Utilización de ingredientes tradicionales y nuevos productos derivados del haba de soja en piensos de lechones blancos e ibéricos: efectos sobre la fisiología digestiva y la productividad

Los objetivos principales de esta Tesis Doctoral fueron estudiar en 4 ensayos los efectos a) del procesado del maíz y la inclusión en los piensos de ingredientes de alta calidad como harina de pescado o fuentes de lactosa en lechones blancos b) inclusión en el pienso de diferentes productos derivados del haba de soja, con diferente contenido de proteína bruta (PB), tamaño de partícula y origen en lechones blancos e ibéricos y c) inclusión en el pienso de lechones ibéricos de ingredientes de alta calidad; forma de presentación del pienso y la duración del suministro del pienso prestárter sobre los parámetros productivos, la digestibilidad de los nutrientes, y las características morfológicas de la mucosa digestiva en lechones blancos e ibéricos recién destetados. En el experimento 1, los efectos de la complejidad del pienso prestárter sobre los parámetros productivos y la digestibilidad total aparente (TTAD) de los nutrientes fueron estudiados en lechones blancos recién destetados. Se utilizaron 10 tratamientos experimentales como resultado de 5 piensos prestárter (21 a 41 d de edad) y 2 piensos estárter (42 a 62 d de edad). Los piensos prestárter consistieron en un control negativo que incluía 40% de maíz crudo, 4% de harina de pescado y 7% de lactosa, un control positivo que incluía 40% de maíz cocido, 10% de harina de pescado, y 14% de lactosa, y 3 piensos adicionales con similares ingredientes que el pienso control positivo pero en los que a) 40% de maíz cocido fue sustituido por el mismo porcentaje de maíz crudo, b) se redujo el nivel de harina de pescado del 10 al 4%, y c) se redujo el nivel de lactosa del 14 al 7%. Cada tratamiento se replicó 6 veces (6 lechones/departamento). De 42 a 62 d de edad, la mitad de cada uno de los 5 piensos prestárter recibió un pienso estándar compuesto por harina de soja- maíz crudo y manteca y la otra mitad un pienso con similar perfil nutricional pero incluyendo un 20% de maíz cocido, 5% de harina de pescado, 1.3% de lactosa, 2% de concentrado de proteína de soja obtenido por fermentación y 1% de aceite de soja en lugar de harina de soja, maíz sin procesar y manteca. La complejidad del pienso no afectó a los parámetros productivos en ninguno de los periodos estudiados, pero el índice de diarreas durante la fase prestárter fue mayor en los lechones que recibieron el pienso control negativo que en los alimentados con cualquiera de los otros piensos (P<0.05). A los 30 días de edad (piensos prestárter), la digestibilidad de la materia orgánica (MO) y de la energía bruta (EB) fue menor (P<0.001) en los lechones que consumieron el pienso control negativo que en los lechones que consumieron cualquiera de los otros piensos. Sin embrago, la digestibilidad fecal de la PB no fue afectada. A los 50 días de edad (piensos estárter), la digestibilidad de los nutrientes fue similar en ambos piesnsos. Se concluye que la utilización de niveles elevados de ingredientes de alta calidad en los piensos no mejora los parámetros productivos de los lechones blancos en ninguno de los períodos estudiados. De 21 a 41 días de edad, el índice de diarreas se redujo y la digestibilidad de los nutrientes aumentó con la utilización de piensos de mayor calidad. Por lo tanto, la utilización de piensos con niveles elevados de ingredientes de calidad para reducir problemas digestivos y por lo tanto, mejorar los parámetros productivos podría estar justificada en algunos casos. En el experimento 2, se estudiaron los efectos de la inclusión en el pienso de harina de soja con diferente contenido de PB (44 vs. 49 % PB), la micronización de la harina de soja de alta proteína (AP-HS; 49% PB) y la utilización de concentrado de proteína de soja (CPS; 65% PB) sobre los parámetros productivos y la TTAD de los nutrientes en lechones blancos recién destetados de 28 a 63 días de edad. De 28 a 49 días de edad (fase I), hubo un pienso control positivo con un 10% de CPS, un pienso control negativo con 14.8% de harina de soja estándar (R-HS; 44% de PB) y otros 4 piensos que incluían 13.3% de AP-HS de origen Americano (USA) o Argentino (ARG) y molidas groseramente (980 μm) o micronizadas (80 μm). Cada tratamiento se replicó 8 veces (6 lechones/departamento). De 49 a 63 días de edad (fase II), todos los lechones recibieron un pienso comercial común en forma de harina. En el global de la fase I, el tratamiento experimental no afectó a ninguno de los parámetros productivos estudiados. Sin embargo, de 28 a 35 días de edad, los lechones alimentados con AP-HS micronizadas tuvieron un mejor índice de conversión (IC; 1.11 vs. 0.98; P<0.05) que los alimentados con AP-HS molidas groseramente. También, de 35 a 42 días de edad, los lechones que recibieron el pienso con AP-HS micronizada tendieron (P=0.08) a consumir más pienso que los lechones que consumieron el pienso con AP-HS molida. Durante la fase II (49 a 63 días de edad), cuando todos los lechones recibieron un pienso común, no se observaron diferencias en productividad de los lechones debido al tratamiento previo. En general, la digestibilidad de los nutrientes a los 35 días de edad fue mayor para los lechones que consumieron CPS que para los lechones que consumieron R-HS con los lechones que consumieron AP-HS en una posición intermedia. La digestibilidad de la PB fue mayor (P≤0.01) para el pienso que contenía CPS que para el promedio de los 5 tratamientos en base a HS. También, la digestibilidad de la MO y de la materia seca (MS) fue mayor para el pienso que contenía AP-HS micronizada o molida groseramente que para el pienso que contenía R-HS. La micronización de la AP-HS no tuvo efecto alguno sobre la digestibilidad de los nutrientes. Se concluye que cuando el CPS sustituye en el pienso a R-HS, la digestibilidad de la PB aumenta pero no tiene efecto alguno sobre los parámetros productivos. La utilización de AP-HS en sustitución de R-HS en el pienso mejora la digestibilidad de los nutrientes pero no afecta a los parámetros productivos. La utilización de harina de soja micronizada en los piensos mejora la eficiencia alimenticia durante la primera semana post-destete pero no tiene efecto alguno sobre la digestibilidad de los nutrientes. En general, la inclusión de productos derivados del haba de soja con un alto valor añadido (CPS o AP-HS) en el pienso presenta pocas ventajas en términos productivos al uso de AP-HS en lechones blancos recién destetados. En el experimento 3, se estudiaron los mismos productos de soja y piensos similares al experimento 2 en lechones ibéricos recién destetados. Además de los parámetros productivos y la TTAD de los nutrientes, en este ensayo se estudió también la digestibilidad ileal aparente (AID) de los nutrientes, así como las características histológicas y morfometría de la mucosa ileal. Cada