Non-destructive measurements of the optical properties of apples by means of time-resolved reflectance

Time-resolved reflectance is proposed and effectively used for the nondestructive measurement of the optical properties in apples. The technique is based on the detection of the temporal dispersion of a short laser pulse injected into the probed medium. The time-distribution of re-emitted photons interpreted with a solution of the Diffusion equation yields the mean values of the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of the medium. The proposed technique proved valuable for the measurement of the absorption and scattering spectra of different varieties of apples. No major variations were observed in the experimental data when the fruit was peeled, proving that the measured optical properties are referred to the pulp. The depth of probed volume was determined to be about 2 cm. Finally, the technique proved capable to follow the change in chlorophyll absorption during storage.

Optical detection of mealiness in apples using laser TDRS

Mealiness is a textural attribute related to an internal fruit disorder that involves quality loss. It is characterised by the combination of abnormal softness of the fruit and absence of free juiciness in the mouth when eaten by the consumer. Recent research concluded with the development of precise instrumental procedure to measure a scale of mealiness based on the combination of several rheological properties and empirical magnitudes. In this line, time-domain laser reflectance spectroscopy (TDRS) is a medical technology, new in agrofood research, which is capable of obtaining physical and chemical information independently and simultaneously, and this can be of interest to characterise mealiness. Using VIS & NIR lasers as light sources, TDRS was applied in this work to Golden Delicious and Cox apples (n=90), conforming several batches of untreated samples and storage-treated (20°C & 95%RH) to promote the development of mealiness. The collected database was clustered into different groups according to their instrumental test values (Barreiro et al, 1998). The optical coefficients were used as explanatory variables when building discriminant analysis functions for mealiness, achieving a classification score above 80% of correctly identified mealy versus fresh apples.

Sembradoras Gil 5032 y 6040, la mejora continua aplicada al diseño

Este artículo presenta una nueva aproximación al conocimiento de las sembradoras neumáticas en líneas a chorrillo. Partimos de la descripción del diseño realizado en primera persona por la empresa española Julio Gil Águeda e Hijos, y proseguimos con el empleo de un manómetro diferencial tipo Pitot, para caracterizar y comparar el funcionamiento de los circuitos neumáticos en los modelos GIL 5032 (5 m de ancho) y 6040 (6 m de ancho). Su diversa configuración: 4 filas y 32 brazos en el primer caso, respecto a 3 filas y 40 brazos en el segundo, refleja su distinta funcionalidad: adaptación a elevados niveles de rastrojo (vocación de evitar embozos), respecto a una mayor uniformidad neumática ajustada a un suelo previamente labrado.

Reply to Comment on ``Towards a large deviation theory for strongly correlated systems''

The computational study commented by Touchette opens the door to a desirable generalization of standard large deviation theory for special, though ubiquitous, correlations. We focus on three interrelated aspects: (i) numerical results strongly suggest that the standard exponential probability law is asymptotically replaced by a power-law dominant term; (ii) a subdominant term appears to reinforce the thermodynamically extensive entropic nature of q-generalized rate function; (iii) the correlations we discussed, correspond to Q -Gaussian distributions, differing from Lévy?s, except in the case of Cauchy?Lorentz distributions. Touchette has agreeably discussed point (i), but, unfortunately, points (ii) and (iii) escaped to his analysis. Claiming the absence of connection with q-exponentials is unjustified.

Kubota M135GX, tecnología japonesa en campo

El 1 de marzo, tras atravesar tierras castellanas cubiertas por una ligera nevada, realizamos en Balisa (Segovia) una prueba de campo con el tractor Kubota M135GX,un tractor de potencia media con una tecnología accesible y fácil de emplear. Mediante la grabación de los parámetros de funcionamiento del motor más destacados (con una frecuencia de muestreo de 10 Hz), se compararon dos estrategias de conducción manual frente a la implementación del sistema de cambio automático que incorpora este modelo,en dos operaciones de laboreo (chísel y rotocultor) y en una de transporte con remolque (conjunto tractor-remolque: 24.229 kg). En este ensayo también hemos tenido ocasión de registrar los parámetros de funcionamiento del motor durante los procesos de regeneración pasiva y activa del filtro de partículas.

