Propagation of Neutron Cross Section, Fission Yield, and Decay Data Uncertainties in Depletion Calculations

Propagation of nuclear data uncertainties in reactor calculations is interesting for design purposes and libraries evaluation. Previous versions of the GRS XSUSA library propagated only neutron cross section uncertainties. We have extended XSUSA uncertainty assessment capabilities by including propagation of fission yields and decay data uncertainties due to the their relevance in depletion simulations. We apply this extended methodology to the UAM6 PWR Pin-Cell Burnup Benchmark, which involves uncertainty propagation through burnup.

Meta-analysis of strategies to control nitrate leaching in irrigated agricultural systems and their effects on crop yield.

Nitrate leaching (NL) is an important N loss process in irrigated agriculture that imposes a cost on the farmer and the environment. A meta-analysis of published experimental results from agricultural irrigated systems was conducted to identify those strategies that have proven effective at reducing NL and to quantify the scale of reduction that can be achieved. Forty-four scientific articles were identified which investigated four main strategies (water and fertilizer management, use of cover crops and fertilizer technology) creating a database with 279 observations on NL and 166 on crop yield. Management practices that adjust water application to crop needs reduced NL by a mean of 80% without a reduction in crop yield. Improved fertilizer management reduced NL by 40%, and the best relationship between yield and NL was obtained when applying the recommended fertilizer rate. Replacing a fallow with a non-legume cover crop reduced NL by 50% while using a legume did not have any effect on NL. Improved fertilizer technology also decreased NL but was the least effective of the selected strategies. The risk of nitrate leaching from irrigated systems is high, but optimum management practices may mitigate this risk and maintain crop yields while enhancing environmental sustainability.

Effects of irrigation and time of application on the yield and quality of cv. Cabernet sauvignon in a warm climate

Mediterranean climate is characterized by hot summer, high evapotranspiration rates, and scarce precipitations (400 mm per year) during grapevine cycle. These extremely dry conditions affect vineyard productivity and sustainability. Supplementary irrigation is a needed practice in order to maintain yield and quality. Almost all Spanish grape growing regions are characterized by these within this context, especially in the center region, where this study was performed. The main objective of this work was to study the influence of irrigation on yield and quality. For this aim, we applied different levels of irrigation (mm of water applied) during different stages of growth and berry maturity. Four experimental treatments were applied considering the amount of water and the moment of the application: T1: Water irrigation (420 mm) applied from bloom to maturity. T2: Corresponded to the traditional irrigation scheduling, from preveraison to maturity (154 mm). T3: Water irrigation from bloom to preveraison, and water deficit from veraison to maturity (312 mm). T4: Irrigation applied from preveraison to maturity (230 mm) Experimental vineyard, cv. Cabernet Sauvignon, was located in a commercial vineyard (Bodegas Licinia S.L.) in the hot region of Morata de Tajuña (Madrid). The trial was performed during 2010 and 2011 seasons. Our results showed that yield increased from 2010 to 2011 in the treatments with a higher amount of water appli ed, T1 and T3 (24 and 10 % of yield increase respectively). This was mainly due to an increase in bud fertility (nº of bunches per shoot). Furthermore, sugar content was higher in T3 (27.3 ºBrix), followed by T2 (27 ºBrix). By contrast, T4 (irrigation from veraison) presented the lowest solid soluble concentration and the highest acidity. These results suggest that grapevine has an intrinsic capacity to adapt to its environment. However, this adaptation capacity should be evaluated considering the sensibility of quality parameters during the maturity period (acidity, pH, aroma, color...) and its impact on yield. Here, we demonstrated that a higher amount of water irrigation applied was no linked to a negative effect on quality.

Influencia de la castración y la línea genética paterna sobre el rendimiento productivo y la calidad de la canal y de la carne en cerdos sacrificados a pesos elevados

