Una casa para Einstein: Konrad Wachsmann y la evolucion de un modelo prefabricado desde las casas "Christoph & Unmack A.G." al "General Panel System"

Este artículo estudia la evolución de un modelo de vivienda prefabricada en madera, ejemplificada en la casita de verano que construye Konrad Wachsmann para Albert Einstein en 1929 en Caputh, cerca de Potsdam. El físico deseaba construirse un "lugar de descanso", eligiendo la construcción en madera por su facilidad y rapidez de montaje, adaptabilidad, calidez y para que armonizara mejor con el medio ambiente en el paraje donde se insertaba. Konrad Wachsmann, que trabajaba para la firma de viviendas prefabricadas en madera "Christoph&Unmack A.G." le presentará un modelo prefabricado moderno. Esta tipología, que había evolucionado desde los diseños iniciales "nórdico escandinavos", pasando por el "jugendstil", hasta introducir un nuevo lenguaje de líneas puras, cubierta plana, y grandes ventanales iniciado por Poelzig, será ligeramente modificada por Einstein, que finalmente adjudica el encargo. Ayudado por Einstein a trasladarse a EEUU, Konrad Wachsmann continuará allí la labor de investigación sobre vivienda prefabricada junto con Walter Gropius, que dará como resultado el "General Panel System" y sus conocidas "Packaged Houses". A HOUSE FOR EINSTEIN: KONRAD WACHSMANN AND THE EVOLUTION OF A PREFABRICATED WOODEN HOUSING MODEL FROM " CHRISTOPH & UNMACK A.G." TO "GENERAL PANEL SYSTEM". This article studies the evolution of a prefabricated wooden housing model, exemplified in the summer house built by Konrad Wachsmann for Albert Einstein in 1929, in Caputh, near Potsdam. The Physician wanted to build a "resting house", choosing a wood construction because of its easy and fast assembly, adaptability, warmth and harmony with the environment where it would be inserted. Konrad Wachsmann, who worked for the wooden prefabricated houses firm "Christoph & Unmack AG", proposed Einstein a modern prefabricated wood model. This typology, which had evolved from the initial "Nordic Scandinavian" and "Jugendstil" designs to a new modern language initiated by Poelzig (with clean lines, flat roof, and large windows) will be slightly modified by Einstein, that finally hired the construction of the house. Aided by Einstein to move to USA, Konrad Wachsmann continued there his research work about prefabricated houses with Walter Gropius, giving as a results the "General Panel System" and the popular "Packaged Houses".

Estudio y desarrollo de sensores de fibra óptica para detección de vibraciones en ductos ascendentes submarinos

En esta tesis doctoral se describe el trabajo de investigación enfocado al estudio y desarrollo de sensores de fibra óptica para la detección de presión, flujo y vibraciones en ductos ascendentes submarinos utilizados en la extracción y transporte de hidrocarburos, con el objetivo de aplicarlos en los campos de explotación de aguas profundas en el Golfo de México pertenecientes a la Industria Petrolera Mexicana. El trabajo se ha enfocado al estudio y desarrollo de sensores ópticos cuasi distribuidos y distribuidos. En especial se ha profundizado en el uso y aplicación de las redes de Bragg (FBG) y de reflectómetros ópticos en el dominio del tiempo sensible a la fase (φ-OTDR). Los sensores de fibra óptica son especialmente interesantes para estas aplicaciones por sus ventajosas características como su inmunidad a interferencias electromagnéticas, capacidad de multiplexado, fiabilidad para trabajar en ambientes hostiles, altas temperaturas, altas presiones, ambientes salino-corrosivos, etc. Además, la fibra óptica no solo es un medio sensor sino que puede usarse como medio de transmisión. Se ha realizado un estudio del estado del arte y las ventajas que presentan los sensores ópticos puntuales, cuasi-distribuidos y distribuidos con respecto a los sensores convencionales. Se han estudiado y descrito los interrogadores de redes de Bragg y se ha desarrollado un método de calibración útil para los interrogadores existentes en el mercado, consiguiendo incertidumbres en la medida de la longitud de onda menores de ± 88 nm e incertidumbres relativas (la mas interesante en el campo de los sensores) menores de ±3 pm. Centrándose en la aplicación de las redes de Bragg en la industria del petróleo, se ha realizado un estudio en detalle del comportamiento que presentan las FBGs en un amplio rango de temperaturas de -40 ºC a 500 oC. Como resultado de este estudio se han evaluado las diferencias en los coeficientes de temperatura en diversos tramos de mas mismas, así como para diferentes recubrimientos protectores. En especial se ha encontrado y evaluado las diferencias de los diferentes recubrimientos en el intervalo de temperaturas entre -40 ºC y 60 ºC. En el caso del intervalo de altas temperaturas, entre 100 ºC y 500 ºC, se ha medido y comprobado el cambio uniforme del coeficiente de temperatura en 1pm/ºC por cada 100 ºC de aumento de temperatura, en redes independientemente del fabricante de las mismas. Se ha aplicado las FBG a la medición de manera no intrusiva de la presión interna en una tubería y a la medición del caudal de un fluido en una tubería, por la medida de diferencia de presión entre dos puntos de la misma. Además se ha realizado un estudio de detección de vibraciones en tuberías con fluidos. Finalmente, se ha implementado un sistema de detección distribuida de vibraciones aplicable a la detección de intrusos en las proximidades de los ductos, mediante un φ-OTDR. En este sistema se ha estudiado el efecto negativo de la inestabilidad de modulación que limita la detección de vibraciones distribuidas, su sensibilidad y su alcance. ABSTRACT This thesis describes the research work focused for the study and development of on optical fiber sensors for detecting pressure, flow and vibration in subsea pipes used in the extraction and transportation of hydrocarbons, in order to apply them in deepwater fields in the Gulf of Mexico belonging to the Mexican oil industry. The work has focused on the study and development of optical sensors distributed and quasi distributed. Especially was done on the use and application of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and optical reflectometers time domain phase sensitive (φ-OTDR). The optical fiber sensors especially are interesting for these applications for their advantageous characteristics such as immunity to electromagnetic interference, multiplexing capability, reliability to work in harsh environments, high temperatures, high pressures, corrosive saline environments, etc. Furthermore, the optical fiber is not only a sensor means it can be used as transmission medium. We have performed a study of the state of the art and the advantages offered by optical sensors point, quasi-distributed and distributed over conventional sensors. Have studied and described interrogators Bragg grating and has developed a calibration method for interrogators useful for the existing interrogators in the market, resulting uncertainty in the measurement of the wavelength of less than ± 0.17 nm and uncertainties (the more interesting in the field of sensors) less than ± 3 pm. Focusing on the application of the Bragg gratings in the oil industry, has been studied in detail the behavior of the FBGs in a wide range of temperatures from -40 °C to 500 oC. As a result of this study we have evaluated the difference in temperature coefficients over various sections of the same, as well as different protective coatings. In particular evaluated and found the differences coatings in the range of temperatures between -40 º C and 60 º C. For the high temperature range between 20 ° C and 500 ° C, has been measured and verified the uniform change of the temperature coefficient at 1pm / ° C for each 100 ° C increase in temperature, in networks regardless of manufacturer thereof. FBG is applied to the non-intrusive measurement of internal pressure in a pipeline and measuring flow of a fluid in a pipe, by measuring the pressure difference between two points thereof. Therefore, has also made a study of detecting vibrations in pipes with fluids. Finally, we have implemented a distributed sensing system vibration applied to intrusion detection in the vicinity of the pipelines, by φ-OTDR. In this system we have studied the negative effect of modulation instability limits the distributed vibration detection, sensitivity and scope.