Effects of different soil management practices on soil mechanic resistance and seed depth placement in a maize crop in Alentejo, Portugal Mediterranean region.

No tillage, minimum tillage and conventional tillage practices are commonly used in maize crops in Alentejo, affecting soil physic conditions and determining seeders performance. Seeders distribution can be evaluated in the longitudinal and vertical planes. Vertical plane is specified by seeding depth (Karayel et al., 2008). If, in one hand seeding depth uniformity is a goal for all crop establishment , in the other hand, seeders furrow openers depth control is never constant depending on soil conditions. Seed depth uniformity affects crop emergence, Liu et al. (2004) showed an higher correlation between crop productivity and emergence uniformity than with longitudinal plants distribution. Neto et al. (2007) evaluating seed depth placement by measuring maize mesocotyl length under no tillage conditions in 38 farms concluded that 20% of coefficient of variation suggests the need of improvement seeders depth control mechanisms. The objective of this study was to evaluate casual relationships and create spatial variability maps between soil mechanic resistance and vertical distribution under three different soil practices to improve seed depth uniformity.

Estudio acústico de la iglesia Santa María del Castillo

En el presente proyecto se ha realizado un estudio sobre las condiciones acústicas de la iglesia Santa María del Castillo, ubicada en la localidad de Campo Real, al sureste de Madrid. Se trata de una iglesia construida entre los siglos XIV y XVII en diferentes fases, rica en características arquitectónicas correspondientes a varios estilos, tales como el gótico, el renacentista y el barroco. Reconocida en 1981 por sus valores arquitectónicos como Monumento Histórico–Artístico. A partir de unas completas mediciones del interior de la iglesia, se ha realizado un modelo tridimensional del mismo como base para la simulación mediante el software de simulación acústica EASE versión 4.3. Para conseguir que este modelo se asemeje a la realidad, se han realizado medidas del ruido de fondo en el interior de la iglesia en diferentes condiciones ambientales. Además se han creado mediante el software los coeficientes de absorción correspondientes a cada material presente en el interior de la iglesia y se han tenido en cuenta las características de los altavoces utilizados en la megafonía del recinto. El modelo en 3D obtenido caracteriza completamente las condiciones acústicas de la iglesia Santa María del Castillo, y nos sirve para valorar cómo es el sonido en el interior de la misma. Para ello obtenemos valores de diferentes parámetros acústico realizando simulaciones. Parámetros como el tiempo de reverberación y el nivel de presión sonora nos dan una idea general de cómo es el campo sonoro en el interior del recinto. Otros parámetros como el ALCons y el STI nos dan información sobre la inteligibilidad de la palabra en el recinto en el que se está realizando el estudio. Finalmente basándonos en los resultados obtenidos de la simulación se sacan conclusiones sobre las características acústicas de este recinto. La iglesia estudiada no es un recinto apropiado para la palabra y/o la música, además el predominio del campo reverberante sobre el campo directo es claro, esto es debido a las dimensiones del recinto y la poca absorción de los diferentes materiales empleados en su construcción, que son bastante reflexivos al sonido. ABSTRACT The present project undertakes the acoustic study of the church Santa María del Castillo. The church is the main temple of Campo Real, in the south-east of Madrid. It was built over different phases between the 14th and the 17th centuries and therefore, the presence of several architectural styles makes the church of Campo Real an interesting aim for this study. The building was recognised as Historic-Artistic Monument for its architectural value in 1981. Complete measurements from inside of the church were taken to build a computational 3D model which has been used to perform acoustic simulations of the church with the software EASE (Version 4.3). Noise measurements have been taken inside the church at different ambient conditions and they have been used to improve the reliability of the computational model. Furthermore, the model has been provided with software generated absorption coefficients and the characteristics of the actual loudspeakers have been taken into account. The 3D model created characterises all the acoustic conditions of the church Santa María del Castillo and allows the study of the sound properties inside the temple. Parameters such as reverberation time and sound pressure level were calculated performing simulations so the sound field inside the building can be described. Other parameters such as the Articulation Loss of Consonants (ALCons) and the Speech Transmission Index (STI) were studied to derive information about intelligibility inside the church. Finally, based on the results obtained by the simulation, I expose my conclusions about the acoustic characteristics of the building. The main conclusion derived from the present study is that the temple is not an appropriate place for voice or music listening due to the dimensions and the characteristics of the materials used in the construction since they are highly reflective to sound. The reverberant field predominates over the whole audience area in comparison with the direct field.