uno de los 6 tratamientos fue replicado 6 veces (6 lechones/departamento). De 30 a 51 días de edad la fuente de harina de soja no afectó a los parámetros productivos, pero el índice de diarreas fue mayor (P<0.001) y la TTAD y AID de los nutrientes menor en los lechones alimentados con R-HS que en los alimentados con CPS o AP-HS. Sin embargo, no se encontró ninguna diferencia para éstos parámetros entre los piensos que contenían AP-HS y CPS. La TTAD de la MO (P=0.07) y de la EB (P=0.05) tendieron a ser mayores en los piensos basados en AP-HS micronizada que en los basados en AP-HS molida. La TTAD de la EB tendió (P<0.05) a ser mayor para la AP-HS de origen USA que para la AP-HS de origen ARG. Los lechones que consumieron R-HS presentaron villi de menor longitud (P<0.01) que los lechones que consumieron AP-HS o CPS, pero no se observaron diferencias en el caso de los lechones que recibieron los piensos que contenían AP-HS o CPS. Se concluye que la inclusión de AP-HS o CPS en el pienso en sustitución de R-HS reduce el índice de diarreas y mejora la digestibilidad de los nutrientes y las características morfológicas del íleon sin afectar a los parámetros productivos. La utilización de piensos basados en productos derivados del haba de soja con mayor valor añadido (CPS o AP-HS) en sustitución de la R-HS, mejora la TTAD de todos los nutrientes y reduce el índice de diarreas si llegar afectar a los parámetros productivos. En el experimento 4 se estudiaron los efectos del contenido de PB y la complejidad del pienso, la presentación física y la duración del suministro del pienso prestárter sobre los parámetros productivos y la TTAD de los nutrientes en lechones ibéricos recién destetados de 28 a 63 días de edad. Hubo 12 tratamientos experimentales con 2 tipos de pienso (AC; calidad alta y BC: calidad media), 2 presentaciones del pienso (gránulo y harina) y 3 duraciones de suministro del pienso prestárter (7, 14 y 21 días). Desde los 7, 14 y 21 días de experimento (dependiendo del tratamiento), hasta los 35 días, todos los lechones recibieron un pienso comercial en forma de harina. Cada uno de los tratamientos fue replicado 3 veces (6 lechones/departamento). En el global del experimento, la ganancia media diaria (GMD; P<0.05) y el consumo medio diario (CMD; P<0.01) fue menor en los lechones que recibieron el pienso AC que para los que recibieron el pienso de BC, si bien el IC no se vio afectado. La granulación del pienso prestárter no afectó a los crecimientos pero mejoró la eficiencia alimenticia. La utilización del pienso prestárter de 0 a 21 días de prueba mejoró el IC (P<0.05), pero redujo la GMD (P<0.01) en comparación con la utilización de éste pienso solo durante 7 o 14 días. El índice de diarreas tendió a ser mayor (P=0.06) en los lechones alimentados con los piensos AC que en los alimentados con los piensos BC. Asimismo, el índice de diarreas fue superior en los lechones que recibieron el pienso en gránulo que los que los recibieron en harina (P<0.001). Además, el índice de diarreas fue superior en los lechones que recibieron el pienso prestárter durante 14 o 21 días que en los que lo recibieron solo durante 7 días (P<0.01). De 28 a 49 días de edad, la GMD y el IC no se vieron afectados por la complejidad del pienso, pero la presentación en gránulo o el aumento en la duración de suministro del pienso prestárter mejoró el IC (P<0.01). También, en este periodo el índice de diarreas fue mayor en lechones alimentados con piensos granulados que aquellos alimentados con piensos en harina. Asimismo, fue superior para los lechones alimentados con el pienso prestárter durante 14 o 21 días que para los que recibieron éste pienso solo durante 7 días (P<0.01). De 49 a 63 días de edad, los lechones que previamente habían recibido piensos BC crecieron más que los que recibieron piensos AC (P<0.001). Asimismo, los lechones que recibieron el pienso prestárter durante 21 días comieron (P< 0.001) y crecieron menos (P<0.05) presentando una peor eficacia alimenticia (P<0.05) que los lechones que lo recibieron solo durante 7 14 días. La digestibilidad de la MO fue mayor en los lechones alimentados con los piensos AC que en los alimentados con piensos BC (P<0.05). La granulación del pienso mejoró la digestibilidad de los principales nutrientes. Los piensos prestárter AC mejoraron la digestibilidad de los nutrientes pero no la eficiencia alimenticia en lechones ibéricos de 28 a 63 días de edad. La granulación del pienso mejoró la eficiencia alimenticia. El aumento del suministro del pienso prestárter de 7 a 21 días mejoró la eficiencia alimenticia pero redujo la GMD. Por lo tanto, la utilización de piensos granulados de alta calidad durante el periodo prestárter es recomendable en lechones ibéricos, pero solo durante la primera semana post-destete. ABSTRACT The main objectives of this PhD Thesis were to study the effects of a) heat processing (HP) of corn and inclusion of high quality ingredients of animal origin such as fish meal (FM) and dried milk products in the diet, b) inclusion of different soy products varying in crude protein (CP) content, particle size, and origin of the beans in diets for conventional white and Iberian weanling pigs, and c) effects of ingredient quality, feed form, and duration of supply of the phase I diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal morphology of weanling pigs. In experiment 1, the effect of diet complexity on total tract apparent digestibility (TTAD) and growth performance was studied in piglets from 21 to 62 d of age. There were 10 experimental treatments which resulted from the combination of 5 phase I (21 to 41 d of age) and 2 phase II (42 to 62 d of age) diets. The 5 phase I diets consisted of a negative control diet that contained 40 % raw corn, 4% FM, and 7% lactose (LAC); a positive control diet that contained 40 % HP corn, 10% FM, and 14% LAC, and 3 extra diets that used similar ingredients to those of the positive control diet but in which a) 40% of HP corn was substituted by raw corn, b) 4% FM rather than 10% FM, and c) 7% LAC instead of 14% LAC were included in the diet. Each treatment was replicated 6 times (6 pigs per pen). From 42 to 62 d of age, half of the pens of each of the 5 phase I treatments received a standard soybean meal (SBM)–native corn–lard diet wheras the other half received a diet with similar nutrient profile but that included 20% HP corn, 5% FM, 1.3% lactosa, 2% fermented soy protein concentrate, and 1% soybean oil in substitution of variables amounts of non-processed corn, SBM, and lard. Dietary treatment did not affect piglet performance at any age, but the incidence of post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) was higher during phase I in piglets fed the negative control diet than in piglets fed any of the other diets (P<0.05). At 30 d of age (phase I diets), the TTAD of organic matter (OM) and gross energy (GE) was lower (P<0.001) in pigs fed the