An optimal yet fast pruning algorithm to reduce latency in multiview prediction structures

We propose a new algorithm for the design of prediction structures with low delay and limited penalty in the rate-distortion performance for multiview video coding schemes. This algorithm constitutes one of the elements of a framework for the analysis and optimization of delay in multiview coding schemes that is based in graph theory. The objective of the algorithm is to find the best combination of prediction dependencies to prune from a multiview prediction structure, given a number of cuts. Taking into account the properties of the graph-based analysis of the encoding delay, the algorithm is able to find the best prediction dependencies to eliminate from an original prediction structure, while limiting the number of cut combinations to evaluate. We show that this algorithm obtains optimum results in the reduction of the encoding latency with a lower computational complexity than exhaustive search alternatives.

Auscultación de presas de hormigón con láser escáner terrestre y modelización de las deformaciones del paramento

Se está produciendo en la geodesia un cambio de paradigma en la concepción de los modelos digitales del terreno, pasando de diseñar el modelo con el menor número de puntos posibles a hacerlo con cientos de miles o millones de puntos. Este cambio ha sido consecuencia de la introducción de nuevas tecnologías como el escáner láser, la interferometría radar y el tratamiento de imágenes. La rápida aceptación de estas nuevas tecnologías se debe principalmente a la gran velocidad en la toma de datos, a la accesibilidad por no precisar de prisma y al alto grado de detalle de los modelos. Los métodos topográficos clásicos se basan en medidas discretas de puntos que considerados en su conjunto forman un modelo; su precisión se deriva de la precisión en la toma singular de estos puntos. La tecnología láser escáner terrestre (TLS) supone una aproximación diferente para la generación del modelo del objeto observado. Las nubes de puntos, producto del escaneo con TLS, pasan a ser tratadas en su conjunto mediante análisis de áreas, de forma que ahora el modelo final no es el resultado de una agregación de puntos sino la de la mejor superficie que se adapta a las nubes de puntos. Al comparar precisiones en la captura de puntos singulares realizados con métodos taquimétricos y equipos TLS la inferioridad de estos últimos es clara; sin embargo es en el tratamiento de las nubes de puntos, con los métodos de análisis basados en áreas, se han obtenido precisiones aceptables y se ha podido considerar plenamente la incorporación de esta tecnología en estudios de deformaciones y movimientos de estructuras. Entre las aplicaciones del TLS destacan las de registro del patrimonio, registro de las fases en la construcción de plantas industriales y estructuras, atestados de accidentes y monitorización de movimientos del terreno y deformaciones de estructuras. En la auscultación de presas, comparado con la monitorización de puntos concretos dentro, en coronación o en el paramento de la presa, disponer de un modelo continuo del paramento aguas abajo de la presa abre la posibilidad de introducir los métodos de análisis de deformaciones de superficies y la creación de modelos de comportamiento que mejoren la comprensión y previsión de sus movimientos. No obstante, la aplicación de la tecnología TLS en la auscultación de presas debe considerarse como un método complementario a los existentes. Mientras que los péndulos y la reciente técnica basada en el sistema de posicionamiento global diferencial (DGPS) dan una información continua de los movimientos de determinados puntos de la presa, el TLS permite ver la evolución estacional y detectar posibles zonas problemáticas en todo el paramento. En este trabajo se analizan las características de la tecnología TLS y los parámetros que intervienen en la precisión final de los escaneos. Se constata la necesidad de utilizar equipos basados en la medida directa del tiempo de vuelo, también llamados pulsados, para distancias entre 100 m y 300 m Se estudia la aplicación del TLS a la modelización de estructuras y paramentos verticales. Se analizan los factores que influyen en la precisión final, como el registro de nubes, tipo de dianas y el efecto conjunto del ángulo y la distancia de escaneo. Finalmente, se hace una comparación de los movimientos dados por los péndulos directos de una presa con los obtenidos del análisis de las nubes de puntos correspondientes a varias campañas de escaneos de la misma presa. Se propone y valida el empleo de gráficos patrón para relacionar las variables precisión o exactitud con los factores distancia y ángulo de escaneo en el diseño de trabajos de campo. Se expone su aplicación en la preparación del trabajo de campo para la realización de una campaña de escaneos dirigida al control de movimientos de una presa y se realizan recomendaciones para la aplicación de la técnica TLS a grandes estructuras. Se ha elaborado el gráfico patrón de un equipo TLS concreto de alcance medio. Para ello se hicieron dos ensayos de campo en condiciones reales de trabajo, realizando escaneos en todo el rango de