Algoritmos de agrupación para flujos de datos en entornos centralizados y distribuidos

Los avances en el hardware permiten disponer de grandes volúmenes de datos, surgiendo aplicaciones que deben suministrar información en tiempo cuasi-real, la monitorización de pacientes, ej., el seguimiento sanitario de las conducciones de agua, etc. Las necesidades de estas aplicaciones hacen emerger el modelo de flujo de datos (data streaming) frente al modelo almacenar-para-despuésprocesar (store-then-process). Mientras que en el modelo store-then-process, los datos son almacenados para ser posteriormente consultados; en los sistemas de streaming, los datos son procesados a su llegada al sistema, produciendo respuestas continuas sin llegar a almacenarse. Esta nueva visión impone desafíos para el procesamiento de datos al vuelo: 1) las respuestas deben producirse de manera continua cada vez que nuevos datos llegan al sistema; 2) los datos son accedidos solo una vez y, generalmente, no son almacenados en su totalidad; y 3) el tiempo de procesamiento por dato para producir una respuesta debe ser bajo. Aunque existen dos modelos para el cómputo de respuestas continuas, el modelo evolutivo y el de ventana deslizante; éste segundo se ajusta mejor en ciertas aplicaciones al considerar únicamente los datos recibidos más recientemente, en lugar de todo el histórico de datos. En los últimos años, la minería de datos en streaming se ha centrado en el modelo evolutivo. Mientras que, en el modelo de ventana deslizante, el trabajo presentado es más reducido ya que estos algoritmos no sólo deben de ser incrementales si no que deben borrar la información que caduca por el deslizamiento de la ventana manteniendo los anteriores tres desafíos. Una de las tareas fundamentales en minería de datos es la búsqueda de agrupaciones donde, dado un conjunto de datos, el objetivo es encontrar grupos representativos, de manera que se tenga una descripción sintética del conjunto. Estas agrupaciones son fundamentales en aplicaciones como la detección de intrusos en la red o la segmentación de clientes en el marketing y la publicidad. Debido a las cantidades masivas de datos que deben procesarse en este tipo de aplicaciones (millones de eventos por segundo), las soluciones centralizadas puede ser incapaz de hacer frente a las restricciones de tiempo de procesamiento, por lo que deben recurrir a descartar datos durante los picos de carga. Para evitar esta perdida de datos, se impone el procesamiento distribuido de streams, en concreto, los algoritmos de agrupamiento deben ser adaptados para este tipo de entornos, en los que los datos están distribuidos. En streaming, la investigación no solo se centra en el diseño para tareas generales, como la agrupación, sino también en la búsqueda de nuevos enfoques que se adapten mejor a escenarios particulares. Como ejemplo, un mecanismo de agrupación ad-hoc resulta ser más adecuado para la defensa contra la denegación de servicio distribuida (Distributed Denial of Services, DDoS) que el problema tradicional de k-medias. En esta tesis se pretende contribuir en el problema agrupamiento en streaming tanto en entornos centralizados y distribuidos. Hemos diseñado un algoritmo centralizado de clustering mostrando las capacidades para descubrir agrupaciones de alta calidad en bajo tiempo frente a otras soluciones del estado del arte, en una amplia evaluación. Además, se ha trabajado sobre una estructura que reduce notablemente el espacio de memoria necesario, controlando, en todo momento, el error de los cómputos. Nuestro trabajo también proporciona dos protocolos de distribución del cómputo de agrupaciones. Se han analizado dos características fundamentales: el impacto sobre la calidad del clustering al realizar el cómputo distribuido y las condiciones necesarias para la reducción del tiempo de procesamiento frente a la solución centralizada. Finalmente, hemos desarrollado un entorno para la detección de ataques DDoS basado en agrupaciones. En este último caso, se ha caracterizado el tipo de ataques detectados y se ha desarrollado una evaluación sobre la eficiencia y eficacia de la mitigación del impacto del ataque. ABSTRACT Advances in hardware allow to collect huge volumes of data emerging applications that must provide information in near-real time, e.g., patient monitoring, health monitoring of water pipes, etc. The data streaming model emerges to comply with these applications overcoming the traditional store-then-process model. With the store-then-process model, data is stored before being consulted; while, in streaming, data are processed on the fly producing continuous responses. The challenges of streaming for processing data on the fly are the following: 1) responses must be produced continuously whenever new data arrives in the system; 2) data is accessed only once and is generally not maintained in its entirety, and 3) data processing time to produce a response should be low. Two models exist to compute continuous responses: the evolving model and the sliding window model; the latter fits best with applications must be computed over the most recently data rather than all the previous data. In recent years, research in the context of data stream mining has focused mainly on the evolving model. In the sliding window model, the work presented is smaller since these algorithms must be incremental and they must delete the information which expires when the window slides. Clustering is one of the fundamental techniques of data mining and is used to analyze data sets in order to find representative groups that provide a concise description of the data being processed. Clustering is critical in applications such as network intrusion detection or customer segmentation in marketing and advertising. Due to the huge amount of data that must be processed by such applications (up to millions of events per second), centralized solutions are usually unable to cope with timing restrictions and recur to shedding techniques where data is discarded during load peaks. To avoid discarding of data, processing of streams (such as clustering) must be distributed and adapted to environments where information is distributed. In streaming, research does not only focus on designing for general tasks, such as clustering, but also in finding new approaches that fit bests with particular scenarios. As an example, an ad-hoc grouping mechanism turns out to be more adequate than k-means for defense against Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS). This thesis contributes to the data stream mining clustering technique both for centralized and distributed environments. We present a centralized clustering algorithm showing capabilities to discover clusters of high quality in low time and we provide a comparison with existing state of the art solutions. We have worked on a data structure that significantly reduces memory requirements while controlling the error of the clusters statistics. We also provide two distributed clustering protocols. We focus on the analysis of two key features: the impact on the clustering quality when computation is distributed and the requirements for reducing the processing time compared to the centralized solution. Finally, with respect to ad-hoc grouping techniques, we have developed a DDoS detection framework based on clustering.We have characterized the attacks detected and we have evaluated the efficiency and effectiveness of mitigating the attack impact.