negative control diet than in pigs fed the other diets but CP digestibility was not affected. At 50 d of age (phase II diets), dietary treatment did not affect TTAD of any dietary component. It is concluded that the use of high quality ingredients at high levels in the diet did not improve growth performance of piglets at any age. From 21 to 41 d of age, PWD was reduced and nutrient digestibility was increased in pigs fed the more complex diets. Consequently, the inclusion of high levels of high quality ingredients in piglet diets to maximize growth performance might not be justified under all circumstances In experiment 2, the effect of CP content (44 vs. 49 % CP) of SBM, micronization (fine grinding) of the high CP SBM (HP-SBM; 49% CP), and soy protein concentrate (SPC; 65% CP) on TTAD and growth performance was studied in conventional white piglets from 28 to 63 d of age. From 28 to 49 d of age (phase I), there was a positive control diet that included 6.5% CP from SPC and a negative control diet that supplied the same amount of CP as regular SBM (R-SBM; 44% CP) of Argentina (ARG) origin. The other 4 diets included the same amount of dietary CP from 2 sources of HP-SBM (USA or ARG origin), either ground (990 μm) or micronized (60 μm). Each treatment was replicated 8 times (6 pigs per pen). From 49 to 63 d of age (phase II), all pigs were fed a common commercial starter diet. For the entire phase I, type of soy product included in the diet did not affect growth performance of the pigs. However, from 28 to 35 d of age pigs fed the micronized HP-SBM had better feed conversion ratio (FCR; 0.90 vs. 1.01; P<0.05) than pigs fed the ground HP-SBM. Also, from 35 to 42 d of age, average daily feed intake (ADFI) tended to be higher (P=0.08) for pigs fed the micronized HP-SBM than for pigs fed the ground HP-SBM. During phase II, when all the pigs received the same diet, no differences among treatments were observed. In general, the TTAD of nutrients at 35 d of age was higher for the SPC than for the R-SBM diet with the HP-SBM diets being intermediate. The TTAD of CP was higher (83.8% vs. 81.9%; P≤0.01) for the SPC diet than for the average of 5 SBM containing diets. Also, the digestibility of OM and dry matter (DM) was higher (P<0.01) for the HP-SBM, either ground or micronized, than for the R-SBM diet. Micronization of the HP-SBM did not affect nutrient digestibility. It is concluded that when R-SBM was substituted by SPC, CP digestibility was improved but no effects on growth performance were observed. The use of HP-SBM in substitution of R-SBM in the diet improved nutrient digestibility but did not affect piglet performance. The inclusion of micronized HP-SBM in the diet improved FCR during the first week post-weaning but did not affect TTAD of nutrients. Therefore, the inclusion of added value soy products (SPC or micronized SBM) in the diet presents little advantage in terms of growth performance over the use of HP-SBM in pigs weaned at 28 d of age. In experiment 3, the effects of the same sources of soy protein used in experiment 2 on TTAD and growth performance of crossbreed Iberian pigs from 30 to 61 d of age were studied. In addition, the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients and mucosa ileum morphology were also determined. Dietary treatment did not affect growth performance of the pigs at any age but from 30 to 51 d of age (phase I diets), PWD was higher (P<0.001) and the TTAD and AID of all nutrients were lower for pigs fed the R-SBM diet than for pigs fed the HP-SBM or the SPC diets. However, no differences between the HP-SBM and the SPC containing diets were detected for digestibility of any dietary component. The TTAD of OM (P=0.07) and GE (P=0.05) tended to be higher for the micronized HP-SBM than for the ground HP-SBM and that of GE was higher (P<0.05) for the USA meal than for the ARG meal. Pigs fed R-SBM had lower villus height (P<0.01) than pigs fed HP-SBM or SPC but no differences in ileal mucosal morphology were detected between SPC and HP-SBM containing diets. It is concluded that feeding the HP-SBM or SPC in substitution of R-SBM reduced PWD and improved nutrient digestibility and ileal morphology in piglets as compared with feeding the R-SBM, but had no effect on growth performance. The inclusion in the diet of added value soy products (micronized SBM or SPC) in substitution of the R-SBM increased the TTAD of all nutrients and reduced PWD but had no advantage in terms of growth performance over the use of ground HP-SBM. In experiment 4, the effect of CP content and ingredient complexity, feed form, and duration of feeding of the phase I diets on growth performance and TTAD of nutrients were studied in Iberian pigs from 28 to 63 d of age. There were 12 dietary treatments with 2 type of feeds (HQ; higher quality and LQ; medium quality), 2 feed forms (pellets vs. mash), and 3 durations of supply (7, 14, and 21 d) of the phase I diets. From d 7, 14, or 21 (depending on treatment) to d 35 of experiment, all pigs received a common diet in mash form. Each treatment was replicated 3 times (6 pigs/pen). For the entire experiment, average daily gain (ADG; P<0.05) and ADFI (P<0.01) were lower with the HQ than with the LQ phase I diets but FCR was not affected. Pelleting of the phase I diets did not affect ADG but improved FCR (P<0.01). Feeding the phase I diets from d 0 to 21 improved FCR (P<0.05) but decreased ADG (P<0.01) as compared with 7 or 14 d of feeding. Post-weaning diarrhea tended to be higher (P=0.06) for pigs fed the HQ diets than for pigs fed the LQ diets and for pigs fed pellets than for pigs fed mash (P<0.001). Also, PWD was higher for pigs fed the phase I diet for 14 or 21 d than for pigs fed this diet for 7 d (P<0.01). From d 0 to 21, ADG and FCR were not affected by feed quality but feeding pellets or increasing the duration of feeding the phase I diets improved FCR (P<0.01). Also, in this period PWD was higher with pellets than with mash and for pigs fed the phase I diets for 14 or 21 d than for pigs fed this diet for only 7 d (P<0.01). From d 21 to 35, pigs previously fed the LQ diet had higher ADG than pigs fed the HQ phase I diets (P<0.001). Also, pigs that were fed the phase I diets for 21 d had lower ADG (P<0.05) and ADFI (P< 0.001) and poor FCR (P<0.05) than pigs fed these diets for 7 or 14 d. Organic matter digestibility was higher for pigs fed the HQ phase I diets than for pigs fed the LQ phase I diets (P<0.05). Pelleting improved TTAD of all nutrients (P<0.01). It is concluded that HQ phase I diets increased TTAD of nutrients but not feed efficiency of Iberian pigs from d 28 to 63 d of age. Also, pelleting improved nutrient digestibility and feed efficiency. Increasing the duration of supply of the phase I diets from 7 to 21 d improved feed efficiency but reduced ADG. Therefore, the use of LQ phase I diets in pellet form for no more than 7 d after weaning is recommended in Iberian pigs.