Empleo de materiales reciclados para centros educativos en Chile

Los objetivos de este proyecto son dobles. El primero a conseguir es el acondicionamiento acústico de un centro educativo para alcanzar un mayor rendimiento docente; lo que se pretende lograr mejorando la inteligibilidad de la palabra y reduciendo el ruido en los diferentes recintos. El segundo objetivo, es la reducción de los costos económicos y medioambientales del proyecto empleando en el acondicionamiento acústico materiales procedentes del reciclado o existentes en el entorno local, reduciendo lo mayor posible la importación de estos materiales. Desde la investigación de las exigencias acústicas de un centro educativo, se determinarán los parámetros adecuados para su diseño óptimo. En general los mayores problemas acústicos existentes en estos establecimientos, son debidos a la transferencia de ruido entre los diferentes recintos y su excesiva reverberación, lo que provoca dificultades en la transmisión de la palabra y por ende también en las actividades docentes y los objetivos educativos. Asimismo, los parámetros y exigencias acústicas planteadas y desarrolladas, serán estudiados a partir de un contexto real y específico. El lugar elegido para el caso de estudio, será la ciudad de Santiago de Chile. Es importante, aclarar que en este país no existe una normativa aplicable a este tipo de establecimientos, por tanto se planteará el aislamiento acústico y posterior acondicionamiento a partir de normas y requisitos internacionales. Además, las soluciones acústicas planteadas serán de materiales reciclados existentes en el mercado nacional. Esta decisión tiene como finalidad reducir la afección al medio ambiente fomentando el desarrollo ecológico y sostenible como respuesta al crecimiento económico y la conservación de recursos en un país que se encuentra en vías de desarrollo. Por último, se plantea el acondicionamiento acústico de los diferentes recintos del colegio en proyecto, mediante simulación acústica en el programa EASE (Enhanced Acoustic Simulator for Engineers), lo que nos permite conocer el comportamiento de los recintos antes y después del acondicionamiento acústico. SUMMARY The objective of this Project is twofold. On the one hand, the acoustic conditioning of a school is developed in order to achieve a better teaching performance. For this purpose, the speech intelligibility is enhanced and the noise in the different rooms is reduced. On the other hand, the economic costs and environmental impact are reduced by using recycled materials or materials found in the local area, reducing as much as possible the use of imported materials. The appropriate acoustic parameters will be determined from the evaluation of the acoustic demands of the school. The main problems in these environments are the noise transmission between rooms as well as a high reverberation time. These will cause problems with the speech transmission, which is of great importance for educational purposes. Furthermore, the acoustic parameters and requirements are taken from a real and specific context. The place chosen for the research is Santiago, Chile. It is remarkable that in this country there is no national legislation that can be applied to such places, therefore International Standards are considered to evaluate the acoustic insulation and conditioning. The acoustic solutions considered in this project come from recycled materials existing on the domestic market. The decision aims to reduce the environmental impact, promoting environmentally sustainable development as a response to the economic growth and the maintenance of resources in a developing country. Finally, a simulation at some different areas of the school is carried out, comparing the behaviour before and after the proposed acoustic solutions. The software used for the simulations is EASE (Enhanced Acoustic Simulator for Engineers).

Cálculo del ruido de tráfico de una carretera empleando lo especificado en el proyecto IMAGINE

El objetivo del trabajo es estudiar el procedimiento descrito en el proyecto IMAGINE(estimación del nivel de ruido del tráfico rodado que se registra en las carreteras europeas, a partir de la obtención del nivel de potencia sonora del ruido de propulsión y del ruido de rodadura). Para validar el modelo, se compararán los resultados teóricos del proyecto con los niveles registrados en las inmediaciones de la M-40, dentro del campus de la Escuela Universitaria de Ingeniería Técnica de Telecomunicación. Para obtener los valores reales, además de lo descrito en el proyecto IMAGINE se empleará como método de medida el descrito en la ISO 1996- Parte 2 y con el instrumental con el que cuenta la Escuela. SUMMARY. The objective of this work is to analyse the procedure described in the IMAGINE project(estimation of the road traffic noise level that can be observed in the European roads, by means of obtaining the level of audible power from both the propulsion and rolling noise), in order to validate the model. The theoretical results from the project will be compared against the levels measured in the surroundings of the M-40 in Madrid, within the campus of the Escuela Universitaria de Ingeniería Técnica de Telecomunicación. To obtain the real values, the IMAGINE project and the methodology described in the norm ISO 1996 - Part 2 will be used, with the equipment made available by the Faculty.