Análisis de elementos de madera reforzados con materiales compuestos

Gran parte del patrimonio construido cuenta con edificios cuya estructura está compuesta por elementos de madera. El volumen económico que supone el mantenimiento y renovación de dicho patrimonio es considerable, por ello, es de especial interés el estudio de las diferentes técnicas de refuerzo aplicables a este tipo de estructuras. Las estructuras de madera han sido tradicionalmente reforzadas con piezas del mismo material, aumentando la sección de los elementos dañados, o con acero. La aparición de los materiales compuestos de polímeros reforzados con fibras, y su progresiva aplicación en obras de construcción, hizo que a principios de la década de los noventa se comenzara a aplicar este material en refuerzos de estructuras de madera (Puente de Sins, 1992). La madera es un material natural con una excelente relación entre sus características mecánicas y su peso. Con el uso de materiales compuestos como refuerzo ésta característica se mantiene. En cuanto a su modelo constitutivo, se admite un comportamiento elástico lineal a tracción paralela a la fibra hasta la rotura, mientras que a compresión, se considera un comportamiento lineal elástico inicial, seguido de un tramo plástico. En vigas de madera aserrada sometidas a flexión predomina el modo de fallo por tracción localizándose la fractura frecuentemente en el canto inferior. Los FRP tienen un comportamiento elástico lineal a tracción hasta la rotura y cuentan con excelentes propiedades mecánicas en relación a su peso y volumen. Si se refuerza la viga por el canto inferior se aumentará su capacidad de absorber tracciones y por tanto, es previsible que se produzca un incremento en la capacidad de carga, así como un aumento de ductilidad. En este trabajo se analizan los beneficios que aportan distintos sistemas de refuerzos de materiales compuestos. El objetivo es contribuir al conocimiento de esta técnica para la recuperación o aumento de las propiedades resistentes de elementos de madera sometidos a flexión. Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio basado en datos obtenidos experimentalmente mediante el ensayo a flexión de vigas de madera de pino silvestre reforzadas con materiales compuestos. Las fibras que componen los tejidos utilizados para la ejecución de los refuerzos son de basalto y de carbono. En el caso de los compuestos de fibra de basalto se aplican en distintos gramajes, y los de carbono en tejido unidireccional y bidireccional. Se analiza el comportamiento de las vigas según las variables de refuerzo aplicadas y se comparan con los resultados de vigas ensayadas sin reforzar. Además se comprueba el ajuste del modelo de cálculo no lineal aplicado para predecir la carga de rotura de cada viga reforzada. Con este trabajo queda demostrado el buen funcionamiento del FRP de fibra de basalto aplicado en el refuerzo de vigas de madera y de los tejidos de carbono bidireccionales con respecto a los unidireccionales. ABSTRACT Many of the buildings of the built heritage include a structure composed by timber elements. The economic volume involved in the maintenance and renewal of this built heritage is considerable, therefore, the study of the different reinforcement techniques applicable to this type of structure is of special interest. The wooden structures have traditionally been reinforced either with steel or with pieces of the same material, increasing the section of the damaged parts. The emergence of polymer composites reinforced with fibers, and their progressive use in construction, started to be applied as reinforcement in timber structures at the beginning of the nineties decade in the 20th century (Sins Bridge, 1992). Wood is a natural material with an excellent ratio between its mechanic characteristics and its weight. This feature is maintained with the use of composites as reinforcement. In terms of its constitutive model, linear elastic behavior parallel to the fiber up to fracture is admitted when subjected to tensile stress, while under compression, an initial linear elastic behavior, followed by a section plasticizing, is considered. In sawn timber beams subjected to bending, the predominant failure is mainly due to tensile stress; and frequently the fracture is located at the beam lower face. The FRP have a linear elastic behavior until fracture occurs, and have excellent mechanical properties in relation to their weight and volume. If the beam is reinforced by its lower face, its capacity to absorb tensile stresses will increase, and therefore, an increase in its carrying capacity is likely to be produced, as well as an increase in ductility. This work analyzes the benefits different reinforcement systems of composite materials provide, with the aim of contributing to the knowledge of this technique for recovering or increasing the strength properties of timber elements subjected to bending loads. It is a study based on data obtained experimentally using bending tests of pine timber beams reinforced with composite materials. Fibers used for the execution of the reinforcement are basalt and carbon. Basalt fiber composites are applied in different grammages, whereas with carbon composites, unidirectional and bidirectional fabrics are used. The behavior of the beams was analyzed regarding the reinforcement variables applied, and the results are compared with those of the tested beams without reinforcement. Furthermore it has been proved adjunting the nonlinear calculation model applied to predict the failure load of each reinforced beam. This work proves the good behavior of fiber reinforce plastic (FRP) with basalt fiber when applied to timber beams, and that of bidirectional carbon fabrics as opposed to the unidirectional ones.

