Solución de gestión y control de la integridad de pozos

El objetivo de este proyecto es la creación de un modelo de gestión y control de la integridad de pozo, basado en el seguimiento de la operación y el análisis de su diseño y construcción. Para ello se diseña una herramienta tecnológica que permita disponer de la información necesaria y gestionarla según estándares internacionales. En la fase inicial del proyecto se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de los estudios más relevantes sobre integridad de pozos, tanto de la asociación SPE (Society of Petroleum Engineers), de Universidades de Noruega y México, o de empresas como ECOPETROL, con el fin entrar en el contexto y analizar antecedentes de modelos y herramientas similares. En segundo lugar se ha realizado un estudio de las bases de datos, comenzando por un análisis de los estándares de PPDM (The Professional Petroleum Data Management Association) sobre los que se realiza la herramienta y se ha seleccionado la base de datos que más se adecua a la herramienta, considerando Access como la mejor opción por ser de fácil acceso e incorporar el módulo de informes. Para la creación de la solución se diseñó un modelo de datos, condicionado por los requisitos de integridad de pozos de la normativa noruega NORSOK D-010 y de la guía de recomendaciones para la integridad de pozos de la asociación de petróleo y gas de Noruega. La materialización de este modelo se realizó mediante la creación de una base de datos en la plataforma Access, y empleando lenguaje propio de Access combinado con programación SQL. Una vez definido y construido el modelo de datos, es posible crear una capa de visualización de la información. Para ello se define un informe de estado de pozo. Este informe será visible por el usuario según sus roles y responsabilidades. ABSTRACT The objective of this project is to create a model for managing and controlling the well integrity. It is based on the monitoring of the operation and the analysis of its design and construction. Therefore a technological tool is designed; to allow having the necessary information and to manage it according to international standards. At the beginning of the project, a literature review of the most relevant studies on well integrity was performed. It was made to enter into context and to analyze the history of the models and available similar tools. It included texts from the association SPE (Society of Petroleum Engineers), universities from Norway and Mexico, and companies like ECOPETROL. Secondly there has been a study of the databases. It began with an analysis of PPDM (The Professional Petroleum Data Management Association) standards; about which, the tool is made. After the analysis, Access was considered the best option because it is easily accessible and incorporates the reporting module. In order to create the solution a data model was designed. It was conditioned by the requirements of integrity of wells, in the Norwegian standards and in the NORSOK D010 recommendations guide for well integrity of the Norwegian oil and gas Association. This model was performed by a database in the Access platform, and using Access language, combined with SQL programming. Once the data model is defined and built, it is possible to create a layer of data visualization. A report of this well is defined to create it. This report will be visible for the user according to their roles and responsibilities.

A bankable method of assessing the performance of a CPV plant

Concentrating Photovoltaics (CPV) is an alternative to flat-plate module photovoltaic (PV) technology. The bankability of CPV projects is an important issue to pave the way toward a swift and sustained growth in this technology. The bankability of a PV plant is generally addressed through the modeling of its energy yield under a baseline loss scenario, followed by an on-site measurement campaign aimed at verifying its energy performance. This paper proposes a procedure for assessing the performance of a CPV project, articulated around four main successive steps: Solar Resource Assessment, Yield Assessment, Certificate of Provisional Acceptance, and Certificate of Final Acceptance. This methodology allows the long-term energy production of a CPV project to be estimated with an associated uncertainty of ≈5%. To our knowledge, no such method has been proposed to the CPV industry yet, and this critical situation has hindered or made impossible the completion of several important CPV projects undertaken in the world. The main motive for this proposed method is to bring a practical solution to this urgent problem. This procedure can be operated under a wide range of climatic conditions, and makes it possible to assess the bankability of a CPV plant whose design uses any of the technologies currently available on the market. The method is also compliant with both international standards and local regulations. In consequence, its applicability is both general and international.