Bile Acids Induce Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 Secretion with Limited Effects on Intestinal Adaptation in Early Weaned Pigs

Early weaning is a stressful event characterized by a transient period of intestinal atrophy that may be mediated by reduced secretion of glucagon-like peptide (GLP) 2. We tested whether enterally fed bile acids or plant sterols could increase nutrient-dependent GLP-2 secretion and improve intestinal adaptation in weanling pigs. During the first 6 d after weaning, piglets were intragastrically infused once daily with either deionized water -control-, chenodeoxycholic acid -CDC; 60mg/kg body weight-, or b-sitoesterol -BSE; 100 mg/kg body weight-. Infusing CDC increased plasma GLP-2 -P menor que 0.05- but did not affect plasma GLP-1 and feed intake. The intestinal expression of Glp2r -glucagon-like peptide 2 receptor-, Asbt -sodium-dependent bile acid transporter-, Fxr -farnesoid X receptor-, and Tgr5 -guanosine protein?coupled bile acid receptor- genes were not affected by CDC treatment. The intragastric administration of CDC did not alter the weight and length of the intestine, yet increased the activation of caspase-3 in ileal villi -P menor que 0.02- and the expression of Il6 -interleukin 6; P menor que 0.002- in the jejunum. In contrast, infusing BSE did not affect any of the variables that were measured. Our results show that the enteral administration of the bile acid CDC potentiates the nutrient-induced secretion of endogenous GLP-2 in early-weaned pigs. Bile acid?enhanced release of GLP-2, however, did not result in improved intestinal growth, morphology, or inflammation during the postweaning degenerative phase.

The effect of a mono component protease and different AMEn levels in broiler diets on growth performance from 1 to 18 days of age.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of a mono component serine protease (RONOZYME ProAct, DSM Nutritional Products) in diets with two different AMEn contents on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids (AA) and growth performance in broilers from 1 to 18 days of age.

Discriminación del estado de la carretera mediante procesado acústico en vehículo

La rápida adopción de dispositivos electrónicos en el automóvil, ha contribuido a mejorar en gran medida la seguridad y el confort. Desde principios del siglo 20, la investigación en sistemas de seguridad activa ha originado el desarrollo de tecnologías como ABS (Antilock Brake System), TCS (Traction Control System) y ESP (Electronic Stability Program). El coste de despliegue de estos sistemas es crítico: históricamente, sólo han sido ampliamente adoptados cuando el precio de los sensores y la electrónica necesarios para su construcción ha caído hasta un valor marginal. Hoy en día, los vehículos a motor incluyen un amplio rango de sensores para implementar las funciones de seguridad. La incorporación de sistemas que detecten la presencia de agua, hielo o nieve en la vía es un factor adicional que podría ayudar a evitar situaciones de riesgo. Existen algunas implementaciones prácticas capaces de detectar carreteras mojadas, heladas y nevadas, aunque con limitaciones importantes. En esta tesis doctoral, se propone una aproximación novedosa al problema, basada en el análisis del ruido de rodadura generado durante la conducción. El ruido de rodadura es capturado y preprocesado. Después es analizado utilizando un clasificador basado en máquinas de vectores soporte (SVM), con el fin de generar una estimación del estado del firme. Todas estas operaciones se realizan en el propio vehículo. El sistema propuesto se ha desarrollado y evaluado utilizando Matlabr, mostrando tasas de aciertos de más del 90%. Se ha realizado una implementación en tiempo real, utilizando un prototipo basado en DSP. Después se han introducido varias optimizaciones para permitir que el sistema sea realizable usando un microcontrolador de propósito general. Finalmente se ha realizado una implementación hardware basada en un microcontrolador, integrándola estrechamente con las ECU del vehículo, pudiendo obtener datos capturados por los sensores del mismo y enviar las estimaciones del estado del firme. El sistema resultante ha sido patentado, y destaca por su elevada tasa de aciertos con un tamaño, consumo y coste reducidos. ABSTRACT Proliferation of automotive electronics, has greatly improved driving safety and comfort. Since the beginning of the 20th century, investigation in active safety systems has resulted in the development of technologies such as ABS (Antilock Brake System), TCS (Traction Control System) and ESP (Electronic Stability Program). Deployment cost of these systems is critical: historically, they have been widely adopted only when the price of the sensors and electronics needed to build them has been cut to a marginal value. Nowadays, motor vehicles include a wide range of sensors to implement the safety functions. Incorporation of systems capable of detecting water, ice or snow on the road is an additional factor that could help avoiding risky situations. There are some implementations capable of detecting wet, icy and snowy roads, although with important limitations. In this PhD Thesis, a novel approach is proposed, based on the analysis of the tyre/road noise radiated during driving. Tyre/road noise is captured and pre-processed. Then it is analysed using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) based classifier, to output an estimation of the road status. All these operations are performed on-board. Proposed system is developed and evaluated using Matlabr, showing success rates greater than 90%. A real time implementation is carried out using a DSP based prototype. Several optimizations are introduced enabling the system to work using a low-cost general purpose microcontroller. Finally a microcontroller based hardware implementation is developed. This implementation is tightly integrated with the vehicle ECUs, allowing it to obtain data captured by its sensors, and to send the road status estimations. Resulting system has been patented, and is notable because of its high hit rate, small size, low power consumption and low cost.

