36 resultados para Glasgow Cathedral.
Resumo:
The arrival of European master masons to Burgos and Toledo during the mid-fifteenth century was essential for the promotion of the late Gothic ribbed vault design techniques in Spain. The Antigua Chapel in Seville Cathedral, designed by the Spanish master mason Simón de Colonia on 1497, provides an outstanding case study on this subject. This vault is characterized by the interlacing of the ribs near the springing, reflecting the influence of German ribbed vault designs. This paper analyses the relationship between German ribbed vaults and their design methods with those of Spanish ribbed vaults; with particular attention to the presence of ribs that cut through one another above the springing, materialized in the work of Simón de Colonia. This characteristic is reflected in some manuscripts in the German area, like the Wiener Sammlungen (15th-16th centuries) and the Codex Miniatus 3 (ca. 1560-1570), but no Spanish documents of the same period make reference to it.
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Esta tesis se enmarca en el ámbito de la Historia de la Construcción, se estudia la Catedral de Ávila desde un punto de vista técnico, necesario para completar la visión que de esta catedral se tenía. La interpretación de la documentación de archivo, que se encontraba dispersa e inconexa, ha permitido realizar una cronología revisada y completa de las campañas constructivas para el conjunto de la Catedral, desde el siglo XI al XXI. Mediante el análisis de los Contratos de Obra e Informes, se ha puesto de relieve conocimientos de técnicas constructivas medievales. Se plantean dos hipótesis para el orden en el proceso constructivo. En la zona del Cimorro, en relación con la supresión de la tribuna, colocación de los arbotantes y construcción de la fortificación y triple almenado. En el cuerpo de las naves, referida a la posible existencia de una tribuna, colocación del sistema de contrarresto que vemos actualmente y misión del arco entibo del coro. Se ha analizado la estabilidad estructural de la Catedral bajo el marco teórico del Análisis Límite para Estructuras de Fábrica, utilizando la restitución gráfica procedente del levantamiento topográfico realizado. Estos análisis han servido como comprobación de las hipótesis planteadas, por realizarse tanto para la situación actual como para las diferentes campañas constructivas propuestas. Se ha comprobado la validez de las reglas geométricas tradicionales para el análisis de la estructuras de fábrica en los elementos principales de la estructura gótica. Esta tesis incrementa el conocimiento de la historia mecánica del edificio interpretando el funcionamiento mecánico de sus arbotantes, proyectados de forma atípica, y la colocación de los arcos entibo y codales para conseguir la estabilidad del conjunto. La tesis cuenta con un anexo que recopila una extensa documentación gráfica: planimetría, iconografía y fotografía histórica; la trascripción inédita del Contrato de obra para la Capilla de San Segundo y un anexo de cálculo de la zona del Cimorro y del Cuerpo de Naves. This thesis aims to the field of Construction History. The Cathedral of Ávila is studied from a technical point of view, which was necessary to complete the existing knowledge about this Cathedral. The interpretation of archive documentation, which was disperse and unconnected before this work, has allowed the proposal of a revised and complete chronology of the diverse building stages of the Cathedral, dating from the XI century to the XXI century. The analysis of work contracts and of reports has revealed knowledge of medieval construction techniques. Two hypotheses are presented about the order in the construction process. The first hypothesis concerning the destruction of the tribune, the placing of the flying buttress and the building of the fortification and triple system of battlement in the area of the “Cimorro”. The second hypothesis regarding the naves: the possible existence of a tribune, the placing of the system of counterthrust, which can currently be seen, and the function of the “entibo” arch in the choir. The Structural Stability of the Cathedral has been analysed within the theoretical Framework of Limit Analysis to Masonry Structure, by using of the drawing proceeding from our lifting topographical. These analyses have proven the presented hypotheses, since they have been applied to the current situation as well as to the several building stage proposed in the chronology. The validity of the traditional geometric rules for the analysis of the masonry structure in the core elements of Gothic structures has been verified. This thesis increases the knowledge of the mechanical history of the building by interpreting the mechanical working of the flying buttress in an atypical arrangement and the placing of the “entibo” arch and “codal” arch in order to obtain the stability of the monument. The thesis incorporates supplementary material which can be categorized in three groups: 1) extensive graphic documentation (planning, iconography and history photography); 2) the hitherto unknown transcription of the “CONTRATO DE OBRA PARA LA CAPILLA DE SAN SEGUNDO”; 3) an appendix of Analysis of Calculation for the “Cimorro” and the naves.
