of the proposed USN Platform as an Enabler to develop experimentation and real services in the SmartSantander EU project (that aims at integrating around 20.000 IoT devices).
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The ENEN III project covers the structuring, organization, coordination and implementation of training schemes in cooperation with local, national and international training organizations, to provide training to professionals active in nuclear organizations or their contractors and sub-contractors. The training schemes provide a portfolio of courses, training sessions, seminars, and workshops for continuous learning for upgrading knowledge and developing skills. The training schemes allow individuals to acquire qualifications and skills, as required by the specific positions in the nuclear sector which will be documented in a training passport. The essence of such passport is to be recognized within the EU by the whole nuclear sector which provides mobility to the individual looking for employment and an EU wide recruitment field for the nuclear employers.
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Este proyecto describe la metodologa a seguir para conectar la plataforma Arduino a dispositivos Android y establecer una conexin que permita controlar dicha plataforma. Sobre Arduino se acoplar un mdulo 3G que permitir hacer uso de funcionalidades propias de los telfonos mviles. El objetivo final del proyecto era el control del mdulo 3G mediante comandos AT enviados desde un dispositivo Android (tableta) conectado a travs de USB. Para ello, se ha desarrollado una aplicacin de demostracin que permite el uso de algunas de las funcionalidades de comunicacin del mdulo 3G. Para alcanzar el objetivo propuesto se ha investigado sobre temas tales como: internet de las cosas, las tecnologas de comunicaciones mviles, el sistema operativo Android y el desarrollo de aplicaciones mviles, la plataforma Arduino, el funcionamiento del mdulo 3G y sobre la comunicacin serie que permitir comunicarse entre Android y mdulo 3G. El proyecto proporciona una gua de iniciacin con explicaciones de los diferentes dispositivos, tecnologas y pasos a seguir para la integracin de las diferentes plataformas que se han usado en el proyecto: Arduino, Mdulo de comunicaciones 3G, y Android. ABSTRACT. This project describes the methodology to connect the Arduino platform to Android devices and establish a connection to allow the platform control. A 3G module will be engaged on Arduino allowing the usage of mobile phones functionalities. The main objective of the project was the control of 3G module through AT commands sent from an Android device (tablet) connected via USB. For that, a demonstration application was developed to permit the use of some communication features of 3G module. To achieve the target, an investigation has been carried out about issues such as: internet of things, mobile communications technologies, the Android operating system and mobile applications development, the Arduino platform, the 3G module operation and serial communication that allows the communication between Android and the 3G module. The project provides a starter guide with explanations of the different devices, technologies and steps for the integration of the different platforms that have been used in the project: Arduino, 3G communications module and Android.
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The potential of periurban agrarian ecosystems is recognized as one of the cornerstones for improving urban sustainability; however, this potential has been disregarded in spatial planning and decision making. The main goal of the PAEc-SP project was to assess the feasibility of integrating periurban agricultural areas into spatial planning by developing a viable ecosystem services-based methodology
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La gestin de las tecnologas de la informacin tiene cada vez ms importancia dentro de un mundo totalmente digitalizado y donde la capacidad de respuesta al cambio puede marcar el devenir de una compaa, y resulta cada vez ms evidente que los modelos de gestin tradicionales utilizados en la mayora de las compaas no son capaces de dar respuesta por si solos a estas nuevas necesidades. Aun teniendo identificado este rea de mejora, son muchas las empresas reacias a abordar estos cambios, principalmente por el cambio rupturista que significa a nivel interno. De cara a facilitar esta transformacin, se propone en este documento un modelo de transicin controlada donde las grandes compaas puedan incorporar nuevas alternativas y herramientas giles de forma paulatina y asegurando que el proceso de cambio es seguro y efectivo. Mediante una modificacin del ciclo de vida de proyecto dentro de la compaa, se incorporan en las reas, equipos o dominios de la empresa que se identifiquen los nuevos modelos de gestin gil, permitiendo as una transicin gradual y controlada, y pudiendo adems analizar los detalles sobre todo en etapas tempranas de la transformacin. Una vez seleccionada el rea o dominio objeto de la transformacin, se realiza un anlisis a nivel de Portfolio de proyectos, identificando aquellos que cumplen una serie de condiciones que les permiten ser gestionados utilizando modelos de gestin gil. Para ello, se plantea una matriz de decisin con las principales variables a tener en cuenta a la hora de tomar una decisin. Una vez seleccionado y consensuado con los interesados el modelo de gestin utilizando la matriz de decisin, se plantean una serie de herramientas y mtricas asociadas para que la gestin gil del proyecto d una visibilidad completa y detallada del estado en cada momento, asegurando un correcto proceso de gestin de proyectos para proveer visibilidad regular del progreso, riesgos, planes de contingencia y problemas, con las alertas y escalaciones adecuadas. Adems de proponerse una serie de herramientas y mtricas para la gestin gil del proyecto, se plantean las modificaciones necesarias sobre las tipologas habituales de contrato y se propone un nuevo modelo de contrato: el Contrato Agile. La principal diferencia entre este nuevo modelo de contrato y los habituales es que, al igual que las metodologas giles, es ejecutado en segmentos o iteraciones. En definitiva, el objetivo de este documento es proveer un mecanismo que facilite la inclusin de nuevos modelos giles de gestin en grandes organizaciones, llevando a cabo una transicin controlada, con herramientas y mtricas adaptadas para tener visibilidad completa sobre los proyectos en todo momento.---ABSTRACT---The information technology management is every time more important in a totally digitized world, where the capacity to response the change could mark the future of a company, and results every time more evident that the traditional management models used in the most of the companies are not able to respond by themselves to these new necessities. Even having identified this improvement area, many companies are reluctant to address these changes, mainly due to the disruptive change that it means internally in the companies. In order to facilitate this transformation, this document proposed a controlled transition model to help the big companies to incorporate new alternatives and agile tools gradually and ensuring that the change process is safe and effective. Through a modification the project life cycle inside the company, the new agile management models are incorporated in the selected areas, teams or domains, permitting a gradual and controlled transition, and enabling further analyze the details above all in the early phases of the transformation. Once is selected the area or domain object of the transformation, a portfolio level analysis is performed, identifying those projects that meet a some conditions that allow them to be managed using agile management models. For that, a decision matrix is proposed with the principal variables to have into account at the time of decision making. Once the management model is selected using the decision matrix and it is agreed with the different stakeholders, a group of tools and metrics associated with the agile management projects are proposed to provide a regular visibility of the project progress, risks, contingency plans and problems, with proper alerts and escalations. Besides the group of tools and metrics proposed for agile project management, the necessary modifications over the traditional contract models and a new contract model are proposed: the Agile Contract. The main difference between this new contract model and the traditional ones is that, as the agile methodologies, it is executed in segments or iterations. To sum up, the objective of this document is to provide a mechanism that facilitates the inclusion of new agile management models in big companies, with a controlled transition and proposing adapted tools and metrics to have a full visibility over the project in all the phases of the project life cycle.