Aislamiento acústico a ruido aéreo en techos con materiales ecológicos

El incremento de la contaminación acústica se ha convertido en un problema medioambiental lo cual ha generado un aumento en la demanda del aislamiento de los edificios para lograr el confort acústico. Existen métodos de medición de aislamiento acústico a ruido aéreo de fachadas bajo ensayo “in situ” pero no para techos. El objetivo de esta investigación consiste en determinar el aislamiento acústico de prototipos de techos ecológicos multicapas adaptando la metodología recomendada por normas internacionales. Se propusieron cuatro prototipos de techos con distintos materiales naturales como especies vegetales y sustratos de fibra de coco, superpuestos sobre un techo base liviano. Al sustrato se le varió su espesor de 10 a 20 cm, sus condiciones seca o húmeda y su densidad: 100%, 66% y 33% fibra de coco. En los resultados se determinó que las especies vegetales no aportaron aislamiento, pero al incrementar el espesor y densidad del sustrato mejoró el aislamiento sonoro. También se determinó que el aislamiento acústico en condición seca fue mejor que en condición húmeda. Se planteó una metodología para determinar el aislamiento acústico a ruido aéreo en techos bajo ensayo “in situ” empleando el método global con altavoz, ésta se estructuró en tres partes: la primera describe el módulo experimental y la plataforma tecnológica; la segunda aborda procedimientos para medir los niveles de presión sonora, niveles de ruido de fondo y los tiempos de reverberación, en bandas de frecuencia de tercios de octava; en la tercera se explica el cálculo de los promedios de estos parámetros, así como también la diferencia de niveles estandarizada, el índice de reducción sonora aparente con sus valores globales y su incertidumbre. Así mismo, se determinó un algoritmo de predicción del aislamiento acústico, analizando los valores obtenidos en las mediciones “in situ” como la Diferencia de nivel estandarizada ponderada y el Índice ponderado de reducción sonora, los cuales se relacionaron con el peso y el espesor de los materiales de las diferentes multicapas. A través de un análisis de regresión se establecieron modelos para predecir la Diferencia de nivel estandarizada y el Índice de reducción sonora aparente en bandas de octavas. Los resultados del modelo propuesto son cercanos a los datos medidos “in situ”. Por otra parte, se realizaron mediciones térmicas en un módulo experimental y otro de referencia en tres períodos del día. En el módulo experimental se construyeron los prototipos de techos ecológicos y en el de referencia un techo de construcción tradicional, se compararon los resultados de ambos módulos y su interacción con la temperatura exterior. Se detectó que las temperaturas internas del módulo experimental en condición seca tienden a mantener sus valores durante todo el día, en horas de la mañana sus valores son superiores a los del módulo de referencia y temperatura exterior. Al mediodía y en la tarde las temperaturas internas del módulo experimental son inferiores a las del módulo de referencia, incrementándose esta última a medida que aumenta temperatura exterior. Finalmente, a partir de las mediciones “in situ” se realizaron cuatro modelos de correlación acústica-térmica, los tres primeros relacionando la temperatura y el nivel de presión sonora en tres momentos del día, en la tarde se aprecia que a medida que aumenta la temperatura aumentan los niveles de presión sonora. En el cuarto modelo se estableció una correlación acústica-térmica entre la resistencia térmica de los materiales de las multicapas con su índice de reducción sonora, obteniéndose un coeficiente de correlación moderado. La presente investigación plantea retos desde el punto de vista ambiental, permite cuantificar el aislamiento acústico de los techos y mejorar la calidad de vida en áreas urbanas; el empleo de los materiales de procedencia local como los utilizados fomenta el respeto por la naturaleza y producen un menor impacto ambiental. ABSTRACT Sound contamination increase has generated a raise in insulation demand of buildings in order to achieve a sound comfort, and this has become into an environmental problem. There are measurements methods for air borne soundproofing in facades through “in situ” test but there are not for roofs. The purpose of this research is to determine sound insulation of multilayer green roof prototypes following the methodology suggested by international standards. Four prototypes of roofs with different types of vegetation and overlapped coconut fiber substrates over a light roof were proposed. Thickness of substrate varied from 10 to 20 cm, as well as its dry a humid condition and its density: 100%, 66% y 33% of coconut fiber. Results determined that vegetation did not contribute to insulation but when increasing substrate’s thickness and density, sound insulation was improved. Likewise, it was determined that sound insulation in dry condition was greater than in humid condition. A methodology to determine airborne sound insulation in roofs through “in situ” test using a speaker global method was stated. This was structured in three parts: the first part describes the experimental module and the technological platform; the second one establishes the procedures to measure sound pressure levels; levels of background noise and time of reverberation in frequency bands of thirds of octave, and in the third part, averages of these parameters, as well as the difference of standardized levels, the apparent sound reduction with its global values and uncertainty were calculated. Likewise, a prediction algorithm of sound insulation was determined by analyzing values obtained in “in-situ” measures such as the difference of weighted standardized level and the weighted index of sound reduction which they were related to weight and thickness of different multilayer materials. Models to predict the standardized level difference and the apparent sound reduction index in bands of octaves were established by a regression analysis. Results for the proposed model are close to data measured “in situ”. On the other hand, thermal measures were done in an experimental module, as well as in another as for reference in three periods of the day. Green prototypes roofs were built in the experimental module and a traditional roof were built in the reference one. Results of both modules were compared as well as the interaction with outside temperature. Internal temperatures of the experimental module in dry condition tend to keep their values throughout the day; in the morning, its values are higher than those of the reference module and external temperatures. Finally, four models of sound-thermal correlation were done from measures “in situ”. The first three were related to temperature and sound pressure level in three moments of the day. In the afternoon, it is observed that when temperature increases, sound pressure levels increases too. In the fourth model, a sound and thermal correlation was established between thermal resistance of multilayer materials with their sound reduction index, and a moderated correlation coefficient was obtained. This research poses challenges from the environmental point of view, and it allows quantifying sound insulation of roofs as well as improving quality of life in urban areas; the use of local vegetation promotes respect for nature and it produces a smaller environmental impact as well.

Differences brick facade design to horizontal loads between the Spanish and European standards

Brick facades are a construction type, strongly linked to local construction characteristics and methods. In Spain, particularly in Castilla, the facades have been built since the '80s with Castilian half foot (11.5 cm), resting on the edge of slabs. The design of these facades, to horizontal loads from wind, depending on the codes used, can lead to completely different valid solutions. Applying same loads, the facades studied with current European standard (Eurocode 6), have a maximum length of 7.1 m between supports, while the Spanish code, Technical Building Code - Structural Safety Masonry, (CTE SE-F), 8.4 m can be achieved. This represents an increase of flexural strength, depending on the calculation model used, which can reach until 8 times. This is due to the difference of the calculation method and the structural model in one and another standard, depending on if this facade is analyzed as a vertical or horizontal beam or by formation of a vertical or horizontal archh. This paper analyzes the constructive solution of the brick facades that results from applying Spanish or European standards and how it affects the model applied in the safety of the resulting facade.