El objetivo general de esta Tesis Doctoral fue estudiar la influencia del sexo, el método de castración de los machos y la línea genética paterna sobre la productividad y la calidad de la canal y de la carne en cerdos blancos sacrificados a pesos elevados con destino a la industria de los productos curados de calidad. En el experimento 1, se utilizaron 360 cerdos sacrificados a 125 kg de peso vivo (PV) para estudiar la influencia del sexo y la castración [machos inmunocastrados (MI), machos castrados quirúrgicamente (MC) y hembras enteras (HE)] de dos líneas genéticas paternas Large White (Top York y Tempo) sobre los rendimientos productivos y la calidad de la canal y de la carne. La línea materna utilizada fue Large White × Landrace en todos los casos. Los MI se inmunizaron contra el factor de liberación de gonadotropina (GnRF) mediante la utilización de Improvac a los 78 (16 d en prueba) y 126 (64 d en prueba y 48 d antes del sacrificio) d de edad. Cada uno de los 6 tratamientos experimentales fue replicado 6 veces (cuadra con 10 cerdos). Desde el inicio de la prueba hasta el día de la primera inyección con Improvac (62 a 78 d de edad) los MI y las HE crecieron menos (P < 0,001) que los MC sin que se observaran diferencias en el consumo medio diario de pienso (CMD). Los MC tuvieron peor eficiencia alimenticia que las HE con los MI mostrando valores intermedios (P < 0,01). Entre las dos inyecciones de Improvac (78 a 126 d de edad), los MI crecieron y comieron menos que los MC, mostrando las HE valores intermedios (P < 0,001). Los MI fueron más eficientes que las HE y ambos más eficientes que los MC (P < 0,001). Sin embargo, desde la segunda inyección de Improvac hasta el sacrificio (126 a 174 d de edad) los MI crecieron más y fueron más eficientes (P < 0,001) que las HE y los MC. Al final de la prueba, MI y MC crecieron más (P < 0,01) que HE. Asimismo, los MI fueron más eficientes (P < 0,001) pero presentaron menor rendimiento de canal (P < 0,001) que los MC y las HE. Por otro lado, los MI y las HE depositaron menos grasa dorsal que los MC (P < 0,001). Las hembras tuvieron mayor rendimiento de lomo y menos grasa intramuscular que MI y MC (P < 0,01). Asimismo, las HE tuvieron mayor rendimiento de jamón en fresco y perfilado que los MC con los MI mostrando valores intermedios (P < 0,05). Los cerdos híbridos procedentes de machos Tempo crecieron más (P < 0,001) que los procedentes de machos Top York, sin que se encontraran diferencias para el CMD o para la eficiencia alimenticia. Los híbridos de los cruces con Top York tuvieron mejores rendimientos de jamones frescos y perfilados (P < 0,05) pero menor rendimiento de lomo y menos grasa intramuscular que los cruces con Tempo (P < 0,01). En conclusión, los MI presentaron mejor eficiencia alimenticia, pero menor rendimiento de canal que los MC y las HE. El contenido en grasa intramuscular fue similar entre MC y MI y superior para ambos que para las HE. Los cruces procedentes de la línea paterna Tempo crecieron más y tuvieron mayor contenido en grasa intramuscular, pero un rendimiento en jamón perfilado ligeramente inferior al de los cruces procedentes de la línea paterna Top York. Se concluye que la inmunocastración de los machos es una alternativa viable a la castración quirúrgica para la producción de cerdos pesados destinados a la industria de los productos curados. Debido a su mayor potencial de crecimiento y mayor contenido en grasa intramuscular, los híbridos procedentes de la línea paterna Tempo presentan ventajas frente a los híbridos procedentes de la línea paterna Top York cuando se destinan a la industria de productos curados de calidad. En el experimento 2, se utilizaron 240 cerdos para comparar los rendimientos productivos y los parámetros de calidad de la canal de MI, MC y HE destinados a la industria de productos cárnicos curados procedentes del cruce de la línea materna Large White × Landrace con la línea genética paterna Duroc o Pietrain. Entre las 2 inyecciones de Improvac (87 a 137 d de edad), los MI y las HE crecieron menos que los MC (P < 0,01). Asimismo, los MI comieron menos pienso que las HE y ambos menos que los MC (2,33, 2,55 y 2,77 kg/d; respectivamente; P < 0,001). Como resultado, los MI fueron más eficientes que los MC y las HE (P < 0,001). Desde la segunda inyección de Improvac hasta el momento del sacrificio (137 a 164 d de edad), los MI fueron más eficientes que las HE y ambos más que los MC (0,346, 0,323 y 0,300, respectivamente; P < 0,001). Las diferencias observadas en este periodo entre los sexos en cuanto a rendimientos productivos fueron más pronunciadas en los cerdos procedentes de la línea paterna Pietrain que los de la línea Duroc (P < 0,05 para la interacción). En el global de la prueba (87 a 164 d de edad) el sexo no afectó al crecimiento en los cerdos procedentes de la línea paterna Duroc pero en los cerdos procedentes de la línea paterna Pietrain, los MI y los MC crecieron más que las HE (P < 0,05 para la interacción). Asimismo, los MI tuvieron mejor eficiencia alimenticia (0,406, 0,364 y 0,380, P < 0,001) y menor rendimiento de la canal (76,6, 78,1 y 78,8%; P < 0,001) que los MC y las HE. Las canales de las HE fueron más magras que las canales de los MC, con las canales de los MI mostrando valores intermedios (P < 0,01). El rendimiento en jamones y lomos fue mayor para las HE que para los MI y los MC (P < 0,001). El contenido en grasa intramuscular fue menor en las HE que en los MC, con los MI mostrando valores intermedios (3,5 vs. 3,9 y 3,7%; P < 0,05). Por otra parte, los híbridos procedentes de machos Duroc crecieron más rápido (1,167 vs. 0,986 kg/d; P < 0,001), consumieron más pienso (3,07 vs. 2,56 kg/d; P < 0,001) y tuvieron más grasa intramuscular (P < 0,001), pero menor rendimiento en jamones y lomos (P < 0,01) que los híbridos procedentes de machos Pietrain. Se concluye que los MI presentaron mejores productividades pero menores rendimientos de canal que MC y HE. El contenido en grasa intramuscular en el músculo longissimus dorsi fue menor para las HE que para los MC con valores intermedios para los MI. Los cruces procedentes de la genética paterna Duroc crecieron más y tuvieron más grasa intramuscular pero menos rendimiento de jamón que los cerdos procedentes de machos Pietrain. Por tanto, los MI deben ser preferidos a los MC y los cruces con la línea paterna Duroc deben ser preferidos a los cruces con Pietrain para producir canales cuando sus partes nobles están destinadas a la industria de productos cárnicos curados. En base a estos resultados, se concluye que la inmunocastración es una alternativa factible a la castración quirúrgica y que líneas