Sistema de gestión de residuos de construcción y demolición en obras de edificación residencial. Buenas prácticas en la ejecución de obra

En el sector de la edificación, las grandes constructoras comienzan a considerar aspectos medioambientales, no limitándose a lo establecido por la legislación vigente, y buscando la implementación de buenas prácticas. Si bien este hecho es una realidad para las grandes empresas constructoras, todavía falta que la gran mayoría de las empresas del sector (pequeñas y medianas) adopten ésta tendencia. En este sentido, las publicaciones y estadísticas consultadas revelan que el sector de la construcción sigue siendo el sector con menor número de Sistemas de Gestión Ambiental (SGA) certificados en comparación con otros sectores industriales, debido principalmente a las peculiaridades de su actividad. Por otra parte, el sector de la construcción genera grandes cantidades de residuos de construcción y demolición (RCD). Aunque, en los últimos años la actividad de la construcción ha disminuido, debido a la crisis económica del país, no hay que olvidar todos los problemas causados por este tipo de residuos, o mejor dicho, por su gestión. La gestión de los RCD actual está lejos de alcanzar la meta propuesta en la Directiva Marco de Residuos (DMR), la cual exige un objetivo global para el año 2020 en el que el 70% de todos los RCD generados deberán ser reciclados en los países de la UE. Pero, la realidad es que sólo el 50% de la RCD generados en la Unión Europea se recicla. Por este motivo, en los últimos años se ha producido una completa modificación del régimen jurídico aplicable a los RCD, incorporando importantes novedades a nuestro ordenamiento interno como son: la redacción de un Estudio de gestión de RCD (en fase de diseño) y un Plan de gestión de RCD (en fase de ejecución). Entre estas medidas destaca el poder conocer, con la antelación suficiente, la cantidad y el momento en que los RCD son generados, para así poder planificar la gestión más adecuada para cada categoría de RCD. Es por ello que el desarrollo de cualquier instrumento que determine la estimación de RCD así como iniciativas para su control debe ser considerado como una herramienta para dar respuestas reales en el campo de la sostenibilidad en la edificación. Por todo lo anterior, el principal objetivo de la Tesis Doctoral es mejorar la gestión actual de los RCD, a través de la elaboración e implementación en obra de un Sistema de gestión de RCD en fase de ejecución que podrá ser incluido en el Sistema de Gestión Ambiental de las empresas constructoras. Para ello, se ha identificado la actividad que más residuo genera, así como las diferentes categorías de RCD generadas durante su ejecución, a través del análisis de nueve obras de edificación de nueva planta. Posteriormente, se han determinado y evaluado, en función de su eficacia y viabilidad, veinte buenas prácticas encaminadas a reducir la generación de RCD. También, se han identificado y evaluado, en función de su coste económico, cinco alternativas de gestión para cada categoría de RCD generada. Por último, se ha desarrollado e implementado un Sistema de Gestión de RCD en una empresa de construcción real. En definitiva, el Sistema de Gestión de RCD propuesto contiene una herramienta de estimación de RCD y también proporciona una relación de buenas prácticas, según su viabilidad y eficacia, sobre los aspectos más significativos en cuanto a la gestión de RCD se refiere. El uso de este Sistema de gestión de RCD ayudará a los técnicos de la construcción en el desarrollo de los documentos "Estudio de gestión de RCD " y "Plan de gestión de RCD " - requeridos por ley -. Además, el Sistema promueve la gestión ambiental de la empresa, favoreciendo la cohesión del proceso constructivo, estableciendo responsabilidades en el ámbito de RCD y proporcionando un mayor control sobre el proceso. En conclusión, la implementación de un sistema de gestión de RCD en obra ayuda a conseguir una actividad de edificación, cuyo principal objetivo sea la generación de residuos cero. ABSTRACT Currently, in the building sector, the main construction companies are considering environmental issues, not being limited to the current legislation, and seeking the implementation of good practices. While this fact is a reality for large construction companies, still the vast majority of construction companies (small and medium enterprises) need to accept this trend. In this sense, official publications and statistics reveal that the construction sector remains with the lowest number of certified Environmental Management Systems (EMS) compared to other industrial sectors, mainly due to the peculiarities of its activity. Moreover, the construction industry in Spain generates large volumes of construction and demolition waste (CDW) achieving a low recycling rate compared to other European Union countries and to the target set for 2020. Despite the complete change in the legal regime for CDW in Spain, there are still several difficulties for their application at the construction works. Among these difficulties the following can be highlighted: onsite segregation, estimating CDW generation and managing different CDW categories. Despite these difficulties, the proper CDW management must be one of the main aspects considered by construction companies in the EMS. However, at present the EMS used in construction companies consider very superficially CDW management issues. Therefore, current EMS should go a step further and include not only procedures for managing CDW globally, but also specific procedures for each CDW category, taking into account best practices for prevention, minimization and proper CDW management in order to achieve building construction works with zero waste generation. The few scientific studies analysing EMS implementation in construction enterprises focus on studying the benefits and barriers of their implementation. Despite the drawbacks found, implementing an EMS would bring benefits such as improving the corporate image in relation to the environment, ensuring compliance with the law or reducing environmental risks. Also, the international scientific community has shown great interest in defining models to estimate in advance the CDW that will be generated during the building construction or rehabilitation works. These studies analyse the overall waste generation and its different CDW categories. However, despite the many studies found on CDW quantification, analysing its evolution throughout the construction activities is a factor that must be further studied and discussed in greater depth, as results would be of great significance when planning the CDW management. According to the scientific studies analysing the implementation of good environmental practices in construction sites, it seems that, in general, the CDW collection system is done in a decentralized manner by each subcontracted company. In addition, the corporate image generated when poor practices are done may adversely affect the company's reputation and can result in loss of contracts. Finally, although there are numerous guides and manuals of good practices for CDW management, no references have been found implementing these measures in the Environmental Management System of the construction companies. From all the above, this thesis aims to provide answers to reduce the environmental impact caused by CDW generation in building construction works, in order to get a building process with zero waste generation. In this sense, is essential to generate new knowledge in order to implement a system which can carry out comprehensive management of CDW generated onsite, at the design stage until the end of its life cycle, taking into account both technical and economic criteria. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis is to define and implement a CDW management system for residential building construction works, helping construction agents not only to manage the CDW in accordance with current legislation, but also minimizing their generation on site by applying best practices, resulting in achieving the goal of zero waste in building works.