Inluence of source and level of glycerin in the diet on growth performance, liver characteristics, and nturient digestibility in broilers from hatching to 21 days of age

The influence of source and level of inclusion of raw glycerin (GLYC) in the diet on growth performance, digestive traits, total tract apparent retention (TTAR), and apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients was studied in broilers from 1 to 21 d of age. There was a control diet based on corn and soybean meal and 8 additional diets that formed a 2 × 4 factorial with 2 sources of GLYC and 4 levels of inclusion (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10%). The GLYC used were obtained from the same original batch of soy oil that was dried under different processing conditions and contained 87.5 or 81.6% glycerol, respectively. Type of processing of the GLYC did not affect any of the variables studied except DM and organic matter retention (P < 0.05) that was higher for the 87.5% glycerol diet. From d 1 to 21, feed conversion ratio (FCR) improved linearly (L, P ≤ 0.01) as the GLYC content of the diet increased, but ADG was not affected. On d 21, the relative weight (% BW) of the liver and the digestive tract increased (L, P < 0.01) as the level of GLYC in the diet increased, but lipid concentration in the liver was not affected. The TTAR of DM and organic matter increased quadratically (Q, P < 0.05) and the AMEn content of the diet increased linearly (L, P < 0.01) with increases in dietary GLYC. Also, the apparent ileal digestibility of DM (L, P < 0.05; Q, P = 0.07) and gross energy (L, P < 0.01) increased as the GLYC content of the diet increased. It is concluded that raw GLYC from the biodiesel industry can be used efficiently, up to 10% of the diet, as a source of energy for broilers from 1 to 21 d of age and that the energy content of well-processed raw GLYC depends primarily on its glycerol content.

Road Dust Emission Sources and Assessment of Street Washing Effect

Although previous studies report on the effect of street washing on ambient particulate matter levels, there is a lack of studies investigating the results of street washing on the emission strength of road dust. A sampling campaign was conducted in Madrid urban area during July 2009 where road dust samples were collected in two sites, namely Reference site (where the road surface was not washed) and Pelayo site (where street washing was performed daily during night). Following the chemical characterization of the road dust particles the emission sources were resolved by means of Positive Matrix Factorization, PMF (Multilinear Engine scripting) and the mass contribution of each source was calculated for the two sites. Mineral dust, brake wear, tire wear, carbonaceous emissions and construction dust were the main sources of road dust with mineral and construction dust being the major contributors to inhalable road dust load. To evaluate the effectiveness of street washing on the emission sources, the sources mass contributions between the two sites were compared. Although brake wear and tire wear had lower concentrations at the site where street washing was performed, these mass differences were not statistically significant and the temporal variation did not show the expected build-up after dust removal. It was concluded that the washing activities resulted merely in a road dust moistening, without effective removal and that mobilization of particles took place in a few hours between washing and sampling. The results also indicated that it is worth paying attention to the dust dispersed from the construction sites as they affect the emission strength in nearby streets.

Parámetros productivos y digestivos de gazapos de engorde alimentados con dietas enriquecidas con aceite de salmón

El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido determinar el efecto de la suplementación de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados n-3 sobre los parámetros productivos y digestivos en gazapos durante el período de cebo (30-60 días). Para ellos se formularon dos piensos que únicamente diferían en la fuente de grasa: manteca (grupo CON) o un producto comercial a base de aceite de salmón rico en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados n-3 (PUFA). En ambos casos, el nivel de inclusión de grasa fue de 7,5 g/kg de pienso. Cada uno de los piensos se administró a 12 camadas de gazapos de 8 animales cada una. En la mitad de las camadas de cada tratamiento se determinó semanalmente el consumo de pienso (CMD) y la ganancia de peso vivo (GMD) de los animales y al final de la prueba se sacrificaron 4 animales de cada camada. En la otra mitad de las camadas, se sacrificaron 2 gazapos de cada una de los 30 (destete), 45 y 60 días de vida para analizar los parámetros de fermentación cecal y la morfología ileal. No se encontraron diferencias (P>0,05) entre tratamientos en el CMD, GMD, índice de conversión del alimento, peso al sacrificio, pero de la canal, pH y concentración de NH3-N en el contenido cecal, ni en la morfología ileal (longitud de vellosidades y profundidad de criptas). Los gazapos suplementados con PUFA presentaron mayores (P<0,001) concentraciones de ácidos grasos volátiles en el ciego a los 30 y 45 días de edad que los gazapos control y se observó una tendencia (P=0,062) a este efecto a los 60 días de edad. En conclusión, la sustitución del manteca por PUFA en la dieta no afectó al rendimiento productivo de los gazapos, pero incrementó la fermentación de la digesta en el ciego.

Effects of fiber inclusion on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of piglets reared under optimal or poor hygienic conditions

Two experiments were conducted to estimate the standardized ileal digestible (SID) Trp:Lys ratio requirement for growth performance of nursery pigs. Experimental diets were formulated to ensure that lysine was the second limiting AA throughout the experiments. In Exp. 1 (6 to 10 kg BW), 255 nursery pigs (PIC 327 × 1050, initially 6.3 ± 0.15 kg, mean ± SD) arranged in pens of 6 or 7 pigs were blocked by pen weight and assigned to experimental diets (7 pens/diet) consisting of SID Trp:Lys ratios of 14.7%, 16.5%, 18.4%, 20.3%, 22.1%, and 24.0% for 14 d with 1.30% SID Lys. In Exp. 2 (11 to 20 kg BW), 1,088 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050, initially 11.2 kg ± 1.35 BW, mean ± SD) arranged in pens of 24 to 27 pigs were blocked by average pig weight and assigned to experimental diets (6 pens/diet) consisting of SID Trp:Lys ratios of 14.5%, 16.5%, 18.0%, 19.5%, 21.0%, 22.5%, and 24.5% for 21 d with 30% dried distillers grains with solubles and 0.97% SID Lys. Each experiment was analyzed using general linear mixed models with heterogeneous residual variances. Competing heteroskedastic models included broken-line linear (BLL), broken-line quadratic (BLQ), and quadratic polynomial (QP). For each response, the best-fitting model was selected using Bayesian information criterion. In Exp. 1 (6 to 10 kg BW), increasing SID Trp:Lys ratio linearly increased (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F. For ADG, the best-fitting model was a QP in which the maximum ADG was estimated at 23.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: [<14.7%, >24.0%]) SID Trp:Lys ratio. For G:F, the best-fitting model was a BLL in which the maximum G:F was estimated at 20.4% (95% CI: [14.3%, 26.5%]) SID Trp:Lys. In Exp. 2 (11 to 20 kg BW), increasing SID Trp:Lys ratio increased (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F in a quadratic manner. For ADG, the best-fitting model was a QP in which the maximum ADG was estimated at 21.2% (95% CI: [20.5%, 21.9%]) SID Trp:Lys. For G:F, BLL and BLQ models had comparable fit and estimated SID Trp:Lys requirements at 16.6% (95% CI: [16.0%, 17.3%]) and 17.1% (95% CI: [16.6%, 17.7%]), respectively. In conclusion, the estimated SID Trp:Lys requirement in Exp. 1 ranged from 20.4% for maximum G:F to 23.9% for maximum ADG, whereas in Exp. 2 it ranged from 16.6% for maximum G:F to 21.2% for maximum ADG. These results suggest that standard NRC (2012) recommendations may underestimate the SID Trp:Lys requirement for nursery pigs from 11 to 20 kg BW.