distancias y ángulos de escaneo del equipo. Se analizan dos métodos para obtener la precisión en la modelización de paramentos y la detección de movimientos de estos: el método del “plano de mejor ajuste” y el método de la “deformación simulada”. Por último, se presentan los resultados de la comparación de los movimientos estacionales de una presa arco-gravedad entre los registrados con los péndulos directos y los obtenidos a partir de los escaneos realizados con un TLS. Los resultados muestran diferencias de milímetros, siendo el mejor de ellos del orden de un milímetro. Se explica la metodología utilizada y se hacen consideraciones respecto a la densidad de puntos de las nubes y al tamaño de las mallas de triángulos. A shift of paradigm in the conception of the survey digital models is taking place in geodesy, moving from designing a model with the fewer possible number of points to models of hundreds of thousand or million points. This change has happened because of the introduction of new technologies like the laser scanner, the interferometry radar and the processing of images. The fast acceptance of these new technologies has been due mainly to the great speed getting the data, to the accessibility as reflectorless technique, and to the high degree of detail of the models. Classic survey methods are based on discreet measures of points that, considered them as a whole, form a model; the precision of the model is then derived from the precision measuring the single points. The terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) technology supposes a different approach to the model generation of the observed object. Point cloud, the result of a TLS scan, must be treated as a whole, by means of area-based analysis; so, the final model is not an aggregation of points but the one resulting from the best surface that fits with the point cloud. Comparing precisions between the one resulting from the capture of singular points made with tachometric measurement methods and with TLS equipment, the inferiority of this last one is clear; but it is in the treatment of the point clouds, using area-based analysis methods, when acceptable precisions have been obtained and it has been possible to consider the incorporation of this technology for monitoring structures deformations. Among TLS applications it have to be emphasized those of registry of the cultural heritage, stages registry during construction of industrial plants and structures, police statement of accidents and monitorization of land movements and structures deformations. Compared with the classical dam monitoring, approach based on the registry of a set of points, the fact having a continuous model of the downstream face allows the possibility of introducing deformation analysis methods and behavior models that would improve the understanding and forecast of dam movements. However, the application of TLS technology for dam monitoring must be considered like a complementary method with the existing ones. Pendulums and recently the differential global positioning system (DGPS) give a continuous information of the movements of certain points of the dam, whereas TLS allows following its seasonal evolution and to detect damaged zones of the dam. A review of the TLS technology characteristics and the factors affecting the final precision of the scanning data is done. It is stated the need of selecting TLS based on the direct time of flight method, also called pulsed, for scanning distances between 100m and 300m. Modelling of structures and vertical walls is studied. Factors that influence in the final precision, like the registry of point clouds, target types, and the combined effect of scanning distance and angle of incidence are analyzed. Finally, a comparison among the movements given by the direct pendulums of a dam and the ones obtained from the analysis of point clouds is done. A new approach to obtain a complete map-type plot of the precisions of TLS equipment based on the direct measurement of time of flight method at midrange distances is presented. Test were developed in field-like conditions, similar to dam monitoring and other civil engineering works. Taking advantage of graphic semiological techniques, a “distance - angle of incidence” map based was designed and evaluated for field-like conditions. A map-type plot was designed combining isolines with sized and grey scale points, proportional to the precision values they represent. Precisions under different field conditions were compared with specifications. For this purpose, point clouds were evaluated under two approaches: the standar "plane-of-best-fit" and the proposed "simulated deformation”, that showed improved performance. These results lead to a discussion and recommendations about optimal TLS operation in civil engineering works. Finally, results of the comparison of seasonal movements of an arc-gravity dam between the registered by the direct pendulums ant the obtained from the TLS scans, are shown. The results show differences of millimeters, being the best around one millimeter. The used methodology is explained and considerations with respect to the point cloud density and to the size of triangular meshes are done.