An Analysis Of The Recommended Knowledge For The Software Project Management Discipline

According to the PMBOK (Project Management Body of Knowledge), project management is “the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements” [1]. Project Management has proven to be one of the most important disciplines at the moment of determining the success of any project [2][3][4]. Given that many of the activities covered by this discipline can be said that are “horizontal” for any kind of domain, the importance of acknowledge the concepts and practices becomes even more obvious. The specific case of the projects that fall in the domain of Software Engineering are not the exception about the great influence of Project Management for their success. The critical role that this discipline plays in the industry has come to numbers. A report by McKinsey & Co [4] shows that the establishment of programs for the teaching of critical skills of project management can improve the performance of the project in time and costs. As an example of the above, the reports exposes: “One defense organization used these programs to train several waves of project managers and leaders who together administered a portfolio of more than 1,000 capital projects ranging in Project management size from $100,000 to $500 million. Managers who successfully completed the training were able to cut costs on most projects by between 20 and 35 percent. Over time, the organization expects savings of about 15 percent of its entire baseline spending”. In a white paper by the PMI (Project Management Institute) about the value of project management [5], it is stated that: “Leading organizations across sectors and geographic borders have been steadily embracing project management as a way to control spending and improve project results”. According to the research made by the PMI for the paper, after the economical crisis “Executives discovered that adhering to project management methods and strategies reduced risks, cut costs and improved success rates—all vital to surviving the economic crisis”. In every elite company, a proper execution of the project management discipline has become a must. Several members of the software industry have putted effort into achieving ways of assuring high quality results from projects; many standards, best practices, methodologies and other resources have been produced by experts from different fields of expertise. In the industry and the academic community, there is a continuous research on how to teach better software engineering together with project management [4][6]. For the general practices of Project Management the PMI produced a guide of the required knowledge that any project manager should have in their toolbox to lead any kind of project, this guide is called the PMBOK. On the side of best practices 10 and required knowledge for the Software Engineering discipline, the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) developed the SWEBOK (Software Engineering Body of Knowledge) in collaboration with software industry experts and academic researchers, introducing into the guide many of the needed knowledge for a 5-year expertise software engineer [7]. The SWEBOK also covers management from the perspective of a software project. This thesis is developed to provide guidance to practitioners and members of the academic community about project management applied to software engineering. The way used in this thesis to get useful information for practitioners is to take an industry-approved guide for software engineering professionals such as the SWEBOK, and compare the content to what is found in the PMBOK. After comparing the contents of the SWEBOK and the PMBOK, what is found missing in the SWEBOK is used to give recommendations on how to enrich project management skills for a software engineering professional. Recommendations for members of the academic community on the other hand, are given taking into account the GSwE2009 (Graduated Software Engineering 2009) standard [8]. GSwE2009 is often used as a main reference for software engineering master programs [9]. The standard is mostly based on the content of the SWEBOK, plus some contents that are considered to reinforce the education of software engineering. Given the similarities between the SWEBOK and the GSwE2009, the results of comparing SWEBOK and PMBOK are also considered valid to enrich what the GSwE2009 proposes. So in the end the recommendations for practitioners end up being also useful for the academic community and their strategies to teach project management in the context of software engineering.