Papyrus, EATOP, and MetaEdit+: a comparison between the EAST-ADL modeling tools

Several Architecture Description Languages (ADLs) are emerging as models to describe and represent system architectures. Among others, EAST-ADL language is highlighted. It represents an abstraction of embedded software systems for automobiles. Given the need to implement the EAST-ADL language, there are many modeling tools to perform this task. The scope of this thesis is a detailed comparison of three EAST-ADL editors: Papyrus, EATOP and MetaEdit +, providing a conceptual framework, describing the comparison criteria, and finally exemplifying thanks to the Brake-By-Wire use case which has been provided, and whose development is not the subject of this project. The motivation for developing this project is to provide comparison guide between these three modeling tools to facilitate developers choice when deciding the tool in which develop their work. RESUMEN. Diversos Lenguajes de Descripción de Arquitecturas (ADLs) están surgiendo como modelos para describir y representar arquitecturas de sistemas. Entre ellos es destacado el lenguaje EAST-ADL, que representa una abstracción de los sistemas de software embebido para automóviles. Ante la necesidad de implementar el lenguaje EAST-ADL, han surgido diversas herramientas de modelado que llevan a cabo esta tarea. El alcance de este proyecto consiste en una comparación detallada de tres editores EAST-ADL: Papyrus, EATOP y MetaEdit+, proporcionando un marco conceptual, describiendo los criterios de comparación y finalmente ejemplificando con el caso de uso Brake-By-Wire que nos ha sido proporcionado, y cuyo desarrollo no es sujeto de este proyecto. La motivación para desarrollar este proyecto parte de proporcionar al usuario una guía comparativa de estas tres herramientas de modelado para facilitar su elección a la hora de desarrollar su trabajo.

Análisis paramétrico determinista y aleatorio de problemas dinámicos en estructuras aeroespaciales

Los fenómenos dinámicos pueden poner en peligro la integridad de estructuras aeroespaciales y los ingenieros han desarrollado diferentes estrategias para analizarlos. Uno de los grandes problemas que se plantean en la ingeniería es cómo atacar un problema dinámico estructural. En la presente tesis se plantean distintos fenómenos dinámicos y se proponen métodos para estimar o simular sus comportamientos mediante un análisis paramétrico determinista y aleatorio del problema. Se han propuesto desde problemas sencillos con pocos grados de libertad que sirven para analizar las diferentes estrategias y herramientas a utilizar, hasta fenómenos muy dinámicos que contienen comportamientos no lineales, daños y fallos. Los primeros ejemplos de investigación planteados cubren una amplia gama de los fenómenos dinámicos, como el análisis de vibraciones de elementos másicos, incluyendo impactos y contactos, y el análisis de una viga con carga armónica aplicada a la que también se le añaden parámetros aleatorios que pueden responder a un desconocimiento o incertidumbre de los mismos. Durante el desarrollo de la tesis se introducen conceptos y se aplican distintos métodos, como el método de elementos finitos (FEM) en el que se analiza su resolución tanto por esquemas implícitos como explícitos, y métodos de análisis paramétricos y estadísticos mediante la técnica de Monte Carlo. Más adelante, una vez ya planteadas las herramientas y estrategias de análisis, se estudian fenómenos más complejos, como el impacto a baja velocidad en materiales compuestos, en el que se busca evaluar la resistencia residual y, por lo tanto, la tolerancia al daño de la estructura. Se trata de un suceso que puede producirse por la caída de herramienta, granizo o restos en la pista de aterrizaje. Otro de los fenómenos analizados también se da en un aeropuerto y se trata de la colisión con un dispositivo frangible, el cual tiene que romperse bajo ciertas cargas y, sin embargo, soportar otras. Finalmente, se aplica toda la metodología planteada en simular y analizar un posible incidente en vuelo, el fenómeno de la pérdida de pala de un turbohélice. Se trata de un suceso muy particular en el que la estructura tiene que soportar unas cargas complejas y excepcionales con las que la aeronave debe ser capaz de completar con éxito el vuelo. El análisis incluye comportamientos no lineales, daños, y varios tipos de fallos, y en el que se trata de identificar los parámetros clave en la secuencia del fallo. El suceso se analiza mediante análisis estructurales deterministas más habituales y también mediante otras técnicas como el método de Monte Carlo con el que se logran estudiar distintas incertidumbres en los parámetros con variables aleatorias. Se estudian, entre otros, el tamaño de pala perdida, la velocidad y el momento en el que se produce la rotura, y la rigidez y resistencia de los apoyos del motor. Se tiene en cuenta incluso el amortiguamiento estructural del sistema. Las distintas estrategias de análisis permiten obtener unos resultados valiosos e interesantes que han sido objeto de distintas publicaciones. ABSTRACT Dynamic phenomena can endanger the integrity of aerospace structures and, consequently, engineers have developed different strategies to analyze them. One of the major engineering problems is how to deal with the structural dynamics. In this thesis, different dynamic phenomena are introduced and several methods are proposed to estimate or simulate their behaviors. The analysis is considered through parametric, deterministic and statistical methods. The suggested issues are from simple problems with few degrees of freedom, in order to develop different strategies and tools to solve them, to very dynamic phenomena containing nonlinear behaviors failures, damages. The first examples cover a wide variety of dynamic phenomena such as vibration analysis of mass elements, including impacts and contacts, and beam analysis with harmonic load applied, in which random parameters are included. These parameters can represent the unawareness or uncertainty of certain variables. During the development of the thesis several concepts are introduced and different methods are applied, such as the finite element method (FEM), which is solved through implicit and explicit schemes, and parametrical and statistical methods using the Monte Carlo analysis technique. Next, once the tools and strategies of analysis are set out more complex phenomena are studied. This is the case of a low-speed impact in composite materials, the residual strength of the structure is evaluated, and therefore, its damage tolerance. This incident may occur from a tool dropped, hail or debris throw on the runway. At an airport may also occur, and it is also analyzed, a collision between an airplane and a frangible device. The devise must brake under these loads, however, it must withstand others. Finally, all the considered methodology is applied to simulate and analyze a flight incident, the blade loss phenomenon of a turboprop. In this particular event the structure must support complex and exceptional loads and the aircraft must be able to successfully complete the flight. Nonlinear behavior, damage, and different types of failures are included in the analysis, in which the key parameters in the failure sequence are identified. The incident is analyzed by deterministic structural analysis and also by other techniques such as Monte Carlo method, in which it is possible to include different parametric uncertainties through random variables. Some of the evaluated parameters are, among others, the blade loss size, propeller rotational frequency, speed and angular position where the blade is lost, and the stiffness and strength of the engine mounts. The study does also research on the structural damping of the system. The different strategies of analysis obtain valuable and interesting results that have been already published.