genéticas paternas Tempo y Duroc son mejores para la producción de cerdo blanco pesado que las líneas Top York y Pietrain. Las interacciones entre el sexo y las líneas genéticas paternas estudiadas, sugieren que el resultado final depende en parte de la línea genética paterna utilizada. En cualquier caso, la inmunocastración es una alternativa factible a la castración quirúrgica para la producción de canales destinadas a la industria de los productos cárnicos curados. ABSTRACT The general aim of this PhD Thesis was to study the influence of sex, method of castration, and genetic background of the sire line on growth performance and carcass and meat quality merits of heavy white pigs destined to the dry-cured industry. In experiment 1, 360 pigs slaughtered at 125 kg of body weight were used to study the influence of sex and castration methodology [immunocastrated males (ICM), surgically castrated males (SCM), and intact females (IF)] of 2 terminal Large White sire lines (Top York and Tempo) on growth performance and carcass and meat quality. The female line was Large White × Landrace in all cases. The ICM pigs were immunized against gonadotropin-releasing factor with Improvac at 78 (16 d on trial) and 126 (64 d on trial and 48 d before slaughter) d of age. Each of the 6 treatments was replicated 6 times (10 pigs/pen). From the start of the experiment to the day of the first Improvac injection (62 to 78 d of age), ICM and IF grew slowlier (P < 0.001) than SCM but no differences in feed intake were detected. The SCM pigs had greater gain to feed ratio (G:F) than the IF with the ICM pigs being intermediate (P < 0.01). Between the 2 Improvac injections (78 to 126 d of age), the ICM pigs ate less feed (P < 0.001) and grew slowlier rate than the SCM pigs, with the growth of IF being intermediate. The ICM pigs were more efficient than the IF, and both were more efficient than the SCM pigs (P < 0.001). However, from the second Improvac injection to slaughter (126 to 174 d of age), the ICM pigs grew at a faster rate (P < 0.001) and were more efficient (P < 0.001) than the IF and the SCM pigs. Cumulatively, ICM and SCM pigs grew faster (P < 0.01) than IF and the ICM pigs were more efficient than the other two sexes (P < 0.001). However, the ICM pigs had reduced (P < 0.001) carcass yield compared with SCM and IF. The ICM and IF pigs also had less (P < 0.001) backfat depth than the SCM pigs. Intact females had higher (P < 0.01) loin yield but less intramuscular fat (P < 0.01) than ICM and SCM pigs and higher (P < 0.05) fresh and trimmed ham yields than SCM pigs, with ICM pigs being intermediate. Crossbreds from the Tempo sires grew faster (P < 0.001) than crossbreds from the Top York sires but no differences (P > 0.10) were detected for feed intake or feed efficiency. Crossbreds from the Top York sires had higher (P < 0.05) fresh and trimmed ham yields but less (P < 0.01) loin yield and intramuscular fat content than crossbreds from the Tempo sires. In conclusion, ICM pigs are more efficient, but have less carcass yield than SCM and IF pigs. The intramuscular fat content was lowest for the IF and similar for ICM and SCM pigs. Crossbreds from Tempo sires were heavier and had greater intramuscular fat content, but had less trimmed ham yield as compared with crossbreds from the Top York sires. Immunocastrated pigs can replace SCM pigs for the production of heavy pigs destined for the dry-cured industry. Because of increased carcass weight and the higher intramuscular content, crossbreds from Tempo sires may have an advantage over crossbreds from Top York sires for the dry-cured industry. In experiment 2, a total of 240 pigs were used to compare growth performance and carcass quality traits of immunocastrated males, surgically castrated males, and intact females of crossbreds from Large White × Landrace females and Duroc or Pietrain sires destined to the dry-cured industry. Between the 2 Improvac injections (87 and 137 d of age), ICM and IF pigs had lower average daily gain (ADG) than SCM pigs (P < 0.01). Also, ICM pigs ate less feed than IF and both type of pigs ate less than SCM pigs (2.33, 2.55, and 2.77 kg/d; P < 0.001). Consequently, ICM pigs had better G:F than SCM and IF (P < 0.001). From the second Improvac injection to slaughter (137 to 164 d of age), ICM pigs were more efficient than IF and both were more efficient than SCM pigs (0.346, 0.323, and 0.300 g/g; P < 0.001). The differences in growth performance among genders observed in this period were more pronounced for the Pietrain than for the Duroc crossbreds (P < 0.05 for the interaction). For the entire experimental period (87 to 164 d of age), gender did not affect ADG for Duroc crossbreds but for Pietrain crossbreds ICM and SCM had higher ADG than IF (P < 0.05 for the interaction). The ICM pigs had better feed efficiency (0.406, 0.364, and 0.380; g/g; P < 0.001) and lower carcass yield (76.6, 78.1, and 78.8%; P < 0.001) than SCM or IF. Carcasses from IF were leaner than carcasses from SCM with carcasses from ICM being intermediate (P < 0.01). Ham and loin (P < 0.001) yields were higher for IF than for ICM or SCM pigs. Intramuscular fat content was lower for IF than for SCM pigs with that of ICM pigs being intermediate (3.5 vs. 3.9 and 3.7%; P < 0.05). Cumulatively, crossbreds from Duroc sires had higher ADG (1.167 vs. 0.986 kg/d; P < 0.001) and average daily feed intake (3.07 vs. 2.56 kg/d; P < 0.001) and more intramuscular fat (P < 0.001) but less ham and loin yields (P < 0.01) than crossbreds from Pietrain sires. It is concluded that growth performance was better, but carcass yield lower, for ICM pigs than for SCM and IF. Intramuscular fat content in longissimus dorsi muscle was lower for IF than for SCM pigs with ICM pigs being intermediate. Crossbreds from Duroc sires grew faster and had more intramuscular fat but less ham yield than crossbreds from Pietrain sires. Therefore, ICM pigs should be preferred to SCM pigs, and Duroc crossbreds should be preferred to Pietrain crossbreds to produce carcasses destined to the production of primal cuts for the dry-cured industry. We conclude that immunocastration might be a sound alternative to surgical castration in pigs and that Tempo and Duroc might be better for the production of heavy pigs than Top York and Pietrain. The interactions reported between sex and genetic sire line, suggested that the benefits of immunocastration as an alternative to surgical castration might depend at least part on the sire line used. In any case, immunocastration is a good alternative to surgical castration for the production of carcasses destined to the dry-cured industry.