Providing 30Mbit/s to Spain’s final third. -A techno-economic assessment.

Since the Digital Agenda for Europe released the Europe2020 flagship, Member States are looking for ways of fulfilling their agreed commitments to fast and ultrafast internet deployment. However, Europe is not a homogenous reality. The economic, geographic, social and demographic features of each country make it a highly diverse region to develop best practices over Next Generation Access Networks (NGAN) deployments. There are special concerns about NGAN deployments for “the final third”, as referred to the last 25% of the country’s population who, usually, live in rural areas. This paper assesses, through a techno-economic analysis, the access cost of providing over 30 Mbps broadband for the final third of Spain`s population in municipalities, which are classified into area types, referred to as geotypes. Fixed and mobile technologies are compared in order to determine which is the most cost-effective technology for each geotype. The demographic limit for fixed networks (cable, fibre and copper) is also discussed. The assessment focuses on the supply side and the results show the access network cost only. The research completes a previous published assessment (Techno-economic analysis of next generation access networks roll-out. The case of platform competition, regulation and public policy in Spain) by including the LTE scenario. The LTE scenario is dimensioned to provide 30 Mbps (best effort) broadband, considering a network take-up of 25%. The Rocket techno-economic model is used to assess a ten-year study period deployment. Nevertheless, the deployment must start in 2014 and be completed by 2020, in order to fulfil the Digital Agenda’s goals. The feasibility of the deployment is defined as the ability to recoup the investment at the end of the study period. This ability is highly related to network take-up and, therefore, to service adoption. Network deployment in each geotype is compared with the cost of the deployment in the Urban geotype and broadband expected penetration rates for clarity and simplicity. Debating the cost-effective deployments for each geotype, while addressing the Digital Agenda’s goals regarding fast and ultrafast internet, is the main purpose of this paper. At the end of the last year, the independent Spanish regulation agency released the Spain broadband coverage report at the first half of 2013. This document claimed that 59% and 52% of Spain’s population was already covered by NGAN capable of providing 30 Mbps and 100 Mbps broadband respectively. HFC, with 47% of population coverage, and FTTH, with 14%, were considered as a 100 Mbps capable NGAN. Meanwhile VDSL, with 12% of the population covered, was the only NGAN network considered for the 30 Mbps segment. Despite not being an NGAN, the 99% population coverage of HSPA networks was also noted in the report. Since mobile operators are also required to provide 30 Mbps broadband to 90% of the population in rural areas by the end of 2020, mobile networks will play a significant role on the achievement of the 30 Mbps goal in Spain’s final third. The assessment indicates the cost of the deployment per cumulative households coverage with 4 different NGANs: FTTH, HFC, VDSL and LTE. Research shows that an investment ranging from €2,700 (VDSL) to €5,400 (HFC) million will be needed to cover the first half of the population with any fixed technology assessed. The results state that at least €3,000 million will be required to cover these areas with the least expensive technology (LTE). However, if we consider the throughput that fixed networks could provide and achievement of the Digital Agenda’s objectives, fixed network deployments are recommended for up to 90% of the population. Fibre and cable deployments could cover up to a maximum of 88% of the Spanish population cost efficiently. As there are some concerns about the service adoption, we recommend VDSL and mobile network deployments for the final third of the population. Despite LTE being able to provide the most economical roll-out, VDSL could also provide 50 Mbps from 75% to 90% of the Spanish population cost efficiently. For this population gap, facility based competition between VDSL providers and LTE providers must be encouraged. Regarding 90% to 98.5% of the Spanish population, LTE deployment is the most appropriate. Since costumers in less populated the municipalities are more sensitive to the cost of the service, we consider that a single network deployment could be most appropriate. Finally, it has become clear that it is not possible to deliver 30Mbps to the final 1.5% of the population cost-efficiently and adoption predictions are not optimistic either. As there are other broadband alternatives able to deliver up to 20 Mbps, in the authors’ opinion, it is not necessary to cover the extreme rural areas, where public financing would be required.