Co-simulation Methodologies for Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Dynamics

In recent decades, full electric and hybrid electric vehicles have emerged as an alternative to conventional cars due to a range of factors, including environmental and economic aspects. These vehicles are the result of considerable efforts to seek ways of reducing the use of fossil fuel for vehicle propulsion. Sophisticated technologies such as hybrid and electric powertrains require careful study and optimization. Mathematical models play a key role at this point. Currently, many advanced mathematical analysis tools, as well as computer applications have been built for vehicle simulation purposes. Given the great interest of hybrid and electric powertrains, along with the increasing importance of reliable computer-based models, the author decided to integrate both aspects in the research purpose of this work. Furthermore, this is one of the first final degree projects held at the ETSII (Higher Technical School of Industrial Engineers) that covers the study of hybrid and electric propulsion systems. The present project is based on MBS3D 2.0, a specialized software for the dynamic simulation of multibody systems developed at the UPM Institute of Automobile Research (INSIA). Automobiles are a clear example of complex multibody systems, which are present in nearly every field of engineering. The work presented here benefits from the availability of MBS3D software. This program has proven to be a very efficient tool, with a highly developed underlying mathematical formulation. On this basis, the focus of this project is the extension of MBS3D features in order to be able to perform dynamic simulations of hybrid and electric vehicle models. This requires the joint simulation of the mechanical model of the vehicle, together with the model of the hybrid or electric powertrain. These sub-models belong to completely different physical domains. In fact the powertrain consists of energy storage systems, electrical machines and power electronics, connected to purely mechanical components (wheels, suspension, transmission, clutch…). The challenge today is to create a global vehicle model that is valid for computer simulation. Therefore, the main goal of this project is to apply co-simulation methodologies to a comprehensive model of an electric vehicle, where sub-models from different areas of engineering are coupled. The created electric vehicle (EV) model consists of a separately excited DC electric motor, a Li-ion battery pack, a DC/DC chopper converter and a multibody vehicle model. Co-simulation techniques allow car designers to simulate complex vehicle architectures and behaviors, which are usually difficult to implement in a real environment due to safety and/or economic reasons. In addition, multi-domain computational models help to detect the effects of different driving patterns and parameters and improve the models in a fast and effective way. Automotive designers can greatly benefit from a multidisciplinary approach of new hybrid and electric vehicles. In this case, the global electric vehicle model includes an electrical subsystem and a mechanical subsystem. The electrical subsystem consists of three basic components: electric motor, battery pack and power converter. A modular representation is used for building the dynamic model of the vehicle drivetrain. This means that every component of the drivetrain (submodule) is modeled separately and has its own general dynamic model, with clearly defined inputs and outputs. Then, all the particular submodules are assembled according to the drivetrain configuration and, in this way, the power flow across the components is completely determined. Dynamic models of electrical components are often based on equivalent circuits, where Kirchhoff’s voltage and current laws are applied to draw the algebraic and differential equations. Here, Randles circuit is used for dynamic modeling of the battery and the electric motor is modeled through the analysis of the equivalent circuit of a separately excited DC motor, where the power converter is included. The mechanical subsystem is defined by MBS3D equations. These equations consider the position, velocity and acceleration of all the bodies comprising the vehicle multibody system. MBS3D 2.0 is entirely written in MATLAB and the structure of the program has been thoroughly studied and understood by the author. MBS3D software is adapted according to the requirements of the applied co-simulation method. Some of the core functions are modified, such as integrator and graphics, and several auxiliary functions are added in order to compute the mathematical model of the electrical components. By coupling and co-simulating both subsystems, it is possible to evaluate the dynamic interaction among all the components of the drivetrain. ‘Tight-coupling’ method is used to cosimulate the sub-models. This approach integrates all subsystems simultaneously and the results of the integration are exchanged by function-call. This means that the integration is done jointly for the mechanical and the electrical subsystem, under a single integrator and then, the speed of integration is determined by the slower subsystem. Simulations are then used to show the performance of the developed EV model. However, this project focuses more on the validation of the computational and mathematical tool for electric and hybrid vehicle simulation. For this purpose, a detailed study and comparison of different integrators within the MATLAB environment is done. Consequently, the main efforts are directed towards the implementation of co-simulation techniques in MBS3D software. In this regard, it is not intended to create an extremely precise EV model in terms of real vehicle performance, although an acceptable level of accuracy is achieved. The gap between the EV model and the real system is filled, in a way, by introducing the gas and brake pedals input, which reflects the actual driver behavior. This input is included directly in the differential equations of the model, and determines the amount of current provided to the electric motor. For a separately excited DC motor, the rotor current is proportional to the traction torque delivered to the car wheels. Therefore, as it occurs in the case of real vehicle models, the propulsion torque in the mathematical model is controlled through acceleration and brake pedal commands. The designed transmission system also includes a reduction gear that adapts the torque coming for the motor drive and transfers it. The main contribution of this project is, therefore, the implementation of a new calculation path for the wheel torques, based on performance characteristics and outputs of the electric powertrain model. Originally, the wheel traction and braking torques were input to MBS3D through a vector directly computed by the user in a MATLAB script. Now, they are calculated as a function of the motor current which, in turn, depends on the current provided by the battery pack across the DC/DC chopper converter. The motor and battery currents and voltages are the solutions of the electrical ODE (Ordinary Differential Equation) system coupled to the multibody system. Simultaneously, the outputs of MBS3D model are the position, velocity and acceleration of the vehicle at all times. The motor shaft speed is computed from the output vehicle speed considering the wheel radius, the gear reduction ratio and the transmission efficiency. This motor shaft speed, somehow available from MBS3D model, is then introduced in the differential equations corresponding to the electrical subsystem. In this way, MBS3D and the electrical powertrain model are interconnected and both subsystems exchange values resulting as expected with tight-coupling approach.When programming mathematical models of complex systems, code optimization is a key step in the process. A way to improve the overall performance of the integration, making use of C/C++ as an alternative programming language, is described and implemented. Although this entails a higher computational burden, it leads to important advantages regarding cosimulation speed and stability. In order to do this, it is necessary to integrate MATLAB with another integrated development environment (IDE), where C/C++ code can be generated and executed. In this project, C/C++ files are programmed in Microsoft Visual Studio and the interface between both IDEs is created by building C/C++ MEX file functions. These programs contain functions or subroutines that can be dynamically linked and executed from MATLAB. This process achieves reductions in simulation time up to two orders of magnitude. The tests performed with different integrators, also reveal the stiff character of the differential equations corresponding to the electrical subsystem, and allow the improvement of the cosimulation process. When varying the parameters of the integration and/or the initial conditions of the problem, the solutions of the system of equations show better dynamic response and stability, depending on the integrator used. Several integrators, with variable and non-variable step-size, and for stiff and non-stiff problems are applied to the coupled ODE system. Then, the results are analyzed, compared and discussed. From all the above, the project can be divided into four main parts: 1. Creation of the equation-based electric vehicle model; 2. Programming, simulation and adjustment of the electric vehicle model; 3. Application of co-simulation methodologies to MBS3D and the electric powertrain subsystem; and 4. Code optimization and study of different integrators. Additionally, in order to deeply understand the context of the project, the first chapters include an introduction to basic vehicle dynamics, current classification of hybrid and electric vehicles and an explanation of the involved technologies such as brake energy regeneration, electric and non-electric propulsion systems for EVs and HEVs (hybrid electric vehicles) and their control strategies. Later, the problem of dynamic modeling of hybrid and electric vehicles is discussed. The integrated development environment and the simulation tool are also briefly described. The core chapters include an explanation of the major co-simulation methodologies and how they have been programmed and applied to the electric powertrain model together with the multibody system dynamic model. Finally, the last chapters summarize the main results and conclusions of the project and propose further research topics. In conclusion, co-simulation methodologies are applicable within the integrated development environments MATLAB and Visual Studio, and the simulation tool MBS3D 2.0, where equation-based models of multidisciplinary subsystems, consisting of mechanical and electrical components, are coupled and integrated in a very efficient way.