A GEOBIA methodology for fragmented agricultural landscapes

Very high resolution remotely sensed images are an important tool for monitoring fragmented agricultural landscapes, which allows farmers and policy makers to make better decisions regarding management practices. An object-based methodology is proposed for automatic generation of thematic maps of the available classes in the scene, which combines edge-based and superpixel processing for small agricultural parcels. The methodology employs superpixels instead of pixels as minimal processing units, and provides a link between them and meaningful objects (obtained by the edge-based method) in order to facilitate the analysis of parcels. Performance analysis on a scene dominated by agricultural small parcels indicates that the combination of both superpixel and edge-based methods achieves a classification accuracy slightly better than when those methods are performed separately and comparable to the accuracy of traditional object-based analysis, with automatic approach.

Upper Limb Portable Motion Analysis System Based on Inertial Technology for Neurorehabilitation Purposes

Here an inertial sensor-based monitoring system for measuring and analyzing upper limb movements is presented. The final goal is the integration of this motion-tracking device within a portable rehabilitation system for brain injury patients. A set of four inertial sensors mounted on a special garment worn by the patient provides the quaternions representing the patient upper limb’s orientation in space. A kinematic model is built to estimate 3D upper limb motion for accurate therapeutic evaluation. The human upper limb is represented as a kinematic chain of rigid bodies with three joints and six degrees of freedom. Validation of the system has been performed by co-registration of movements with a commercial optoelectronic tracking system. Successful results are shown that exhibit a high correlation among signals provided by both devices and obtained at the Institut Guttmann Neurorehabilitation Hospital.

EVA: Laparoscopic instrument tracking based on endoscopic video analysis for psychomotor skills assessment

INTRODUCTION: The EVA (Endoscopic Video Analysis) tracking system a new tracking system for extracting motions of laparoscopic instruments based on non-obtrusive video tracking was developed. The feasibility of using EVA in laparoscopic settings has been tested in a box trainer setup. METHODS: EVA makes use of an algorithm that employs information of the laparoscopic instrument's shaft edges in the image, the instrument's insertion point, and the camera's optical centre to track the 3D position of the instrument tip. A validation study of EVA comprised a comparison of the measurements achieved with EVA and the TrEndo tracking system. To this end, 42 participants (16 novices, 22 residents, and 4 experts) were asked to perform a peg transfer task in a box trainer. Ten motion-based metrics were used to assess their performance. RESULTS: Construct validation of the EVA has been obtained for seven motion-based metrics. Concurrent validation revealed that there is a strong correlation between the results obtained by EVA and the TrEndo for metrics such as path length (p=0,97), average speed (p=0,94) or economy of volume (p=0,85), proving the viability of EVA. CONCLUSIONS: EVA has been successfully used in the training setup showing potential of endoscopic video analysis to assess laparoscopic psychomotor skills. The results encourage further implementation of video tracking in training setups and in image guided surgery.

Supervised classification of minimally invasive surgery psychomotor competence based on instruments motion analysis

Background Objective assessment of psychomotor skills has become an important challenge in the training of minimally invasive surgical (MIS) techniques. Currently, no gold standard defining surgical competence exists for classifying residents according to their surgical skills. Supervised classification has been proposed as a means for objectively establishing competence thresholds in psychomotor skills evaluation. This report presents a study comparing three classification methods for establishing their validity in a set of tasks for basic skills’ assessment. Methods Linear discriminant analysis (LDA), support vector machines (SVM), and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) were used. A total of 42 participants, divided into an experienced group (4 expert surgeons and 14 residents with >10 laparoscopic surgeries performed) and a nonexperienced group (16 students and 8 residents with <10 laparoscopic surgeries performed), performed three box trainer tasks validated for assessment of MIS psychomotor skills. Instrument movements were captured using the TrEndo tracking system, and nine motion analysis parameters (MAPs) were analyzed. The performance of the classifiers was measured by leave-one-out cross-validation using the scores obtained by the participants. Results The mean accuracy performances of the classifiers were 71 % (LDA), 78.2 % (SVM), and 71.7 % (ANFIS). No statistically significant differences in the performance were identified between the classifiers. Conclusions The three proposed classifiers showed good performance in the discrimination of skills, especially when information from all MAPs and tasks combined were considered. A correlation between the surgeons’ previous experience and their execution of the tasks could be ascertained from results. However, misclassifications across all the classifiers could imply the existence of other factors influencing psychomotor competence.