Numerical characterization of particle dispersion in the turbulent recirculation zones of sudden expansion pipe flows

The dispersion of solid particles in the turbulent recirculation zones of sudden expansion pipes can be characterized by different Stokes numbers and mean drift parameter and its study is important because this kind of flows appears in many technological applications.

SolarPaces 2013: Innovations on direct steam generation in linear fresnel collectors

Direct Steam Generation (DSG) in Linear Fresnel (LF) solar collectors is being consolidated as a feasible technology for Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) plants. The competitiveness of this technology relies on the following main features: water as heat transfer fluid (HTF) in Solar Field (SF), obtaining high superheated steam temperatures and pressures at turbine inlet (500ºC and 90 bar), no heat tracing required to avoid HTF freezing, no HTF degradation, no environmental impacts, any heat exchanger between SF and Balance Of Plant (BOP), and low cost installation and maintenance. Regarding to LF solar collectors, were recently developed as an alternative to Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) technology. The main advantages of LF are: the reduced collector manufacturing cost and maintenance, linear mirrors shapes versus parabolic mirror, fixed receiver pipes (no ball joints reducing leaking for high pressures), lower susceptibility to wind damages, and light supporting structures allowing reduced driving devices. Companies as Novatec, Areva, Solar Euromed, etc., are investing in LF DSG technology and constructing different pilot plants to demonstrate the benefits and feasibility of this solution for defined locations and conditions (Puerto Errado 1 and 2 in Murcia Spain, Lidellin Newcastle Australia, Kogran Creek in South West Queensland Australia, Kimberlina in Bakersfield California USA, Llo Solar in Pyrénées France,Dhursar in India,etc). There are several critical decisions that must be taken in order to obtain a compromise and optimization between plant performance, cost, and durability. Some of these decisions go through the SF design: proper thermodynamic operational parameters, receiver material selection for high pressures, phase separators and recirculation pumps number and location, pipes distribution to reduce the amount of tubes (reducing possible leaks points and transient time, etc.), etc. Attending to these aspects, the correct design parameters selection and its correct assessment are the main target for designing DSG LF power plants. For this purpose in the recent few years some commercial software tools were developed to simulatesolar thermal power plants, the most focused on LF DSG design are Thermoflex and System Advisor Model (SAM). Once the simulation tool is selected,it is made the study of the proposed SFconfiguration that constitutes the main innovation of this work, and also a comparison with one of the most typical state-of-the-art configuration. The transient analysis must be simulated with high detail level, mainly in the BOP during start up, shut down, stand by, and partial loads are crucial, to obtain the annual plant performance. An innovative SF configurationwas proposed and analyzed to improve plant performance. Finally it was demonstrated thermal inertia and BOP regulation mode are critical points in low sun irradiation day plant behavior, impacting in annual performance depending on power plant location.

Integrated learning of production engineering software applications in a shipbuilding context

Acourse focused on the acquisition of integration competencies in ship production engineering, organized in collaboration with selected industry partners, is presented in this paper. The first part of the course is dedicated to Project Management: the students acquire skills in defining, using MS-PROJECT, the work breakdown structure (WBS), and the organization breakdown structure (OBS) in Engineering projects, through a series of examples of increasing complexity with the final one being the construction planning of a vessel. The second part of the course is dedicated to the use of a database manager, MS-ACCESS, in managing production related information.Aseries of increasing complexity examples is treated, the final one being the management of the piping database of a real vessel. This database consists of several thousand pipes, for which a production timing frame is defined connecting this part of the course with the first one. Finally, the third part of the course is devoted to working withFORAN,an Engineering Production application developed bySENERand widely used in the shipbuilding industry. With this application, the structural elements where all the outfittings will be located are defined through cooperative work by the students, working simultaneously in the same 3D model. In this paper, specific details about the learning process are given. Surveys have been posed to the students in order to get feedback from their experience as well as to assess their satisfaction with the learning process, compared to more traditional ones. Results from these surveys are discussed in the paper.