Improving lignocellulosic biomass yield

Comunicación Oral

CsRAV1: a candidate gene for improving lignocellulosic biomass yield

Fast-growing tree species of Populus spp.,Salix spp. and Eucalyptus spp. are cultivated to produce wood in a short time. Poplars are cultivated with cycles of 15-18 years to obtain saw timber and peeler logs, but when grown as short -rotation coppice(SRC) to produce biomass, planting density increases and rotation is considerably reduced (3-5 years). In this regard, research efforts are focused in the identification of traits and loci that allow the generation of improved SRC biomass-yielding genotypes. Biomass yield is a highly complex trait as it is the combined outcome of many other complex traits, each under separate polygenic control. Among profitable biomass yield-related traits are the amount of sylleptic branching and the length of winter dormancy. In poplar and in a few other Salicaceae species some lateral buds grow out sylleptically, the same season in which they form without the need of an intervening rest period. Sylleptic branching in poplar increases branch number, leaf area and general growth of the tree in its early years, and is a reasonable predictor of coppice yield. On the other hand, the length of winter dormancy determines the extent of the growth period. Our group has characterized the RAV1 gene of Castanea sativa (CsRAV1), encoding a transcription factor of the subfamily RAV (Related to ABI3/VP1). CsRAV1 expression shows a marked seasonal pattern, being higher in autumn and winter both in stems and buds. We generated transgenic lines of the hybrid clone Populus tremulax P. alba INRA 717 1B4 constitutively expressing CsRAV 1. These CsRAV1-expressing poplars develop sylleptic branches only a few weeks after potting. In addition to the sylleptic branching phenotype, these trees show phenological features that could give rise to an extended growth period. We are currently assessing the phenotype and behavior of these transgenic trees in a field trial, and ultimately, we will evaluate the impact on lignocellulosic biomass quality and production.

AquaData and AquaGIS: Two computer utilities for temporal and spatial simulations of water-limited yield with AquaCrop.

The crop simulation model AquaCrop, recently developed by FAO can be used for a wide range of purposes. However, in its present form, its use over large areas or for applications that require a large number of simulations runs (e.g., long-term analysis), is not practical without developing software to facilitate such applications. Two tools for managing the inputs and outputs of AquaCrop, named AquaData and AquaGIS, have been developed for this purpose and are presented here. Both software utilities have been programmed in Delphi v. 5 and in addition, AquaGIS requires the Geographic Information System (GIS) programming tool MapObjects. These utilities allow the efficient management of input and output files, along with a GIS module to develop spatial analysis and effect spatial visualization of the results, facilitating knowledge dissemination. A sample of application of the utilities is given here, as an AquaCrop simulation analysis of impact of climate change on wheat yield in Southern Spain, which requires extensive input data preparation and output processing. The use of AquaCrop without the two utilities would have required approximately 1000 h of work, while the utilization of AquaData and AquaGIS reduced that time by more than 99%. Furthermore, the use of GIS, made it possible to perform a spatial analysis of the results, thus providing a new option to extend the use of the AquaCrop model to scales requiring spatial and temporal analyses.