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The elaboration of a generic decision-making strategy to address the evolution of an emergency situation, from the stages of response to recovery, and including a planning stage, can facilitate timely, effective and consistent decision making by the response organisations at every level within the emergency management structure and between countries, helping to ensure optimal protection of health, environment, and society. The degree of involvement of stakeholders in this process is a key strategic element for strengthening the local preparedness and response and can help a successful countermeasures strategy. A significant progress was made with the multi-national European project EURANOS (2004-2009) which brought together best practice, knowledge and technology to enhance the preparedness for Europe's response to any radiation emergency and long term contamination. The subsequent establishment of a European Technology Platform and the recent launch of the research project NERIS-TP ("Towards a self sustaining European Technology Platform (NERIS-TP) on Preparedness for Nuclear and Radiological Emergency Response and Recovery") are aimed to continue with the remaining tasks for gaining appropriate levels of emergency preparedness at local level in most European countries. One of the objectives of the NERIS-TP project is: Strengthen the preparedness at the local/national level by setting up dedicated fora and developing new tools or adapting the tools developed within the EURANOS projects (such as the governance framework for preparedness, the handbooks on countermeasures, the RODOS system, and the MOIRA DSS for long term contamination in catchments) to meet the needs of local communities. CIEMAT and UPM in close interaction with the Nuclear Safety Council will explore, within this project, the use and application in Spain of such technical tools, including other national tools and information and communication strategies to foster cooperation between local, national and international stakeholders. The aim is identify and involve relevant stakeholders in emergency preparedness to improve the development and implementation of appropriate protection strategies as part of the consequence management and the transition to recovery. In this paper, an overview of the "state of the art" on this area in Spain and the methodology and work Plan proposed by the Spanish group within the project NERIS to grow the stakeholder involvement in the preparedness to emergency response and recovery is presented.
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An automated panoramic irradiator with a 3 Ci 241Am-Be neutron source is installed in a bunker-type large room at the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM). It was recently modified and a neutron spectrometry campaign was organized to characterize the neutron fields in different measurement points along the irradiation bench. Four research groups working with different Bonner Sphere Spectrometers (BSS) and using different spectral unfolding codes took part to this exercise. INFN-LNF used a BSS formed by 9 spheres plus bare detector, with cylindrical, almost point like, 6LiI(Eu) scintillator (4 mm x 4 mm, from Ludlum); UAZ-UPM employed a similar system but with only 6 spheres plus bare detector; UAB worked with a 3He filled proportional counter at 8kPa filling pressure, cylindrical 9 mm x 10 mm (05NH1 from Eurisys) with 11 spheres configuration; and CIEMAT used 12 spheres with an spherical 3He SP9 counter (Centronic Ltd., UK) with very high sensitivity due to the large diameter (3.2 cm) and the filling pressure of the order of 228 kPa. Each group applied a different spectral unfolding method: INFN and UAB worked with FRUIT ver. 3.0 with their own response matrixes; UAZ-UPM used the BUNKIUT unfolding code with the response matrix UTA4 and CIEMAT employed the GRAVEL-MAXED-IQU package with their own response matrix. The paper shows the main results obtained in terms of neutron spectra at fixed distances from the source as well as total neutron fluence rate and ambient dose equivalent rate H*(10) determined from the spectra. The latter are compared with the readings of a common active survey-meter (LB 6411). The small differences in the results of the various groups are discussed.