Sophisticated security verification on routing repaired balanced cell-based dual-rail logic against side channel analysis

Conventional dual-rail precharge logic suffers from difficult implementations of dual-rail structure for obtaining strict compensation between the counterpart rails. As a light-weight and high-speed dual-rail style, balanced cell-based dual-rail logic (BCDL) uses synchronised compound gates with global precharge signal to provide high resistance against differential power or electromagnetic analyses. BCDL can be realised from generic field programmable gate array (FPGA) design flows with constraints. However, routings still exist as concerns because of the deficient flexibility on routing control, which unfavourably results in bias between complementary nets in security-sensitive parts. In this article, based on a routing repair technique, novel verifications towards routing effect are presented. An 8 bit simplified advanced encryption processing (AES)-co-processor is executed that is constructed on block random access memory (RAM)-based BCDL in Xilinx Virtex-5 FPGAs. Since imbalanced routing are major defects in BCDL, the authors can rule out other influences and fairly quantify the security variants. A series of asymptotic correlation electromagnetic (EM) analyses are launched towards a group of circuits with consecutive routing schemes to be able to verify routing impact on side channel analyses. After repairing the non-identical routings, Mutual information analyses are executed to further validate the concrete security increase obtained from identical routing pairs in BCDL.

Non uniform embedding based on relevance analysis with reduced computational complexity: application to the detection of pathologies from biosignal recordings

Nonlinear analysis tools for studying and characterizing the dynamics of physiological signals have gained popularity, mainly because tracking sudden alterations of the inherent complexity of biological processes might be an indicator of altered physiological states. Typically, in order to perform an analysis with such tools, the physiological variables that describe the biological process under study are used to reconstruct the underlying dynamics of the biological processes. For that goal, a procedure called time-delay or uniform embedding is usually employed. Nonetheless, there is evidence of its inability for dealing with non-stationary signals, as those recorded from many physiological processes. To handle with such a drawback, this paper evaluates the utility of non-conventional time series reconstruction procedures based on non uniform embedding, applying them to automatic pattern recognition tasks. The paper compares a state of the art non uniform approach with a novel scheme which fuses embedding and feature selection at once, searching for better reconstructions of the dynamics of the system. Moreover, results are also compared with two classic uniform embedding techniques. Thus, the goal is comparing uniform and non uniform reconstruction techniques, including the one proposed in this work, for pattern recognition in biomedical signal processing tasks. Once the state space is reconstructed, the scheme followed characterizes with three classic nonlinear dynamic features (Largest Lyapunov Exponent, Correlation Dimension and Recurrence Period Density Entropy), while classification is carried out by means of a simple k-nn classifier. In order to test its generalization capabilities, the approach was tested with three different physiological databases (Speech Pathologies, Epilepsy and Heart Murmurs). In terms of the accuracy obtained to automatically detect the presence of pathologies, and for the three types of biosignals analyzed, the non uniform techniques used in this work lightly outperformed the results obtained using the uniform methods, suggesting their usefulness to characterize non-stationary biomedical signals in pattern recognition applications. On the other hand, in view of the results obtained and its low computational load, the proposed technique suggests its applicability for the applications under study.

A linearization-based system reliability method with application to geotechnical analysis