Realización de un procedimiento para la medida del coeficiente de absorción sonora normal

El objetivo de este trabajo es la elaboración de un procedimiento para la medida del coeficiente de absorción sonora normal en un tubo de impedancia. Para ello se han estudiado los fundamentos básicos de la ecuación de ondas y sus soluciones. Se han considerado las soluciones pertinentes que describen el comportamiento de una onda sonora dentro de un tubo rígido. Se ha considerado también la teoría básica de funciones de transferencia. Estas teorías son claves a la hora de poder desarrollar el procedimiento de medida, ya que el coeficiente de absorción acústica se obtendrá con la ayuda de un tubo de impedancias que mide las funciones de transferencia entre dos posiciones de micrófonos incorporados en una de las caras del tubo. La utilización de esta técnica tiene como principal ventaja, la necesidad de poco espacio en un laboratorio y el empleo de muestras pequeñas de material. La implementación de los visto teóricamente a su aplicación práctica se ha hecho a través de un procedimiento de medida que sigue la Norma UNE-EN ISO 10534-2 (2002) “Determinación del coeficiente de absorción sonoro y la impedancia en tubos de impedancia Parte 2: método función de transferencia”. El valor del coeficiente de absorción se puede obtener a través de una instrumentación específica y un programa computador. Para poder validar los cálculos que realiza el programa utilizado, se ha realizado una batería de medidas del coeficiente de absorción a diferentes tipos de materiales acústicos, y los cálculos se han hecho por la vía del programa y por la vía de una hoja de cálculo. Como parte del procedimiento de medida se ha calculado la incertidumbre en las medidas. En definitiva se pretende contribuir con este trabajo a establecer un procedimiento de medida del comportamiento acústico de diversos materiales. SUMMARY. The aim of this work is the development of a procedure for measuring the sound absorption coefficient normal of an impedance tube. To this end we have studied the basics of the wave equation and its solutions. We have considered the relevant solutions that describe the behavior of a sound wave in a rigid tube. It has also considered the basic theory of transfer functions. These theories are key when we want to develop the measurement method, since the absorption coefficient is obtained with the aid of an impedance tube measuring transfer functions between two positions of microphones incorporated into one side of the tube. The use of this technique has the main advantage, the need of little space on a laboratory and use of small samples of material. The implementation of theoretically seen to his practical application has been made through a measurement procedure following the UNE-EN ISO 10534-2 (2002) "Determination of sound absorption coefficient and impedance in impedance tubes Part 2 : transfer function method ". The value of the absorption coefficient can be obtained through a specific instrumentation and computer software. In order to validate the calculations performed by the program used, there has been realized a series of measures of the absorption coefficient at different types of acoustical materials, and calculations were made by means of the program and by means of a spreadsheet. As part of the measurement procedure has been estimated uncertainty in the measurements. Ultimately it’s tried to contribute with this work to establish a procedure measuring the acoustic behavior of various materials.

Effect of reservoir tillage on rainwater harvesting and soil erosion control under a developed rainfall simulator.