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In the mid-long-term after a nuclear accident, the contamination of drinking water sources, fish and other aquatic foodstuffs, irrigation supplies and people?s exposure during recreational activities may create considerable public concern, even though dose assessment may in certain situations indicate lesser importance than for other sources, as clearly experienced in the aftermath of past accidents. In such circumstances there are a number of available countermeasure options, ranging from specific chemical treatment of lakes to bans on fish ingestion or on the use of water for crop irrigation. The potential actions can be broadly grouped into four main categories, chemical, biological, physical and social. In some cases a combination of actions may be the optimal strategy and a decision support system (DSS) like MOIRA-PLUS can be of great help to optimise a decision. A further option is of course not to take any remedial actions, although this may also have significant socio-economic repercussions which should be adequately evaluated. MOIRA-PLUS is designed to allow for a reliable assessment of the long-term evolution of the radiological situation and of feasible alternative rehabilitation strategies, including an objective evaluation of their social, economic and ecological impacts in a rational and comprehensive manner. MOIRA-PLUS also features a decision analysis methodology, making use of multi-attribute analysis, which can take into account the preferences and needs of different types of stakeholders. The main functions and elements of the system are described summarily. Also the conclusions from end-user?s experiences with the system are discussed, including exercises involving the organizations responsible for emergency management and the affected services, as well as different local and regional stakeholders. MOIRAPLUS has proven to be a mature system, user friendly and relatively easy to set up. It can help to better decisionmaking by enabling a realistic evaluation of the complete impacts of possible recovery strategies. Also, the interaction with stakeholders has allowed identifying improvements of the system that have been recently implemented.
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The pendular motion of a giant censer (O Botafumeiro) that hangs in the transept of the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, and is cyclically pumped by men who pull at the supporting rope, is analyzed. Maximum angular amplitude attainable, and number of cycles and time needed to attain it, are calculated; the results agree with observed values (~ 82°, ~ 17 cycles, ~ 80 seconds) to the few percent accuracy of both the analysis and the observations and parameter measurements. The energy gain in a pumping cycle is obtained for an arbitrary pumping procedure to two orders in the small fractional change of pendular length; the relevance of the ratio (characteristic radial acceleration during pumping)/g to the gain is discussed- Effects due to rope mass, air drag on both Censer and rope, and the fact that the Censer is not a point mass, are considered. If the pumping cycle is inverted once the maximum amplitude has been attained, the Censer could be swiftly brought to rest, avoiding the usual violent stop. Historically recorded accidents, rope shape, and the influence of relevant parameters on the motion are discussed.
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Objective The main purpose of this research is the novel use of artificial metaplasticity on multilayer perceptron (AMMLP) as a data mining tool for prediction the outcome of patients with acquired brain injury (ABI) after cognitive rehabilitation. The final goal aims at increasing knowledge in the field of rehabilitation theory based on cognitive affectation. Methods and materials The data set used in this study contains records belonging to 123 ABI patients with moderate to severe cognitive affectation (according to Glasgow Coma Scale) that underwent rehabilitation at Institut Guttmann Neurorehabilitation Hospital (IG) using the tele-rehabilitation platform PREVIRNEC©. The variables included in the analysis comprise the neuropsychological initial evaluation of the patient (cognitive affectation profile), the results of the rehabilitation tasks performed by the patient in PREVIRNEC© and the outcome of the patient after a 3–5 months treatment. To achieve the treatment outcome prediction, we apply and compare three different data mining techniques: the AMMLP model, a backpropagation neural network (BPNN) and a C4.5 decision tree. Results The prediction performance of the models was measured by ten-fold cross validation and several architectures were tested. The results obtained by the AMMLP model are clearly superior, with an average predictive performance of 91.56%. BPNN and C4.5 models have a prediction average accuracy of 80.18% and 89.91% respectively. The best single AMMLP model provided a specificity of 92.38%, a sensitivity of 91.76% and a prediction accuracy of 92.07%. Conclusions The proposed prediction model presented in this study allows to increase the knowledge about the contributing factors of an ABI patient recovery and to estimate treatment efficacy in individual patients. The ability to predict treatment outcomes may provide new insights toward improving effectiveness and creating personalized therapeutic interventions based on clinical evidence.