Short-term effects of four tillage practices on soil physical properties, soil water potential, and maize yield

The area cultivated using conservation tillage has recently increased in central Spain. However, soil compaction and water retention with conservation tillage still remains a genuine concern for landowners in this region be- cause of its potential effect on the crop growth and yield. The aim of this research is to determine the short- term influences of four tillage treatments on soil physical properties. In the experiment, bulk density, cone index, soil water potential, soil temperature and maize (Zea mays L.) productivity have been measured. A field experiment was established in spring of 2013 on a loamy soil. The experiment compared four tillage methods (zero tillage, ZT; reservoir tillage, RT; minimum tillage, MT; and conventional tillage, CT). Soil bulk density and soil cone index were measured during maize growing season and at harvesting time. Furthermore, the soil water potential was monitored by using a wireless sensors network with sensors at 20 and 40 cm depths. Also, soil temperatures were registered at depths of 5 and 12 cm. Results indicated that there were significant differ- ences between soil bulk density and cone index of ZT method and those of RT, MT, and CT, during the growing season; although, this difference was not significant at the time of harvesting in some soil layers. Overall, in most soil layers, tillage practice affected bulk density and cone index in the order: ZT N RT N MT N CT. Regardless oftheentireobservationperiod,results exhibited that soils under ZT and RT treatments usually resulted in higher water potential and lower soil temperature than the other two treatments at both soil depths. In addition, clear differences in maize grain yield were observed between ZT and CT treatments, with a grain yield (up to 15.4%) increase with the CT treatment. On the other hand, no significant differences among (RT, MT, and CT) on maizeyieldwerefound.Inconclusion,the impact of soil compaction increase and soil temperature decrease,pro- duced by ZT treatment is a potential reason for maize yield reduction in this tillage method. We found that RT could be certainly a viable option for farmers incentral Spain,particularly when switching to conservation tillage from conventional tillage. This technique showed a moderate and positive effect on soil physical properties and increased maize yields compared to ZT and MT, and provides an opportunity to stabilize maize yields compared to CT.

Simulating potential growth and yield of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) with PALMSIM: Model description, evaluation and application.

Reducing the gap between water-limited potential yield and actual yield in oil palm production systems through intensification is seen as an important option for sustainably increasing palm oil production. Simulation models can play an important role in quantifying water-limited potential yield, and therefore the scope for intensification, but no oil palm model exists that is both simple enough and at the same time incorporates sufficient plant physiological knowledge to be generally applicable across sites with different growing conditions. The objectives of this study therefore were to develop a model (PALMSIM) that simulates, on a monthly time step, the potential growth of oil palm as determined by solar radiation and to evaluate model performance against measured oil palm yields under optimal water and nutrient management for a range of sites across Indonesia and Malaysia. The maximum observed yield in the field matches the corresponding simulated yield for dry bunch weight with a RMSE of 1.7 Mg ha?1 year?1 against an observed yield of 18.8 Mg ha?1. Sensitivity analysis showed that PALMSIM is robust: simulated changes in yield caused by modifying the parameters by 10% are comparable to other tree crop model evaluations. While we acknowledge that, depending on the soils and climatic environment, yields may be often water limited, we suggest a relatively simple physiological approach to simulate potential yield, which can be usefully applied to high rainfall environments and is considered as a first step in developing an oil palm model that also simulates water-limited potential yield. To illustrate the application possibil- ities of the model, PALMSIM was used to create a potential yield map for Indonesia and Malaysia by sim- ulating the growth and yield at a resolution of 0.1?. This map of potential yield is considered as a first step towards a decision support tool that can identify potentially productive, but at the moment degraded sites in Indonesia and Malaysia. ?

A new label fusion method using graph cuts: application to hippocampus segmentation

The aim of this paper is to develop a probabilistic modeling framework for the segmentation of structures of interest from a collection of atlases. Given a subset of registered atlases into the target image for a particular Region of Interest (ROI), a statistical model of appearance and shape is computed for fusing the labels. Segmentations are obtained by minimizing an energy function associated with the proposed model, using a graph-cut technique. We test different label fusion methods on publicly available MR images of human brains.

Current ozone levels threaten gross primary production and yield of Mediterranean annual pastures and nitrogen modulates the response

Pastures are among the most important ecosystems in Europe considering their biodiversity and dis- tribution area. However, their response to increasing tropospheric ozone (O 3 ) and nitrogen (N) deposi- tion, two of the main drivers of global change, is still uncertain. A new Open-Top Chamber (OTC) experiment was performed in central Spain, aiming to study annual pasture response to O 3 and N in close to natural growing conditions. A mixture of six species of three representative families was sowed in the fi eld. Plants were exposed for 40 days to four O 3 treatments: fi ltered air, non- fi ltered air (NFA) repro- ducing ambient levels and NFA supplemented with 20 and 40 nl l � 1 O 3 . Three N treatments were considered to reach the N integrated doses of “ background ” , þ 20 or þ 40 kg N ha � 1 . Ozone signi fi cantly reduced green and total aboveground biomass (maximum reduction 25%) and increased the senescent biomass (maximum increase 40%). Accordingly, O 3 decreased community Gross Primary Production due to both a global reduction of ecosystem CO 2 exchange and an increase of ecosystem respiration. Nitrogen could partially counterbalance O 3 effects on aboveground biomass when the levels of O 3 were moderate, but at the same time O 3 exposure reduced the fertilization effect of higher N availability. Therefore, O 3 must be considered as a stress factor for annual pastures in the Mediterranean areas.

