Diseño de Anillo Térmico para el Patrón Nacional de Ruido

En ese trabajo se presentan los aspectos fundamentales de una parte fundamental del que será patrón nacional de ruido térmico: el anillo que realiza el contacto térmico entre los conductores interior y exterior en la parte superior de la línea coaxial del patrón de ruido. El objetivo de este dispositivo es mantener la misma temperatura en ambos conductores a la entrada del patrón y, asimismo, minimizar el efecto que pueda tener sobre la temperatura de ruido y el coeficiente de reflexión a la entrada del patrón.

Disruption of abscisic acid signaling constitutively activates Arabidopsis resistance to the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina.

Plant resistance to necrotrophic fungi is regulated by a complex set of signaling pathways that includes those mediated by the hormones salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET), jasmonic acid (JA), and abscisic acid (ABA). The role of ABA in plant resistance remains controversial, as positive and negative regulatory functions have been described depending on the plant-pathogen interaction analyzed. Here, we show that ABA signaling negatively regulates Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) resistance to the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina. Arabidopsis plants impaired in ABA biosynthesis, such as the aba1-6 mutant, or in ABA signaling, like the quadruple pyr/pyl mutant (pyr1pyl1pyl2pyl4), were more resistant to P. cucumerina than wild-type plants. In contrast, the hab1-1abi1-2abi2-2 mutant impaired in three phosphatases that negatively regulate ABA signaling displayed an enhanced susceptibility phenotype to this fungus. Comparative transcriptomic analyses of aba1-6 and wild-type plants revealed that the ABA pathway negatively regulates defense genes, many of which are controlled by the SA, JA, or ET pathway. In line with these data, we found that aba1-6 resistance to P. cucumerina was partially compromised when the SA, JA, or ET pathway was disrupted in this mutant. Additionally, in the aba1-6 plants, some genes encoding cell wall-related proteins were misregulated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and biochemical analyses of cell walls from aba1-6 and wild-type plants revealed significant differences in their Fourier transform infrared spectratypes and uronic acid and cellulose contents. All these data suggest that ABA signaling has a complex function in Arabidopsis basal resistance, negatively regulating SA/JA/ET-mediated resistance to necrotrophic fungi.

Ingeniería Forestal y ambiental en medios insulares

Las Islas Canarias a pesar de su reducida extensión y del relativo poco peso específico a nivel mundial, no es ajena a los problemas globales detectados en la conservación de bosques y en la importancia que éstos tienen para obtener beneficios económicos, socioculturales y ambientales. La gestión forestal sostenible es en este sentido esencial para asegurar y compatibilizar los diversos beneficios del bosque. El papel específico de los bosques y su gestión son sin embargo temas aún por conocer en nuestras islas, por lo que el Año Internacional de los Bosques ha representado una oportunidad única para dar a conocer el mundo forestal y acercarlo a nuestra sociedad. El presente libro consta de 25 capítulos donde se ha contemplado la mayoría de los aspectos a tener en cuenta en la planificación y gestión del medio forestal y natural. Desde la historia forestal del archipiélago, hasta el uso y técnicas de manejo de los recursos naturales, incluyendo el agua, la energía en forma de biomasa y la selvicultura.

Seismic Risk Scenarios in Puerto Principe (Haiti). A Tool for Reconstruction and Emergency Planning