Soil erosion is a serious environmental threat in the Mediterranean region due to torrential rainfalls, and it contributes to the degradation of agricultural land. Techniques such as rainwater harvesting may improve soil water storage and increase agricultural productivity, which could result in more effective land usage. Reservoir tillage is an effective system of harvesting rainwater, but it has not been scientifically evaluated like other tillage systems. Its suitability for the conditions in Spain has not been determined. To investigate and quantify water storage from reservoir tillage and how it could be adapted to improve infiltration of harvested rainwater, a laboratory-scale rainfall simulator was developed. Rainfall characteristics, including rainfall intensity, spatial uniformity and raindrop size, confirm that natural rainfall conditions are simulated with sufficient accuracy. The simulator was auto-controlled by a solenoid valve and three pressure nozzles were used to spray water corresponding to five rainfall intensities ranging from 36 to 112 mm h-1 for 3 to 101-year return period with uniformity coefficients between 83 and 94%. In order to assess the reservoir tillage method under surface slopes of 0, 5, and 10%, three soil scooping devices with identical volume were used to make depressions in the following forms: a) truncated square pyramid, b) triangular prism, and c) truncated cone. These depressions were compared to a control soil surface with no depression. For the loam soil used in this study, results show that reservoir tillage was able to reduce soil erosion and surface runoff and significantly increase infiltration. There was significant difference between the depressions and the control. Compared to the control, depression (a) reduced surface runoff by about 61% and the sediment yield concentration by about 79%.

Manitou MLT 840-137 PS, una telescópica para especialistas en carga.

El pasado 10 de octubre nos encontramos en Aldeanueva de Figueroa (Salamanca) con Ángel y Carlos Sierra, padre e hijo, responsables de la empresa Alfacetrans Transportes Sierra, en la que la Manitou MLT 840-137 PS es el cuarto modelo de la casa francesa que se utiliza. El objetivo era ensayar la cargadora telescópica en su entorno de trabajo habitual.

John Deere 7290R, potencia y adaptabilidad a la luz de los leds

El 10 de enero, cuando se cumplía justo un año del ensayo del John Deere 6190R, volvimos a Olías del Rey (Toledo), para trabajar en la misma comarca con su recién llegado hermano mayor, el John Deere 7290R, que también dispone de recirculación externa refrigerada de gases de escape, e incorpora la nueva transmisión e23 y un novedoso conjunto de iluminación led de 360 grados. En este ensayo se ha trabajado con un cultivador de 6mde anchura útil labrando a una profundidad media de 8 cm y se ha efectuado un transporte con remolque de 19.680 kg, comparando el modo de cambio manual y la gestión automática de la transmisión.

A quality assessment system for fresh fruits in hypermarkets and fruit trading centres.

When the fresh fruit reaches the final markets from the suppliers, its quality is not always as good as it should, either because it has been mishandled during transportation or because it lacks an adequate quality control at the producer level, before being shipped. This is why it is necessary for the final markets to establish their own quality assessment system if they want to ensure to their customers the quality they want to sell. In this work, a system to control fruit quality at the last level of the distribution channel has been designed. The system combines rapid control techniques with laboratory equipment and statistical sampling protocols, to obtain a dynamic, objective process, which can substitute advantageously the quality control inspections carried out visually by human experts at the reception platform of most hypermarkets. Portable measuring equipment have been chosen (firmness tester, temperature and humidity sensors...) as well as easy-to-use laboratory equipment (texturometer, colorimeter, refractometer..,) combining them to control the most important fruit quality parameters (firmness, colour, sugars, acids). A complete computer network has been designed to control all the processes and store the collected data in real time, and to perform the computations. The sampling methods have been also defined to guarantee the confidence of the results. Some of the advantages of a quality assessment system as the proposed one are: the minimisation of human subjectivity, the ability to use modern measuring techniques, and the possibility of using it also as a supplier's quality control system. It can be also a way to clarify the quality limits of fruits among members of the commercial channel, as well as the first step in the standardisation of quality control procedures.

Aplicación de la espectroscopia de reflectancia difusa (TRR) láser a la medida de parámetros de calidad en frutas.

La espectroscopia de reflectancia difusa (TRR o TDRS), técnica no destructiva ampliamente usada en aplicaciones biomédicas, se aplica por primera vez en este trabajo a la detección de propiedades ópticas relacionadas con parámetros de calidad en frutas. Mediante el uso de tecnologías de conteo de fotones y sistemas de iluminación láser, se ha desarrollado un procedimiento para registrar a la vez la cantidad de luz absorbida y la magnitud de dispersión de los fotones por el tejido atravesado. Los resultados previos indican adecuada sensibilidad del sistema a cambios en la fruta de firmeza, compuestos químicos y color, lo que sugiere un amplio potencial de desarrollo de sensores para la industria agroalimentaria.