The nature of gypsum mortars for external rendering in Spain. Traditional manufacture and mineralogy
Resumo:
The present work focuses on gypsum mortar manufactu red in traditional kilns and used historically as exterior rendering. A documentation survey has been carried out followed by an experimental analysis using geological techniques. Conclusion shows that traditional gypsum is formed by anhydrite and inert active impurities (crystalline amorphous silica; cl ays and hydraulic phases) produced by the craft manufacture process of the system, in a kiln with a 200ºC to 1000ºC temperature interval, and continuo us fuel supply during 36 hours. Anhydrite together wit h the hydraulic phases set at consecutive time peri ods and with the presence of moisture improve the physi cal and mechanical properties of the final product. The hydration system is of great complexity and sho ws a very slow kinetics when in presence of impurities
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Methodological issues of LCA application to building sector: challenges, risks and opportunities
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Natural cement was patented in 1796 but it didn’t arrive in Spain until 1835. No one knows exactly where the production started in Spain, because it emerged independently at the same time in many places. Most of these outbreaks are concentrated in the north and northwest of Spain: Basque Country (Zumaya and Rezola) and Catalonia (San Celoní and San Juan de las Abadesas).Natural cement was extensively used to decorate historical buildings during the nineteenth and beginning of twentieth century in Madrid. It was the building material which realised the architects and builders dreams of mass-produced cast elements in a wide variety of styles. Its arrival replaced traditional materials that were used previously (lime, gypsum and hydraulic limes). However, its use was not extended in time, and soon it was replaced by the use of artificial Portland cements. During 20th century this building material disappeared from use. What remains is it’s memory, in thousands and thousands of “stone witnesses” in our cities. Final properties of the cement largely depend on raw materials used and its combustion temperature. However, it was characterised by an easily implementation on facade masonry, fast-setting (about 15 minutes), good resistance , an agreeable structural consistency and colour.This article aims to show first steps, evolution and decay of Natural Cement Industry in Spain and its application in Madrid.
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The PIBAMARMI pavilion at the 2013 edition of MARMOMACC in Verona was designed by the Spanish architect Alberto CAMPO BAEZA, winner of the Fair’s International Award Architecture in Stone 2013 for the office building of the Castilla León Junta in front of the Cathedral in Zamora.
Descripción del horizonte acústico mediante métodos de evaluación subjetiva en la catedral de Toledo
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Se tiene evidencia de que en el pasado, en las catedrales, se realizaban simultáneamente diferentes actividades. El proyecto trata de definir las áreas de la Catedral de Toledo en las cuales se considera escucha aceptable, cuando se están produciendo varias actividades simultáneamente a partir de un test de escucha de evaluación subjetiva. Para ello, se ha planteado una situación con tres fuentes sonoras situadas en el trascoro y en dos capillas. A partir de un modelo acústico diseñado en Odeon se han obtenido varias auralizaciones, con las señales procedentes de las tres fuentes, que han sido sometidas al test. Con el fin de crear un entorno que facilite la realización del mismo, tanto a los sujetos que lo realicen, como el tratamiento posterior de los datos obtenidos, se ha creado una herramienta desarrollada en Matlab. Se trata de una interfaz gráfica que permite escuchar las distintas auralizaciones, así como los sonidos procedentes de las distintas fuentes y recoge los juicios de los sujetos sometidos al test en un archivo Excel. Una vez recogidos los datos de los participantes se ha realizado un tratamiento estadístico de los mismos a fin de obtener resultados a cerca del horizonte acústico en la Catedral de Toledo, para la situación planteada. ABSTRACT. We have evidence from the old times that cathedrals were used to host different activities at the same time. This project aims to define the areas of the Cathedral of Toledo that have an acceptable listening level while several activities are carried out simultaneously, by performing subjective listening evaluation test. To achieve the objective, three sound sources are located inside the Cathedral, one behind the choir and two in the chapels. Several auralizations have been obtained, with the signals from the three test sources, by using an acoustic model designed with Odeon. In order to create an environment that facilitates the realization of the listening tests and the post-processing of the data obtained, a tool has been developed in Matlab. It has a graphical interface that allows the subject to listen to different auralizations, as well as the sounds from the different sources, and then collect the results of each test in an excel file. Once the data from the participants is collected, a statistical processing is performed in order to get the results for the acoustic horizon of the Cathedral of Toledo for the aforementioned setup.