Yield, nutrient utilization and soil properties in a melon crop amended with wine-distillery waste

In Spain, large quantities of wine are produced every year (3,339,700 tonnes in 2011) (FAO, 2011) with the consequent waste generation. During the winemaking process, solid residues like grape stalks are generated, as well as grape marc and wine lees as by-products. According to the Council Regulation (EC) 1493/1999 on the common organization of the wine market, by-products coming from the winery industry must be sent to alcohol-distilleries to generate exhausted grape marc and vinasses. With an adequate composting treatment, these wastes can be applied to soils as a source of nutrients and organic matter. A three-year field experiment (2011, 2012 and 2013) was carried out in Ciudad Real (central Spain) to study the effects of wine-distillery waste compost application in a melon crop (Cucumis melo L.). Melon crop has been traditionally cultivated in this area with high inputs of water and fertilizers, but no antecedents of application of winery wastes are known. In a randomized complete block design, four treatments were compared: three compost doses consisted of 6.7 (D1), 13.3 (D2) and 20 t compost ha-1 (D3), and a control treatment without compost addition (D0). The soil was a shallow sandy-loam (Petrocalcic Palexeralfs) with a depth of 0.60 m and a discontinuous petrocalcic horizon between 0.60 and 0.70 m, slightly basic (pH 8.4), poor in organic matter (0.24%), rich in potassium (410 ppm) and with a medium level of phosphorus (22.1 ppm). During each growing period four harvests were carried out and total and marketable yield (fruits weighting <1 kg or visually rotten were not considered), fruit average weight and fruit number per plant were determined. At the end of the crop cycle, four plants per treatment were sampled and the nutrient content (N, P and K) was determined. Soil samplings (0-30 cm depth) were carried before the application of compost and at the end of each growing season and available N and P, as well as exchangeable K content were analyzed. With this information, an integrated analysis was carried out with the aim to evaluate the suitability of this compost as organic amendment.

Examining wheat yield sensitivity to temperature and precipitation changes for a large ensemble of crop models using impact response surfaces

Impact response surfaces (IRSs) depict the response of an impact variable to changes in two explanatory variables as a plotted surface. Here, IRSs of spring and winter wheat yields were constructed from a 25-member ensemble of process-based crop simulation models. Twenty-one models were calibrated by different groups using a common set of calibration data, with calibrations applied independently to the same models in three cases. The sensitivity of modelled yield to changes in temperature and precipitation was tested by systematically modifying values of 1981-2010 baseline weather data to span the range of 19 changes projected for the late 21st century at three locations in Europe.

Dynamical influences of El Niño on maize yield in Spain

Climate variability and changes in the frequency of extremes events have a direct impact on crop damages and yield. In a former work of Capa et al. (2013) the crop yield variability has been studied using different reanalyses datasets with the aim of extending the time series of potential yield. The reliability of these time series have been checked using observational data. The influence of the sea surface temperature on the crop yield variability has been studied, finding a relation with El Niño phenomenon. The highest correlation between El Niño and yield was during 1960-1980. This study aims to analyse the dynamical mechanism of El Niño impacts on maize yield in Spain during 1960-1980 by comparison with atmospheric circulation patterns.

Efecto sobre el rendimiento productivo y calidad de la canal de la inclusión de guisantes (Pisum sativum) y alberjón (Vicia narbonensis) en el pienso de lechones y cerdos de cebo