Estudio numérico de flujo turbulento cargado con partículas sólidas a través de canales y tuberías de sección variable

La presente Tesis Doctoral tiene como objetivo el estudio de flujo turbulento cargado con partículas sólidas a través de canales y tuberías de sección constante usando un enfoque Euleriano-Lagrangiano. El campo de flujo de la fase de transporte (aire) se resuelve usando simulación de grandes escalas (LES), implementada en un programa de volúmenes finitos mientras que las ecuaciones gobernantes de la fase dispersa son resueltas por medio de un algoritmo de seguimiento Lagrangiano de partículas que ha sido desarrollado y acoplado al programa que resuelve el flujo. Se estudia de manera sistemática y progresiva la interacción fluido→partícula (one-way coupling), a través de diferentes configuraciones geométricas en coordenadas cartesianas (canales de sección constante y variable) y en coordenadas cilíndricas (tuberías de sección constante y sección variable) abarcando diferentes números de Reynolds y diferentes tamaños de partículas; todos los resultados obtenidos han sido comparados con datos publicados previamente. El estudio de flujo multifásico a través de, tuberías de sección variable, ha sido abordada en otras investigaciones mayoritariamente de forma experimental o mediante simulación usando modelos de turbulencia menos complejos y no mediante LES. El patrón de flujo que se verifica en una tubería con expansión es muy complejo y dicha configuración geométrica se halla en múltiples aplicaciones industriales que involucran el transporte de partículas sólidas, por ello es de gran interés su estudio. Como hecho innovador, en esta tesis no solo se resuelven las estadísticas de velocidad del fluido y las partículas en tuberías con diferentes tamaños de expansión y diferentes regímenes de flujo sino que se caracteriza, usando diversas formulaciones del número de Stokes y el parámetro de arrastre, el ingreso y acumulación de partículas dentro de la zona de recirculación, obteniéndose resultados coincidentes con datos experimentales. ABSTRACT The objective of this Thesis research is to study the turbulent flow laden with solid particles through channels and pipes with using Eulerian-Lagrangian approach. The flow field of the transport phase (air ) is solved using large eddy simulation ( LES ) implemented in a program of finite volume while the governing equations of the dispersed phase are resolved by means of a particle Lagrangian tracking algorithm which was developed and coupled to principal program flow solver . We studied systematically and progressively the fluid interaction → particle ( one- way coupling ) , through different geometric configurations in Cartesian coordinates ( channel with constant and variable section) and in cylindrical coordinates ( pipes with constant section and variable section ) covering different Reynolds numbers and different particle sizes, all results have been compared with previously published data . The study of multiphase flow through, pipes with variable section has been addressed in other investigations predominantly experimentally or by simulation using less complex models and no turbulence by LES. The flow pattern is verified in a pipe expansion is very complex and this geometry is found in many industrial applications involving the transport of solid particles, so it is of great interest to study. As an innovator fact , in this Thesis not only finds fluid velocity statistics and particles with different sizes of pipe expansion and different flow regimes but characterized, using various formulations of the Stokes number and the drag parameter are resolved, the entry and accumulation of particles within the recirculation zone , matching results obtained with experimental data.

Development of an Elevated Temperature Loop Heat Pipe for Space Applications and Investigation of Non Condensable Gas Impact on its Performance

Un caloducto en bucle cerrado o Loop Heat Pipe (LHP) es un dispositivo de transferencia de calor cuyo principio de operación se basa en la evaporación/condensación de un fluido de trabajo, que es bombeado a través de un circuito cerrado gracias a fuerzas de capilaridad. Gracias a su flexibilidad, su baja masa y su mínimo (incluso nulo) consumo de potencia, su principal aplicación ha sido identificada como parte del subsistema de control térmico de vehículos espaciales. En el presente trabajo se ha desarrollado un LHP capaz de funcionar eficientemente a temperaturas de hasta 125 oC, siguiendo la actual tendencia de los equipos a bordo de satélites de incrementar su temperatura de operación. En la selección del diseño optimo para dicho LHP, la compatibilidad entre materiales y fluido de trabajo se identificó como uno de los puntos clave. Para seleccionar la mejor combinación, se llevó a cabo una exhaustiva revisión del estado del arte, además de un estudio especifico que incluía el desarrollo de un banco de ensayos de compatibilidad. Como conclusión, la combinación seleccionada como la candidata idónea para ser integrada en el LHP capaz de operar hasta 125 oC fue un evaporador de acero inoxidable, líneas de titanio y amoniaco como fluido de trabajo. En esa línea se diseñó y fabricó un prototipo para ensayos y se desarrolló un modelo de simulación con EcosimPro para evaluar sus prestaciones. Se concluyó que el diseño era adecuado para el rango de operación definido. La incompatibilidad entre el fluido de trabajo y los materiales del LHP está ligada a la generación de gases no condensables. Para un estudio más detallado de los efectos de dichos gases en el funcionamiento del LHP se analizó su comportamiento con diferentes cantidades de nitrógeno inyectadas en su cámara de compensación, simulando un gas no condensable formado en el interior del dispositivo. El estudio se basó en el análisis de las temperaturas medidas experimentalmente a distintos niveles de potencia y temperatura de sumidero o fuente fría. Adicionalmente, dichos resultados se compararon con las predicciones obtenidas por medio del modelo en EcosimPro. Las principales conclusiones obtenidas fueron dos. La primera indica que una cantidad de gas no condensable más de dos veces mayor que la cantidad generada al final de la vida de un satélite típico de telecomunicaciones (15 años) tiene efectos casi despreciables en el funcionamiento del LHP. La segunda es que el principal efecto del gas no condensable es una disminución de la conductancia térmica, especialmente a bajas potencias y temperaturas de sumidero. El efecto es más significativo cuanto mayor es la cantidad de gas añadida. Asimismo, durante la campaña de ensayos se observó un fenómeno no esperado para grandes cantidades de gas no condensable. Dicho fenómeno consiste en un comportamiento oscilatorio, detectado tanto en los ensayos como en la simulación. Este efecto es susceptible de una investigación más profunda y los resultados obtenidos pueden constituir la base para dicha tarea. ABSTRACT Loop Heat Pipes (LHPs) are heat transfer devices whose operating principle is based on the evaporation/condensation of a working fluid, and which use capillary pumping forces to ensure the fluid circulation. Thanks to their flexibility, low mass and minimum (even null) power consumption, their main application has been identified as part of the thermal control subsystem in spacecraft. In the present work, an LHP able to operate efficiently up to 125 oC has been developed, which is in line with the current tendency of satellite on-board equipment to increase their operating temperatures. In selecting the optimal LHP design for the elevated temperature application, the compatibility between the materials and working fluid has been identified as one of the main drivers. An extensive literature review and a dedicated trade-off were performed, in order to select the optimal combination of fluids and materials for the LHP. The trade-off included the development of a dedicated compatibility test stand. In conclusion, the combination of stainless steel evaporator, titanium piping and ammonia as working fluid was selected as the best candidate to operate up to 125 oC. An LHP prototype was designed and manufactured and a simulation model in EcosimPro was developed to evaluate its performance. The first conclusion was that the defined LHP was suitable for the defined operational range. Incompatibility between the working fluid and LHP materials is linked to Non Condensable Gas (NCG) generation. Therefore, the behaviour of the LHP developed with different amounts of nitrogen injected in its compensation chamber to simulate NCG generation, was analyzed. The LHP performance was studied by analysis of the test results at different temperatures and power levels. The test results were also compared to simulations in EcosimPro. Two additional conclusions can be drawn: (i) the effects of an amount of more than two times the expected NCG at the end of life of a typical telecommunications satellite (15 years) is almost negligible on the LHP operation, and (ii) the main effect of the NCG is a decrease in the LHP thermal conductance, especially at low temperatures and low power levels. This decrease is more significant with the progressive addition of NCG. An unexpected phenomenon was observed in the LHP operation with large NCG amounts. Namely, an oscillatory behaviour, which was observed both in the tests and the simulation. This effect provides the basis for further studies concerning oscillations in LHPs.