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In memoriam of Professor John Munro was born in Glasgow the 8th of July 1925 and died on Wednesday 27th February 1985. He graduated in Civil Engineering at Glasgow University in 1951
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Crossed-arch vaults are a particular type of ribbed vaults. Their main feature is that the ribs that form the vault are intertwined, forming polygons or stars and leaving an empty space in the middle. The firsts appear in Córdoba in the second half of the 10th Century. Afterwards, the type diffused through Spain and North Africa, 11th_13th Centuries. These vaults reappear in Armenia in the 13th Century. In the 14th and 15th Century a few examples are found both in England (Durham, Raby) and Central Europe (Prague, Landshut, Vienna). At about the same time, Leonardo da Vinci produced designs for the Tiburio (Ciborium) of Milan cathedral with a cross-arched structure and proposed tests to assess the strength; he also, made use of the same pattern of vault for Renaissance centralized churches. Eventually, the type can be tracked through the 17th (Guarini) and 18th (Vittone) Centuries, until Spanish post war architecture in the 1940-60s (Moya). Some questions arose, which so far, have not been answered. How was it possible that a particular type of vault had such enormous geographical spread? How was it transmitted from Córdoba to the Caucasus? The matter is one of transfer of knowledge, ideas, and technology; it relates both aesthetics and construction.
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John Summerson, en El Lenguaje Clásico de la Arquitectura, defiende que los órdenes clásicos que empleaban los arquitectos romanos para decorar sus edificios, no tienen una función estructural pero hacen expresivos a los edificios. Les hacen hablar. Arthur Schopenhauer afirma que “el destino de la Bella Arquitectura es poner de manifiesto la lucha entre el peso y la rigidez de los elementos estructurales”. Y Auguste Perret define la Arquitectura como “el arte de hacer cantar al punto de apoyo”. El objetivo de esta Tesis Doctoral es profundizar en la capacidad de expresión de la estructura. A través del estudio de las estructuras históricas, que se realiza en la primera parte de la Tesis, podemos concluir que existen tres categorías, tres maneras de expresión de la Estructura. Estructuras Vistas, que hablan, Estructuras Ocultas, que se esconden y Estructuras Ilusorias, que fingen. El Partenón y la Sainte Chapelle de París se estudian en el apartado de Estructuras Vistas. El Panteón, el Palacio de Carlos V, la Catedral de San Pablo en Londres, y otras arquitecturas renacentistas y romanas, en el apartado de Estructuras Ocultas. Y como Estructuras Ilusorias, la Alhambra (Dos Hermanas, Comares, el Patio de los Leones), Santa Sofía, y otras arquitecturas del barroco italiano. En la segunda parte de la Tesis se analiza la obra completa de Mies van der Rohe desde el punto de vista de esas tres categorías. Lo visto, lo oculto y lo ilusorio en las estructuras de Mies. Se estudia la evolución en la estructura de la casa, desde las primeras casas con Estructura Oculta de muro de ladrillo, hasta las últimas casas con Estructura Vista y columnas adelantadas, pasando por una etapa intermedia de casas con estructura mixta de muro de ladrillo en la que el acero comienza a hacer su aparición. Se analizan también seis soluciones estructurales en los Bloques y en las Torres: Estructura Vista reverberante, expresiva o inexpresiva vs Estructura Oculta con vestido horizontal, vestido reticular o vestido vertical. Y por último, se estudian las tres soluciones de Estructura Ilusoria que emplea Mies en sus Pabellones. La metodología de trabajo que se ha empleado se divide en cuatro apartados: El análisis bibliográfico; el análisis in situ de los edificios, que nos permite comprobar, por