Las leguminosas grano presentan un perfil nutricional de gran interés para alimentación de ganado porcino, debido principalmente a su elevado contenido proteico. Sin embargo, la presencia de factores antinutritivos (FAN), que según el género difieren en calidad y cantidad, condiciona la absorción de la proteína, el nutriente más valorado. El objetivo de esta Tesis Doctoral ha sido el estudio del efecto de los principales FAN de guisante y alberjón sobre el rendimiento productivo, de canal y de piezas nobles, cuando sustituyen a la soja, parcial o totalmente, durante la fase estárter y el periodo de engorde de cerdos grasos. Con este motivo se llevaron a cabo 4 ensayos con machos castrados y la misma línea genética: híbrido Duroc x (Landrace x Large white). En el ensayo 1, se estudió la influencia de distintos niveles de inhibidores de proteasas (IP) en el pienso sobre la productividad de lechones durante la fase estárter (40 a 61 días de edad). Para ello, se utilizaron tres variedades de guisantes de invierno que contenían diferentes cantidades de IP, tanto de tripsina (IT) como de quimotripsina (IQ) [unidades de tripsina inhibida/mg (UTI), unidades de quimotripsina inhibida/mg (UQI): 9,87- 10,16, 5,75-8,62 y 12,55-15,75, para guisantes Cartouche, Iceberg y Luna, respectivamente] más elevadas que en la harina de soja 47 (HnaS) y en la soja extrusionada (SE) (UTI/mg - UQI/mg: 0,61-3,56 y 2,36-4,65, para HnaS y SE, respectivamente). El diseño experimental fue al azar, con cuatro tratamientos dietéticos que diferían en las fuentes proteicas y en la cantidad de IP, enfrentando un pienso control de soja a otros tres piensos con guisantes de invierno de las variedades indicadas, que sustituían parcialmente a la soja. Cada tratamiento se replicó cuatro veces, siendo la celda con 6 lechones la unidad experimental. Los animales que consumieron el pienso con guisante Cartouche tuvieron más ganancia media diaria (GMD) que el resto (P < 0,001) con el mismo consumo medio diario (CMD) e índice de conversión (IC). No hubo diferencias significativas entre los animales del pienso control y los que consumieron piensos con guisantes Iceberg y Luna. En el ensayo 2 la leguminosa objeto de estudio fue el alberjón y su FAN el dipéptido _Glutamyl-S-Ethenyl-Cysteine (GEC). El diseño y el periodo experimental fueron los mismos que en el ensayo 1, con cuatro dietas que variaban en el porcentaje de alberjones: 0%, 5%, 15% y 25%, y de GEC (1,54% del grano). Los lechones que consumieron el pienso con 5% tuvieron un CMD y GMD más elevado (P < 0,001), con el mismo IC que los animales pertenecientes al tratamiento 0%. Los índices productivos empeoraron significativamente y de manera progresiva al aumentar el porcentaje de alberjones (15 y 25%). Se obtuvieron ecuaciones de regresión con estructura polinomial que fueron significativas tanto para el nivel de alberjón como para la cantidad de GEC presente en el pienso. El ensayo 3 se efectuó durante el periodo de engorde, sustituyendo por completo la soja a partir de los 84 días de edad con las tres variedades de guisantes de invierno, observando el efecto sobre el rendimiento productivo, de canal y piezas nobles. El diseño, en bloques completos al azar, tuvo cuatro tratamientos según el guisante presente en el pienso y, por lo tanto, los niveles de IP: Control-soja, Cartouche, Iceberg y Luna, con 12 réplicas de 4 cerdos por tratamiento. De 84 a 108 días de edad los animales que consumieron los piensos Control-soja e Iceberg, tuvieron el mismo CMD y GMD, empeorando en los cerdos alimentados con Luna y Cartouche (P < 0,05). El IC fue igual en los tratamientos Control-soja e Iceberg, ocupando una posición intermedia en Cartouche y peor en los cerdos del pienso Luna (P < 0,001). De 109 a 127 días de edad la GMD y el IC fueron iguales, con un CMD más elevado en Control-soja e Iceberg que en los cerdos que consumieron Cartouche y Luna (P < 0,05). No hubo diferencias significativas durante el acabado (128 a 167 días de edad). Globalmente el CMD y GMD fueron más elevados en los cerdos que comieron los piensos Iceberg y Control-soja, empeorando por igual en los que comieron Cartouche y Luna (P < 0,05); el IC fue el mismo en todos los tratamientos. No se observaron diferencias en los datos relacionados con peso y rendimiento de canal y piezas nobles (jamón, paleta y chuletero), ni del contenido de grasa intramuscular en el lomo y proporción de ácidos grasos principales (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1n-9) en la grasa subcutánea. En el ensayo 4, realizado durante el periodo de engorde (60 a 171 días de edad), se valoró el efecto de dietas con distintos niveles de alberjones, y en consecuencia de su factor antinutritivo el dipéptido GEC, sobre el rendimiento productivo y la calidad de la canal y piezas nobles. El diseño fue en cuatro bloques completos al azar, con cuatro tratamientos según el porcentaje de inclusión de alberjón en el pienso: 0%, 5%, 15% y 25%, con 12 réplicas por tratamiento y cuatro cerdos en cada una de ellas. El tratamiento con 5% mejoró la GMD al final de la fase de cebo (152 días de vida) y, junto con el 0%, presentaron los resultados más favorables de peso e IC al final del ensayo (171 días de vida). Del mismo modo, el peso y rendimiento de canal fueron más elevados en los cerdos alimentados con los tratamientos 0% y 5% (P < 0,001). Piensos con el 15 y 25% de alberjones empeoraron los resultados productivos, así como el rendimiento y peso de canal. Sucedió lo mismo con el peso de las piezas nobles (jamón, paleta y chuletero), significativamente superior en 0% y 5% frente a 15% y 25%, siendo los cerdos que consumieron este último pienso los peores. Por el contrario el rendimiento de jamón y chuletero fue más elevado en los cerdos de