Assessment of innovative measures implemented in European bus systems using key performance indicators

This paper reports the results of the assessment of a range of measures implemented in bus systems in five European cities to improve the use of public transport by increasing its attractiveness and enhancing its image in urban areas. This research was conducted as part of the EBSF project (European Bus System of the Future) from 2008 to 2012. New buses (prototypes), new vehicle and infrastructure technologies, and operational best practices were introduced, all of which were combined in a system approach. The measures were assessed using multicriteria analysis to simultaneously evaluate a certain number of criteria that need to be aggregated. Each criterion is measured by one or more key performance indicators (KPI) calculated in two scenarios (reference scenario, with no measure implemented; and project scenario, with the implementation of some measures), in order to evaluate the difference in the KPI performance between the reference and project scenario. The results indicate that the measures produce a greater benefit in issues related to bus system productivity and customer satisfaction, with the greatest impact on aspects of perceptions of comfort, cleanliness and quality of service, information to passengers and environmental issues. The study also reveals that the implementation of several measures has greater social utility than very specific and isolated measures.

Assessing construction and demolition waste on masonry works to avoid future generation

The difficulty of dealing with construction and demolition waste (CDW) on construction sites is not new and continues to be a significant environmental problem. Currently the CDW collection system in Spain is done in a decentralized manner by each sub-contracted company, being necessary to implement effective waste management measures ensuring a correct management and minimization. During the last years several measures have been launched in order to improve and encourage the reuse and recycling of CDW. A widespread solution for CDW recovery is using them as a landscaping aggregate or for road bases and sub-bases. However, measures encouraging onsite prevention still need to be enhanced. This paper studies the major work stage generating CDW and analyses the categories of CDW produced during its execution. For this, several real building sites have been analysed in order to quantify the estimation of CDW generated. Results of this study show that a significant contributor to the CDW generation on building construction sites in Spain are the masonry works. Finally, a Best Practices Manual (BPM) is proposed containing several strategies on masonry works aimed not only at CDW prevention, but also at improving their management and minimization. The use of this BPM together with the Study and Plan of CDW management --required by law--, promotes the environmental management of the company, favouring the cohesion of the construction process organization at all stages giving rise to establishing responsibilities in the field of waste and providing a greater control over the process. Keywords: construction and demolition waste, management, masonry works, good practice measures, prevention.

Guía para el desarrollo de software seguro

El presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado (TFG) es el resultado de la necesidad de la seguridad en la construcción del software ya que es uno de los mayores problemas con que se enfrenta hoy la industria debido a la baja calidad de la misma tanto en software de Sistema Operativo, como empotrado y de aplicaciones. La creciente dependencia de software para que se hagan trabajos críticos significa que el valor del software ya no reside únicamente en su capacidad para mejorar o mantener la productividad y la eficiencia. En lugar de ello, su valor también se deriva de su capacidad para continuar operando de forma fiable incluso de cara de los eventos que la amenazan. La capacidad de confiar en que el software seguirá siendo fiable en cualquier circunstancia, con un nivel de confianza justificada, es el objetivo de la seguridad del software. Seguridad del software es importante porque muchas funciones críticas son completamente dependientes del software. Esto hace que el software sea un objetivo de valor muy alto para los atacantes, cuyos motivos pueden ser maliciosos, penales, contenciosos, competitivos, o de naturaleza terrorista. Existen fuentes muy importantes de mejores prácticas, métodos y herramientas para mejorar desde los requisitos en sus aspectos no funcionales, ciclo de vida del software seguro, pasando por la dirección de proyectos hasta su desarrollo, pruebas y despliegue que debe ser tenido en cuenta por los desarrolladores. Este trabajo se centra fundamentalmente en elaborar una guía de mejores prácticas con la información existente CERT, CMMI, Mitre, Cigital, HP, y otras fuentes. También se plantea desarrollar un caso práctico sobre una aplicación dinámica o estática con el fin de explotar sus vulnerabilidades.---ABSTRACT---This Final Project Grade (TFG) is the result of the need for security in software construction as it is one of the biggest problems facing the industry today due to the low quality of it both OS software, embedded software and applications software. The increasing reliance on software for critical jobs means that the value of the software no longer resides solely in its capacity to improve or maintain productivity and efficiency. Instead, its value also stems from its ability to continue to operate reliably even when facing events that threaten it. The ability to trust that the software will remain reliable in all circumstances, with justified confidence level is the goal of software security. The security in software is important because many critical functions are completely dependent of the software. This makes the software to be a very high value target for attackers, whose motives may be by a malicious, by crime, for litigating, by competitiveness or by a terrorist nature. There are very important sources of best practices, methods and tools to improve the requirements in their non-functional aspects, the software life cycle with security in mind, from project management to its phases (development, testing and deployment) which should be taken into account by the developers. This paper focuses primarily on developing a best practice guide with existing information from CERT, CMMI, Mitre, Cigital, HP, and other organizations. It also aims to develop a case study on a dynamic or static application in order to exploit their vulnerabilities.