Los análisis de fiabilidad representan una herramienta adecuada para contemplar las incertidumbres inherentes que existen en los parámetros geotécnicos. En esta Tesis Doctoral se desarrolla una metodología basada en una linealización sencilla, que emplea aproximaciones de primer o segundo orden, para evaluar eficientemente la fiabilidad del sistema en los problemas geotécnicos. En primer lugar, se emplean diferentes métodos para analizar la fiabilidad de dos aspectos propios del diseño de los túneles: la estabilidad del frente y el comportamiento del sostenimiento. Se aplican varias metodologías de fiabilidad — el Método de Fiabilidad de Primer Orden (FORM), el Método de Fiabilidad de Segundo Orden (SORM) y el Muestreo por Importancia (IS). Los resultados muestran que los tipos de distribución y las estructuras de correlación consideradas para todas las variables aleatorias tienen una influencia significativa en los resultados de fiabilidad, lo cual remarca la importancia de una adecuada caracterización de las incertidumbres geotécnicas en las aplicaciones prácticas. Los resultados también muestran que tanto el FORM como el SORM pueden emplearse para estimar la fiabilidad del sostenimiento de un túnel y que el SORM puede mejorar el FORM con un esfuerzo computacional adicional aceptable. Posteriormente, se desarrolla una metodología de linealización para evaluar la fiabilidad del sistema en los problemas geotécnicos. Esta metodología solamente necesita la información proporcionada por el FORM: el vector de índices de fiabilidad de las funciones de estado límite (LSFs) que componen el sistema y su matriz de correlación. Se analizan dos problemas geotécnicos comunes —la estabilidad de un talud en un suelo estratificado y un túnel circular excavado en roca— para demostrar la sencillez, precisión y eficiencia del procedimiento propuesto. Asimismo, se reflejan las ventajas de la metodología de linealización con respecto a las herramientas computacionales alternativas. Igualmente se muestra que, en el caso de que resulte necesario, se puede emplear el SORM —que aproxima la verdadera LSF mejor que el FORM— para calcular estimaciones más precisas de la fiabilidad del sistema. Finalmente, se presenta una nueva metodología que emplea Algoritmos Genéticos para identificar, de manera precisa, las superficies de deslizamiento representativas (RSSs) de taludes en suelos estratificados, las cuales se emplean posteriormente para estimar la fiabilidad del sistema, empleando la metodología de linealización propuesta. Se adoptan tres taludes en suelos estratificados característicos para demostrar la eficiencia, precisión y robustez del procedimiento propuesto y se discuten las ventajas del mismo con respecto a otros métodos alternativos. Los resultados muestran que la metodología propuesta da estimaciones de fiabilidad que mejoran los resultados previamente publicados, enfatizando la importancia de hallar buenas RSSs —y, especialmente, adecuadas (desde un punto de vista probabilístico) superficies de deslizamiento críticas que podrían ser no-circulares— para obtener estimaciones acertadas de la fiabilidad de taludes en suelos. Reliability analyses provide an adequate tool to consider the inherent uncertainties that exist in geotechnical parameters. This dissertation develops a simple linearization-based approach, that uses first or second order approximations, to efficiently evaluate the system reliability of geotechnical problems. First, reliability methods are employed to analyze the reliability of two tunnel design aspects: face stability and performance of support systems. Several reliability approaches —the first order reliability method (FORM), the second order reliability method (SORM), the response surface method (RSM) and importance sampling (IS)— are employed, with results showing that the assumed distribution types and correlation structures for all random variables have a significant effect on the reliability results. This emphasizes the importance of an adequate characterization of geotechnical uncertainties for practical applications. Results also show that both FORM and SORM can be used to estimate the reliability of tunnel-support systems; and that SORM can outperform FORM with an acceptable additional computational effort. A linearization approach is then developed to evaluate the system reliability of series geotechnical problems. The approach only needs information provided by FORM: the vector of reliability indices of the limit state functions (LSFs) composing the system, and their correlation matrix. Two common geotechnical problems —the stability of a slope in layered soil and a circular tunnel in rock— are employed to demonstrate the simplicity, accuracy and efficiency of the suggested procedure. Advantages of the linearization approach with respect to alternative computational tools are discussed. It is also found that, if necessary, SORM —that approximates the true LSF better than FORM— can be employed to compute better estimations of the system’s reliability. Finally, a new approach using Genetic Algorithms (GAs) is presented to identify the fully specified representative slip surfaces (RSSs) of layered soil slopes, and such RSSs are then employed to estimate the system reliability of slopes, using our proposed linearization approach. Three typical benchmark-slopes with layered soils are adopted to demonstrate the efficiency, accuracy and robustness of the suggested procedure, and advantages of the proposed method with respect to alternative methods are discussed. Results show that the proposed approach provides reliability estimates that improve previously published results, emphasizing the importance of finding good RSSs —and, especially, good (probabilistic) critical slip surfaces that might be non-circular— to obtain good estimations of the reliability of soil slope systems.