Air Mines. Urban Space Station

Air Mines The sky over the city's port was the color of a faulty screen, only partly lit up. As the silhouette of nearby buildings became darker, but more clearly visible against the fading blur-filter of a background, the realization came about how persistent a change had been taking place. Slowly, old wooden water reservoirs and rattling HVAC systems stopped being the only inhabitants of roofs. Slightly trembling, milkish jellyfish-translucent air volumes had joined the show in multiples. A few years ago artists and architects seized upon the death of buildings as their life-saving media. Equipped with constructive atlases and instruments they started disemboweling their subjects, poking about their systems, dumping out on the street the battered ugliness of their embarrassing bits and pieces, so rightly hidden by facades and height from everyday view. But, would you believe it? Even ?old ladies?, investment bankers or small children failed to get upset. Of course, old ladies are not what they used to be. It was old ladies themselves that made it happen after years of fights with the town hall, imaginative proposals and factual arguments. An industry with little financial gains but lots of welcome externalities was not, in fact, the ground for investment bankers. But they too had to admit that having otherwise stately buildings make fine particulate pencils with their facades was not the worse that could happen. Yes, making soot pencils had been found an interesting and visible end product of the endeavor, a sort of mining the air for vintage writing tools one can actually touch. The new view from the street did not seem as solid or dignified as that of old, and they hated that the market for Fine Particulates Extraction (FPE, read efpee) had to be applied on a matrix of blocks and streets that prevented undue concentration of the best or worse solutions. It had to be an evenly distributed city policy in order for the city to apply for cleaning casino money. Once the first prototypes had been deployed in buildings siding Garden Avenue or Bulwark Street even fast movers appreciated the sidekick of flower and plant smell dripping down the Urban Space Stations (USS, read use; USSs, read uses) as air and walls cooled off for a few hours after sunset. Enough. It was all nice to remember, but it was now time to go up and start the lightweight afternoon maintenance of their USS. Coop discussions had taken place all through the planning and continued through the construction phase as to how maintenance was going to be organized. Fasters had voted for a pro, pay a small amount and let them use it for rent and produce. In the end some neighbors decided they were slow enough to take care and it was now the turn. Regret came periodically, sometimes a week before, and lasted until work actually started. But lately it had been replaced by anxiety when it needed to be passed over to the next caretaker. It did not look their shift was good enough and couldn?t wait to fix it. Today small preparations needed to be made for a class visit next day from a nearby cook school. They were frequenters. It had not been easy, but it shouldn?t have been that hard. In the end, even the easiest things are hard if they involve a city, buildings and neighbors. On the face of the data, the technicalities and the way final designs had been worked out for adaptation to the different settings, the decision of where to go was self evident, but organization issues and the ever-growing politics of taste in a city of already-gentrified-rodents almost put the project in the frozen orbit of timeless beautiful future possibilities. This is how it was. A series of designs by XClinic and OSS had made it possible to adapt to different building structures, leave in most cases the roof untouched and adapted a new technology of flexing fiberglass tubes that dissipated wind pressure in smooth bending.......

Análisis del comportamiento de las tuberías de poliéster reforzado con fibra de vidrio con capa de arena