The 12 January 2010, an earthquake hit the city of Port-au-Prince, capital of Haiti. The earthquake reached a magnitude Mw 7.0 and the epicenter was located near the town of Léogâne, approximately 25 km west of the capital. The earthquake occurred in the boundary region separating the Caribbean plate and the North American plate. This plate boundary is dominated by left-lateral strike slip motion and compression, and accommodates about 20 mm/y slip, with the Caribbean plate moving eastward with respect to the North American plate (DeMets et al., 2000). Initially the location and focal mechanism of the earthquake seemed to involve straightforward accommodation of oblique relative motion between the Caribbean and North American plates along the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault system (EPGFZ), however Hayes et al., (2010) combined seismological observations, geologic field data and space geodetic measurements to show that, instead, the rupture process involved slip on multiple faults. Besides, the authors showed that remaining shallow shear strain will be released in future surface-rupturing earthquakes on the EPGFZ. In December 2010, a Spanish cooperation project financed by the Politechnical University of Madrid started with a clear objective: Evaluation of seismic hazard and risk in Haiti and its application to the seismic design, urban planning, emergency and resource management. One of the tasks of the project was devoted to vulnerability assessment of the current building stock and the estimation of seismic risk scenarios. The study was carried out by following the capacity spectrum method as implemented in the software SELENA (Molina et al., 2010). The method requires a detailed classification of the building stock in predominant building typologies (according to the materials in the structure and walls, number of stories and age of construction) and the use of the building (residential, commercial, etc.). Later, the knowledge of the soil characteristics of the city and the simulation of a scenario earthquake will provide the seismic risk scenarios (damaged buildings). The initial results of the study show that one of the highest sources of uncertainties comes from the difficulty of achieving a precise building typologies classification due to the craft construction without any regulations. Also it is observed that although the occurrence of big earthquakes usually helps to decrease the vulnerability of the cities due to the collapse of low quality buildings and the reconstruction of seismically designed buildings, in the case of Port-au-Prince the seismic risk in most of the districts remains high, showing very vulnerable areas. Therefore the local authorities have to drive their efforts towards the quality control of the new buildings, the reinforcement of the existing building stock, the establishment of seismic normatives and the development of emergency planning also through the education of the population.

Artículos publicados en el diario El País sobre Antonio Fernández Alba

Artículos publicados sobre Antonio Fernández Alba en el diario El País

De la utopía a la realidad: Casto Fernández-Shaw en la cuenca del Guadalquivir

El objetivo de esta ponencia es estudiar la aportación de Casto Fernández-Shaw a las importantes obras hidráulicas que se acometieron en Andalucía durante el siglo XX. Este arquitecto diseñó y construyó cuatro presas y centrales hidroeléctricas en la cuenca del río Guadalquivir y sus afluentes, entre los años 1920 y 1931, para la empresa Mengemor. Estudiaremos los casos de El Carpio, Jándula, Encinarejo y Alcalá del Río. Las examinaremos comparándolas además no sólo con el resto de su repertorio (como su proyecto de Monumento al Triunfo de la Civilización o sus arquitecturas futuristas), sino también con otras construcciones hidráulicas similares de otros arquitectos como Joaquín Vaquero Palacios (Presa de Grandas de Salime), Miguel Fisac (Hidroeléctrica de Canfranc), o Ignacio Álvarez Castelao (Conjuntos de Silvón y Arbón); sin olvidar tampoco otras importantes presas españolas como Aldeadávila, Belesar, Susqueda... Todas estos ejemplos mencionados tienen en común la imbricación en su conjunto de las artes estéticas, paisajísticas y funcionales propias de una obra arquitectónica pero aplicadas a una fábrica hidráulica, y es interesante estudiar cómo los arquitectos, acostumbrados a trabajar en enclaves urbanos, se enfrentan a una obra industrial enmarcada en un entorno natural y a una escala de paisaje.

Los sueños dibujados de Casto Fernández-Shaw. Búsqueda de una arquitectura imaginada entre el futurismo y la utopía.