Effect of type of fiber, site of fermentation, and method of analysis on digestibility of soluble and insoluble fiber in rabbits

The effect of type of fiber, site of fermetation, method for quantifying insoluble and soluble dietary fiber, and their correction for intestinal mucin on fiber digestibility were examined in rabbits. Three diets differing in soluble fiber were formulated (8.5% soluble fiber, on DM basis, in the low soluble fiber [LSF] diet; 10.2% in the medium soluble fiber [MSF] diet; and 14.5% in the high soluble fiber [HSF] diet). They were obtained by replacing half of the dehydrated alfalfa in the MSF diet with a mixture of beet and apple pulp (HSF diet) or with a mix of oat hulls and soybean protein (LSF diet). Thirty rabbits with ileal T-cannulas were used to determine ileal and fecal digestibility. Cecal digestibility was determined by difference between fecal and ileal digestibility. Insoluble fiber was measured as NDF, insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), and in vitro insoluble fiber, whereas soluble fiber was calculated as the difference between total dietary fiber (TDF) and NDF (TDF_NDF), IDF (TDF-IDF), and in vitro insoluble fiber (TDF-in vitro insoluble fiber). The intestinal mucin content was used to correct the TDF and soluble fiber digestibility. Ileal and fecal concentration of mucin increased from the LSF to the HSF diet group (P < 0.01). Once corrected for intestinal mucin, ileal and fecal digestibility of TDF and soluble fiber increased whereas cecal digestibility decreased (P < 0.01). Ileal digestibility of TDF increased from the LSF to the HSF diet group (12.0 vs. 28.1%; P < 0.01), with no difference in the cecum (26.4%), resulting in a higher fecal digestibility from the LSF to the HSF diet group (P < 0.01). Ileal digestibility of insoluble fiber increased from the LSF to the HSF diet group (11.3 vs. 21.0%; P < 0.01), with no difference in the cecum (13.9%) and no effect of fiber method, resulting in a higher fecal digestibility for rabbits fed the HSF diet compared with the MSF and LSF diets groups (P < 0.01).Fecal digestibility of NDF was higher compared with IDF or in vitro insoluble fiber (P < 0.01). Ileal soluble fiber digestibility was higher for the HSF than for the LSF diet group (43.6 vs. 14.5%; P < 0.01) and fiber method did not affect it. Cecal soluble fiber digestibility decreased from the LSF to the HSF diet group (72.1 vs. 49.2%; P < 0.05). The lowest cecal and fecal soluble fiber digestibility was measured using TDF-NDF (P < 0.01). In conclusion, a correction for intestinal mucin is necessary for ileal TDF and soluble fiber digestibility whereas the selection of the fiber method has a minor relevance. The inclusion of sugar beet and apple pulp increased the amount of TDF fermented in the small intestine.

Fermentación in vitro de pepsina/pancreatina con inóculos de conejos

The in vitro gas production of pepsin/pancreatin used in the determination of in vitro digestibility was evaluated using different inocula from rabbits (ileal, caecal and soft faeces from rabbits). In experiment 1 were used 3 different ileal and caecal inocula obtained each one from the combination of the digesta of 3 different 70 d old rabbits.

Estudio de la cinetica de producción de gas de la pulpa de remolacha con inóculos ileales y cecales de conejos: comparación de modelos

Sugar beet pulp was digested in vitro using protease and pancreatin and the final residue (with no filtering) was fermented in vitro using three different ileal and caecal inocula (each one combining the digesta of three 70 d ols rabbits), respectively. In vitro gas production was measured and modeled using single and dual pool models (logistic and Groot model).