Aunque las primeras fábricas de tubos de poliéster reforzado con fibra de vidrio en España datan del año 1984, no es sino hasta el año 1996 cuando se comienza su utilización masiva como un sustituto de las tuberías de fribrocemento, que ya habían sido prohibidas por la legislación, debido a los efectos cancerígenos de este material. Desde entonces se ha prodigado la utilización de todas las diferentes tipologías de esta clase de tubería, de conformidad a los procesos de fabricación empleados que se encuentran recopilados en el AWWA Manual M45 (Fiberglass Pipe Design), obteniéndose muy diversos resultados. Durante estos años, ha surgido una creciente preocupación en los usuarios de este tipo de tuberías dadas las continuas y numerosas averías en todo el ámbito geográfico. Esto ha promovido el desarrollo de la presente investigaicón, que se ha dividido en dos partes y que ha concluido con la determinación de un nuevo mecanismo específico de fractura. La primera parte se centró en la obtención y desarrollo del modelo teórico que hemos venido a denominar como "Teoría de la Caja Mecánicamente Contaminada", y que está basado en la contaminación o separación por un impacto de dos de las tres capas que forman la tubería, la capa intermedia de arena y la capa más interna o "inner layer". La consecuencia es la disminución del canto resistente, la rotura del inner layer y la entrada de fluido a la capa de arena. Para la evaluación de la magnitud de esta separación se ha desarrollado un modelo analítico que ha determinado la existencia de una relación cuadrática que la rige, y que ha sido verificado mediante ensayos de impacto sobre probetas de tuberías, alcanzando ajustes de hasta el 92%. Así, se ha determinado que impactos de muy baja intensidad, del entorno de 90 a 160 Julios en tuberías Filament Winding continuo PN 16-20 (de 800 a 1000mm) pueden comprometer seriamente la integridad estructural de la tubería sin dejar, en un principio, muesca o traza alguna que pueda alertar del problema. Los siguientes pasos en el estudio se dirigieron a determinar qué otros mecanismos, aparte del golpe, podrían contaminar la tubería y a estudiar el consiguiente avance de la fractura a las capas externas. Se trataba además de analizar la aparición en el tubo de unas misteriosas manchas en forma de "piel de leopardo" y de otros fenómenos aparecidos en las averías como que algunas de las deformaciones de la rotura por presión interna son hacia el interior del tubo y no al revés, como habría sido de esperar a priori. Se optó entonces por comenzar la que ha constituido la segunda parte de la investigación. Para ello se recurrió a realizar ensayos hidráulicos en banco de pruebas a alta presión, cuyos resultados fueron sorprendentes al descubrir que en el proceso se producía la hidrólisis de la resina de poliéster no catalizada que fluía hacia el exterior del tubo. Como consecuencia se llevaron a cabo nuevos ensayos físicos y químicos para estudiar la migración del material y la hidrólisis producida en el proceso de fractura. En este estudio, resultó muy relevante el hecho de sobrepasar o no la presión que producía el desagarro entre las capas del tubo. En definitiva, en esta investigación, que ha constado de estudios analíticos y estudios experimentales, químicos y numéricos, se ha determinado un nuevo mecanismo de fractura que explica gran parte de los fallos acontecidos en las tuberías de poliéster reforzado con fibra de vidrio. Como aplicación se exponen recomendaciones para mejorar el comportamiento mecánico de esta tipología y evitar así los sobrecostes millonarios producidos por su reposición. Numerous and continuous failures in fiberglass reinforced polyester pipes of different companies and manufacturing processes of the AWWA Manual M45 (Fiberglass Pipe Design), have prompted the development of this research, that has concluded with a specific mechanism describing pipe fractures. This research was carried out via two independent studies. The first one is the development of the hypothesis that turned into the Mechanically Contaminated Layer Theory. This theory describes the fracture mchanism which explains a significant part of massive failures due to the existence of a sand layer placed near the neutral axis in the core making the composite very sensitive to impacts in fibreglass reinforced polyester pipes. These failures create interface delamination and consequently fluid can leak into supporting sand backfill thereby iniating the fracture process. In order to assess the delimination magnitude, an analytic method is developed and a squared root law between delamination and energy applied proposed. Vertical blunt ram testts on samples extracted from complete pipes have been carried out to verify this theory, reaching a goodness of fit up to 92%. It is concluded that low energy impacts, around 90-160J in 800-1000mm diameter PN 16-20 continuous filament winding pipes, can seriously compromise their structural integraty with no external trace. The next step in the study was to determine what other mechanism, apart from the brittle hit, could contaminate the pipe and to analyse the consequente advance of the fracture to the external layers. Another aim was to analyse two phenomena occurred in real pipe failures. The first one is the appearance on the tube of "leopard fur" stains on some of the analysed failures, and the other phenomenon is the "inverse fracture", in which the deformations of the failure due to internal pressure are towards the inside of the tube and not the other way round, as it would be expected. It was then chosen to follow a new branch of the investigation by hydraulic high-pressure bench tests that study seepage and load transmission. The results were very surprising as it was discovered that in the process, hydrolysis of the non-catalysed polyester resin occured, flowing towards the outer of the pipe, which entailed the development of chemical and physical tests of the exuded material to study material migration and hydrolysis of the fracture process. In this particular study it was relevant to exceed or not the pressure that produced the rip between the layers of the tube. In conclusion, a new breakage mechanism in FRP pies with sand-filled layer has been found, which explains a high part of the failure global cases. The whole failure process is justified by the Mechanically Contaminated Layer Theory, which has been corroborated by means of analytical, numerical and experimental studies. Several recommendations are also provided in order to improve the mechanical behaviour of this typology and avoid the millionaire overruns generated by its massive failures.

Evaluación del comportamiento mecánico de estructuras de hormigón armado utilizadas como elementos termoactivos

