Doubling the width of the platform of the San Pedro bridge in Spain

The San Pedro Bridge has six spans and is 750 m (2460 ft) long, 88 m (290 ft) high, 12 m (39 ft) wide, and curved with a radius of 700 m (2300 ft). It was built in 1993 using the cantilever method. Its super - structure is a prestressed concrete box girder with main spans of 150 m (490 ft). In 2008 and 2009, the width of the platform was enlarged to 23 m (75 ft) using five movable sets of scaffolding. The bridge remained open to traffic during construction. The original platform was widened 6 m (20 ft) on each side by connecting a new lightweight concrete cantilever to the original upper slab. These cantilevers were supported by steelstruts. The tie into the upper slab was made with new transverse post-tensioned tendons. The original superstructure was strengthened to resist the additional dead load of the expansion and live loads of the extra traffic. An additional new central web and a composite concrete-steel section were constructed and connected to the concrete box and central web using vertical high-strength post-tensioning bars. Also, external post-tensioning cables were implemented. It was also necessary to strengthen the connection of the original concrete box section to the piers. Detailed calculations were performed to evaluate the load distribution transmitted to the piers by the webs and by the original inclined concrete walls of the box girder. Finally, a detailed second-order-analysis of the complete structure was made to guarantee the resistance of the piers compared with actual loads

Producción de pólvoras salinas por vía húmeda

Valuable black powder has been produced traditionally by the wheel-mill grinding process. It is a process which evolved since the 12th century until his crowning moment ca. 1850. The current system of manufacturing black powder has barely changed in 150 years. This traditional system has and inherent risk of explosion in several stages which is not avoidable. Laws and restrictions are constantly increasing. So do the transportation costs, whatever are his final use. Nowadays the consumer price could be multiplied by easily more than ten times the original production cost. Traditional factories tend to group, merge and move away from settled areas. Obviously this protects the factories from public opinion in case of an accident thus increases the final cost of the propellant. The wet production could allow plants to scatter and decrease production costs. A wet method of production is proposed and developed in this project. The components are mixed in presence of water and extracted with an organic solvent. This conditions insures there is no risk of explosion. The method uses low and cheap technology. Precise calculations are presented among thermodynamic, legal and economic factors. Although the work is based in traditional (KNO3-C-S) black powder, other oxidizers with present interest like are studied. Furthermore, traditional production systems and quality processes are also discussed. Obtener pólvora negra ha sido posible gracias a la producción por vía seca con el molino de ruedas. Es un procedimiento que ha estado en evolución desde el siglo XII hasta su cénit a mediados del siglo XIX. Las producciones actuales utilizan este sistema que apenas ha variado en 150 años. El proceso clásico implica riesgos inherentes e inevitables de explosión en varias de sus etapas. Cada día la legislación es progresivamente más restrictiva con el transporte de explosivos. Las pólvoras, sean usadas para pirotecnia, cartuchería o materiales energéticos, están sujetas a gravámenes por el transporte. Hoy día el precio al consumidor puede llegar a estar multiplicado hasta más de diez veces el coste de producción. Las producciones tradicionales tienden a agruparse y alejarse de las poblaciones. Esto las protege, en caso de accidente, de la opinión pública aunque a costa de encarecer el producto. La producción húmeda es fácilmente escalable y apenas requiere inversión pudiendo dispersar las producciones y abaratar los costes. En este proyecto se propone un sistema de producción de explosivos salinos por vía húmeda, a través de una incorporación acuosa y una extracción con un disolvente orgánico. Las condiciones de operación aseguran que no hay riesgo ninguno de explosión. El sistema utiliza tecnología muy accesible y económica. Se han incorporado cálculos meticulosos además de discutir aspectos termodinámicos, legislativos y económicos. Aunque el trabajo se centra en la pólvora clásica (KNO3-C-S), se estudian alternativas con mayor interés actual. Así mismo se analizan los métodos de producción tradicionales y los efectos sobre la calidad de la pólvora.