ejemplo, los efectos lumínicos de la columna acanalada del Partenón, o el efecto reverberante de las columnas de la Weissenhofsiedlung; el análisis crítico de planos y detalles constructivos, que nos lleva a concluir que la disposición de pantallas del Pabellón de Barcelona anula la lectura de la crujía estructural, y que la columna del restaurante Cantor se dispone con su alma perpendicular a la cercha, y no paralela, como cabría suponer si se quisiera aprovechar toda la capacidad portante del perfil en H; y por último, el análisis numérico y estructural, que nos lleva a confirmar el sobredimensionado de la Estructura del Patio de los Leones de la Alhambra o el sobredimensionado de la Estructura de la Casa Farnsworth. Lo que se confirma con esta Tesis Doctoral es que la Estructura es algo más, mucho más, que sólo transmisión de las cargas. ABSTRACT John Summerson, in The Classic Language of Architecture, argues that the classic orders used by Roman architects in the decoration of their buildings did not have a structural function, but made buildings expressive. They make them speak. Arthur Schopenhauer affirms that “the goal of Great Architecture is to highlight the struggle between the gravity and rigidity of structural elements”. And Auguste Perret defines Architecture as “the art of making the points of support sing”. The objective of this Doctoral Thesis is to examine the expressive capacity of structure. Following a study of historic structures in the first part of the thesis, we conclude that three categories exist, three ways of expressing Structure. Visible Structures that speak, Concealed Structures that are hidden and Illusory Structures that pretend. The Parthenon and the Sainte Chapelle in Paris are studied in the section on Visible Structures. The Pantheon, the Palace of Charles V, Saint Paul’s Cathedral in London, and other Renaissance and Roman architectures are dealt with in the Concealed Structures section. And, as examples of Illusory Structures, we focus on the Alhambra (The Hall of the Two Sisters, the Comares and the Court of the Lions), Saint Sophia, and other Italian Baroque architectures. In the second part of the Thesis the complete work of Mies van der Rohe is analysed from the perspective of these three categories. The visible, the concealed and the illusory, in the structures of Mies. We study how the structure of the house evolves, from the first houses with the Hidden Structure of the brick wall, to the later houses with Visible Structures and columns, via an intermediate phase of mixed-structure houses with brick walls, where steel first began to make its appearance. We also analyse six structural solutions in the Blocks and Towers: reverberant, expressive or inexpressive Visible Structure vs Concealed Structure with horizontal cladding, reticular cladding or vertical cladding. And finally, we look at the three Illusory Structure solutions that Mies employs in his Pavilions. The methodology employed is divided into four sections: a bibliographic analysis; an analysis in situ of the buildings, which allows us to test, for example, the lighting effects of the fluted column in the Parthenon, or the reverberant effect of the Weissenhofsiedlung columns; a critical analysis of plans and constructive details, which leads us to conclude that the arrangement of panels in the Barcelona Pavilion cancels out the structural centreline, and that the column in the Cantor restaurant is placed with its web perpendicular to the truss, and not parallel to it, as one might expect if one wanted to avail of all the load-bearing capacity of the H beam; and lastly, a numeric and structural analysis, which confirms the oversizing of the Court of the Lions structure in the Alhambra or the oversized structure of Farnsworth House. All of which confirms in this Doctoral Thesis that structure is something more, much more, than a mere conveyor of loads.