En 1949 el arquitecto Casto Fernández-Shaw realiza un viaje de dos meses a diversas ciudades de EEUU (Los Ángeles, Nueva York, Washington...), y según sus propias palabras: "Confieso que me encontré en mi elemento. Por una parte veía realizados... mis sueños... En mi álbum de imágenes impactantes ocupa un puesto de honor la del helicóptero con la correspondencia aterrizando en la terraza de la Casa de Correos de Los Ángeles, como yo deseaba para mi Estación de Enlace madrileña". El proyecto, no realizado, al que se refiere Casto, está fechado en 1933 (reformado en 1936), adelantándose en su imaginación casi veinte años a lo que después visitó con admiración. Casto Fernández-Shaw (1896-1978), titulado en 1919, puede considerarse posiblemente el discípulo más cercano al arquitecto gallego Antonio Palacios, pero con un lenguaje personal contemporáneo. Como sugiere Miguel Ángel Baldellou: "Fernández-Shaw es capaz de reinterpretar y dar salida en forma de vanguardia a una tradición sustentada por Palacios de forma magistral." Así pues, sus referentes se mueven entre lo quimérico y el pragmatismo racionalista de principios del siglo XX, con importantes influencias de la arquitectura regionalista e historicista de sus maestros, Aníbal Álvarez, Modesto López Otero y, sobre todo, Antonio Palacios. En sus dibujos de ciudades aerostáticas y acorazadas, de garajes radiales, de torres espectáculo, de monumentos a la ciencia, de autogiródromos, casas aerotransportadas y hangares aerodinámicos..., descubrimos a un arquitecto que emprende un camino desde el futurismo más cercano a las ensoñaciones de una ciudad industrial dominada por la tecnología hasta una utopía basada en la creencia del triunfo de la civilización, las grandes conquistas de la humanidad y la paz universal. El objetivo de esta comunicación es analizar la búsqueda de Casto de una respuesta formal a su viaje interior hacia la utopía a través de las vanguardias figurativas de comienzos del siglo XX. Estudiaremos sus proyectos no construidos a través de sus dibujos, que representan grandes edificios futuristas, descontextualizados del entorno, obras másicas y monumentalistas de fuerte contenido simbólico. Y los compararemos con otras obras no materializadas de arquitectos contemporáneos como Sant¿Elia, Tchernikov, Tatlin, Poelzig... que tuvieron mayor o menor influencia en su carrera

Fostering English-taught higher education programs in a Spanish university: the "TechEnglish" innovative project

In recent years, coinciding with adjustments to the Bologna process, many European universities have attempted to improve their international profile by increasing course offerings in English. According to the Institute of International Education (IIE), Spain has notably increased its English-taught higher education programs, ranking fifth in the list of European countries by number of English-taught Master's programs in 2013. This article presents the goals and preliminary results of an on-going innovative education project (TechEnglish) that aims to promote course offerings in English at the Technical University of Madrid (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM). The UPM is the oldest and largest of all Technical Universities in Spain. It offers graduate and postgraduate programs that cover all the engineering disciplines as well as architecture. Currently, the UPM has no specific bilingual/multilingual program to promote teaching in English, although there is an Educational Model Whitepaper (with a focus on undergraduate degrees) that promotes the development of activities like an International Semester or a unique shared curriculum. The TechEnglish project is an attempt to foster courses taught in English at 7 UPM Technical Schools, including students and 80 faculty members. Four tasks were identified: (1) to design a university wide framework to increase course offerings, (2) to identify administrative difficulties, (3) to increase visibility of courses offered, and (4) to disseminate the results of the project. First, to design a program we analyzed existing programs at other Spanish universities, and other projects and efforts already under way at the UPM. A total of 13 plans were analyzed and classified according to their relation with students (learning), professors (teaching), administration, course offerings, other actors/institutions within the university (e.g., language departments), funds and projects, dissemination activities, mobility plans and quality control. Second, to begin to identify administrative and organizational difficulties in the implementation of teaching in English, we first estimated the current and potential course offerings at the undergraduate level at the UPM using a survey (student, teacher and administrative demand, level of English and willingness to work in English). Third, to make the course offerings more attractive for both Spanish and international students we examined the way the most prestigious universities in Spain and in Europe try to improve the visibility of their academic offerings in English. Finally, to disseminate the results of the project we created a web page and a workspace on the Moodle education platform and prepared conferences and workshops within the UPM. Preliminary results show that increasing course offerings in English is an important step to promote the internationalization of the University. The main difficulties identified at the UPM were related to how to acknowledge/certify the departments, teachers or students involved in English courses, how students should register for the courses, how departments should split and schedule the courses (Spanish and English), and the lack of qualified personnel. A concerted effort could be made to increase the visibility of English-taught programs offered on-line.