los tratamientos 25% y 15% que en los que consumieron los piensos con 5% y 0% (P < 0,001); en el rendimiento de paletas se invirtieron los resultados, siendo mayores en los animales de los tratamientos 0% y 5% (P < 0,001). Se obtuvieron ecuaciones de regresión polinomial, para estimar las cantidades de inclusión de alberjones y de GEC más favorables desde el punto de vista productivo, así como los contrastes ortogonales entre los distintos tratamientos. ABSTRACT The grain legumes have a nutritional profile of great interest to feed pigs, mainly due to high protein content. However, the presence of antinutritional factors (ANF), which differ in quality and quantity according to gender, hinder the absorption of the protein, the most valuable nutrient. The aim of this thesis was to study the effect of the main ANF of pea and narbon vetch (NV) on productive performance, of the carcass and main lean cuts, when replacing soybean, partially or totally, during the starter phase and the fattening period of heavy pigs. For this reason were carried four trials with barrows and the same genetic line: Duroc hybrid x (Landrace x Large white). In trial 1, was studied the influence of different levels of protease inhibitors (PI) in the diet over productivity of piglets during the starter phase (40-61 days of age). For this, were used three varieties of winter peas containing different amounts of PI, both trypsin (TI) and chymotrypsin (CI) [inhibited units/mg trypsin (TIU), inhibited units/mg chymotrypsin (CIU): 9.87 - 10.16, 5.75 - 8.62 and 12.55 - 15.75, for peas Cartouche, Iceberg and Luna, respectively] higher than in soybean meal 47 (SBM) and soybeans extruded (SBE) (TIU/mg - CIU/mg: 0.61 - 3.56 and 2.36 - 4.65 for SBM and SBE, respectively). The design was randomized with four dietary treatments differing in protein sources and the amount of PI, with a control diet of soybean and three with different varieties of winter peas: Cartouche, Iceberg and Luna, which partially replace soybean. Each treatment was replicated four times, being the pen with 6 piglets the experimental unit. Pigs that ate the feed with pea Cartouche had better growth (ADG) than the rest (P < 0.001), with the same average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). There were no significant differences between piglets fed with control diet and those fed Iceberg and Luna diets. In trial 2 the legume under study was the NV and your ANF the dipeptide _Glutamyl FAN-S-Ethenyl-Cysteine (GEC). The experimental period and the design were the same as in trial 1, with four diets with different percentage of NV: 0%, 5%, 15% and 25%, and from GEC (1.52% of the grain). The piglets that consumed the feed containing 5% had higher ADG and ADFI (P < 0.05), with the same FCR that pigs belonging to the 0% treatment. Production rates worsened progressively with increasing percentage of NV (15 and 25%). Were obtained regression equations with polynomial structure that were significant for NV percentage and amount of GEC present in the feed. The test 3 was carried out during the fattening period, completely replace soy from 84 days of age with three varieties of winter peas, observing the effect on the yield, carcass and main lean cuts. The design, randomized complete blocks, had four treatments with different levels of PI: Control-soy, Cartouche, Iceberg and Luna, with 12 replicates of 4 pigs per treatment. From 84 to 108 days of age the pigs fed with Control-soy and Iceberg feed, had the same ADFI and ADG, worsening in pigs fed with Luna and Cartouche (P < 0.05). The FCR was similar in diets Control-soy and Iceberg, occupying an intermediate position in Cartouche and worse in pigs fed with Luna (P < 0.001). From 109-127 days of age the ADG and FCR were equal, with higher ADFI in pigs fed with Control-soy and Iceberg, regarding pigs fed with Cartouche and Luna (P < 0.05). There was no difference in the finishing phase (128-167 days of age). In global period, the ADFI and ADG were higher in pigs that ate Control-soy and Iceberg, and worse in those who ate Cartouche and Luna. The FCR was the same in all treatments. No significant differences were observed in the data related to weight and carcass yield, main lean cuts (ham, shoulder and loin chop) and intramuscular fat loin content and major fatty acids proportion (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1n-9) of subcutaneous fat. In experiment 4, made during the fattening period (60-171 days of age), was assessed the effect of diets with different levels of NV, and consequently of GEC, in the performance and quality of carcass and main lean cuts. There was a completely randomized design with four dietary treatments differing in percentage of NV: 0%, 5%, 15% and 25%, with 12 replicates per treatment and four pigs each. Treatment with 5% improved the ADG at the end of the fattening phase (152 days of age) and, together with 0%, showed the most favorable body weight and FCR at the end of the trial (171 days of age). Similarly, the weight and performance of carcass were higher for pigs fed with diets 0% and 5% (P < 0.05). Diets with 15 and 25% worsened the productive and carcass results. The weight of the main lean cuts (ham, shoulder and loin chop) was significantly higher in 0% and 5% vs 15% and 25%.The diet 25% was the worst of all. By contrast the performance of ham and loin chop was higher in pigs fed with diets 25% and 15%, that those who ate diets with 5% and 0% (P < 0.001); the results of shoulder performance were reversed, being greater in pigs feed with diets 0% and 5% (P < 0.001). Polynomial regression equations were obtained to estimate the percentage of NV and GEC more favorable from the point of view of production, and orthogonal contrasts between treatments.