El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer las posibles modificaciones que puede producir en el comportamiento de las estructuras de hormigón armado (EHA) el hecho de que sean utilizadas como estructuras termoactivas, ya sea como intercambiadores en contacto con el terreno, o como sistema de distribución de calor utilizando la inercia térmica de los elementos de hormigón del edificio, basándose en el uso de energías renovables. Las EHA termoactivas se caracterizan por la incorporación en su interior de tubos de polietileno por los que circulan fluidos a temperaturas medias, que pueden incidir en el comportamiento mecánico de los elementos estructurales debido a dos efectos fundamentales: el incremento de temperatura que se produce en el interior de la EHA y la perturbación provocada por la incorporación de los tubos de polietileno. Con este fin, se ha realizado una campaña experimental de probetas de hormigón, estudiando los dos efectos por separado, por un lado se ha evaluado el comportamiento de probetas de hormigón tipo H-25 y tipo H-30 sometidas a cuatro temperaturas diferentes: 20ºC, 40ºC, 70ºC y 100ºC, ensayando la resistencia a compresión y la resistencia a anclaje/adherencia mediante ensayo “pull-out”; y, por otro lado, se ha evaluado el comportamiento de probetas de hormigón tipo H-25 y tipo H-30, elaboradas con dos tipos de molde (cilíndrico y cúbico), en las que se ha colocado tubos de polietileno en su interior en distintas posiciones, ensayando su resistencia a compresión. Los resultados de los ensayos han puesto de manifiesto que aunque se produce una disminución en la resistencia a compresión, y a arrancamiento, del hormigón, al ser sometido a aumentos de temperatura, esta disminución de la propiedades mecánicas es inferior al 20% al no superar esta tecnología los 70ºC; y respecto a la variación de la resistencia a compresión de probetas cilíndricas y cúbicas, debidas a la incorporación de los tubos de polietileno, se observa que si la posición de los mismos es paralela a la dirección de la carga tampoco se ven comprometidas las propiedad mecánicas del hormigón en valores superiores al 20%. ABSTRACT The aim of this project is to study the effects of using concrete structures as thermo-active constructions, either as energy foundations or other kind of thermo-active ground structures, or as a thermally activated building structure utilizing its own thermal mass conductivity and storage capacity to heat and cool buildings, based on renewable or “free” energy sources. The pipes, filled with a heat carrier fluid, that are embedded into the building´s concrete elements may bring on two different adverse effects on concrete structures. In one hand, the consequence of thermal variations and, on the other hand, because of the fact that the pipes are inside of the concrete mortar and in direct contact with the reinforcing steel bars. For this reason, different types of specimens and testing procedures have been proposed to discuss the effects of temperature (20º, 40ºC, 70ºC y 100ºC) on the performance of two different hardened concrete: H-25 and H-30, and the effects of having the pipes embedded in different positions inside of specimens made of two types of concrete, H-25 and H-30, and with two kind of cast, cylindrical and cubical. The experimental program includes the use of compressive strength test and also pull-out test, in order to investigate the interfacial adhesion quality and interfacial properties between steel bar and concrete. The results of the mechanical test showed that the increase of temperature in hardened concrete specimens lower than 70ºC, and the introduction of embedded pipes placed in parallel to the load, in cylindrical or cubic specimens, does not jeopardize the mechanical properties of concrete with strength decreases higher than 20%.

Microstructural and mechanical characterization of annealed tungsten (W) and potassium-doped tungsten foils

Here we show that potassium-doped tungsten foil should be preferred to pure tungsten foil when considering tungsten laminate pipes for structural divertor applications. Potassium-doped tungsten materials are well known from the bulb industry and show an enhanced creep and recrystallization behaviour that can be explained by the formation of potassium-filled bubbles that are surrounding the elongated grains, leading to an interlocking of the microstructure. In this way, the ultra-fine grained (UFG) microstructure of tungsten foil can be stabilized and with it the extraordinary mechanical properties of the foil in terms of ductility, toughness, brittle-to-ductile transition, and radiation resistance. In this paper we show the results of three-point bending tests performed at room temperature on annealed pure tungsten and potassium-doped tungsten foils (800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1600, 1800, 2000, 2200, and 2400 °C for 1 h in vacuum). The microstructural assessment covers the measurement of the hardness and analyses of fractured surfaces as well as a comparison of the microstructure by optical microscopy. The results show that there is a positive effect of potassium-doped tungsten foils compared to pure tungsten foil and demonstrate the potential of the doped foil

Sistema de descarga para metaneros de hasta 145000 m3 con gasinera para buques a propulsión de GNL

Current social demand for more environmentally-friendly fuels environment has imposed stringent emissions standards infectious greenhouse affecting all means of transport, including maritime. A few free zones emissions (ECA) in waters around the world have been established. This has driven to the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) as the fuel of the future for ships to comply with emissions laid down by the Convention International Prevention of the Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). The present work proposes the installation of a LNG station for ships in the future regasification plant of Granadilla (Santa Cruz de Tenerife). The work has understood the design and sizing of the receiving of the regasification plant terminal pipelines, as well as pipes for the LNG station. La demanda social actual por combustibles más respetuosos con el medio ambiente ha impuesto unas estrictas normas de emisiones de gases infecto invernadero que afectan a todos los medios de transporte, incluido el marítimo. Se han establecido unas zonas libres de emisiones (ECA) en aguas de todo el mundo. Esto ha impulsado al Gas Natural Licuado (GNL) como el combustible del futuro para buques para cumplir con las emisiones fijadas por la Convención Internacional de Prevención de la Contaminación de Barcos (MARPOL). El presente trabajo propone la instalación de una gasinera para buques en la futura planta de regasificación de Granadilla (Santa Cruz de Tenerife). El trabajo ha comprendido el diseño y dimensionamiento de las tuberías de la terminal de recepción de la planta de regasificación, así como las tuberías para la gasinera.

Artisan procedures to generate uniform tilings

This paper try to prove how artisans c ould discover all uniform tilings and very interesting others us ing artisanal combinatorial pro cedures without having to use mathematical procedures out of their reac h. Plane Geometry started up his way through History by means of fundamental drawing tools: ruler and co mpass. Artisans used same tools to carry out their orna mental patterns but at some point they began to work manually using physical representations of fi gures or tiles previously drawing by means of ruler and compass. That is an important step for craftsman because this way provides tools that let him come in the world of symmetry opera tions and empirical knowledge of symmetry groups. Artisans started up to pr oduce little wooden, ceramic or clay tiles and began to experiment with them by means of joining pieces whether edge to edge or vertex to vertex in that way so it can c over the plane without gaps. Economy in making floor or ceramic tiles could be most important reason to develop these procedures. This empiric way to develop tilings led not only to discover all uniform tilings but later discovering of aperiodic tilings.