Caracterización del Acabado Superficial en la Industria Aeronautica y Aeroespacial - Desarrollo de Software Patrón de Referencia de Acuerdo a la Norma ISO 5436: VisualSR2D

This BSc thesis introduces the development of an independent, standalone software, VisualSR2D, for the characterization of software roughness. The software is written in Matlab, can be installed in any Windows OS as an standalone application and is available under request. It is intended to be an alternative for Softgauges (National Physical Laboratory, UK), RPTB (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstal, Germany) and SMATS (National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA) in the study of surface roughness. The standard ISO 5436-2 is presented, the above mentioned alternative developments are analyzed and compared, best practices are gathered, and finally, the development and functionality of VisualSR2D is presented.

Structuring research methods and data with the research object model: genomics workflows as a case study

Background: One of the main challenges for biomedical research lies in the computer-assisted integrative study of large and increasingly complex combinations of data in order to understand molecular mechanisms. The preservation of the materials and methods of such computational experiments with clear annotations is essential for understanding an experiment, and this is increasingly recognized in the bioinformatics community. Our assumption is that offering means of digital, structured aggregation and annotation of the objects of an experiment will provide necessary meta-data for a scientist to understand and recreate the results of an experiment. To support this we explored a model for the semantic description of a workflow-centric Research Object (RO), where an RO is defined as a resource that aggregates other resources, e.g., datasets, software, spreadsheets, text, etc. We applied this model to a case study where we analysed human metabolite variation by workflows. Results: We present the application of the workflow-centric RO model for our bioinformatics case study. Three workflows were produced following recently defined Best Practices for workflow design. By modelling the experiment as an RO, we were able to automatically query the experiment and answer questions such as “which particular data was input to a particular workflow to test a particular hypothesis?”, and “which particular conclusions were drawn from a particular workflow?”. Conclusions: Applying a workflow-centric RO model to aggregate and annotate the resources used in a bioinformatics experiment, allowed us to retrieve the conclusions of the experiment in the context of the driving hypothesis, the executed workflows and their input data. The RO model is an extendable reference model that can be used by other systems as well.

Standing together for reproducibility in large-scale computing: report on reproducibility@XSEDE

This is the final report on reproducibility@xsede, a one-day workshop held in conjunction with XSEDE14, the annual conference of the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE). The workshop's discussion-oriented agenda focused on reproducibility in large-scale computational research. Two important themes capture the spirit of the workshop submissions and discussions: (1) organizational stakeholders, especially supercomputer centers, are in a unique position to promote, enable, and support reproducible research; and (2) individual researchers should conduct each experiment as though someone will replicate that experiment. Participants documented numerous issues, questions, technologies, practices, and potentially promising initiatives emerging from the discussion, but also highlighted four areas of particular interest to XSEDE: (1) documentation and training that promotes reproducible research; (2) system-level tools that provide build- and run-time information at the level of the individual job; (3) the need to model best practices in research collaborations involving XSEDE staff; and (4) continued work on gateways and related technologies. In addition, an intriguing question emerged from the day's interactions: would there be value in establishing an annual award for excellence in reproducible research? Overview

Study on heuristic usability evaluation for mobile applications

Usability guidelines are a useful tool for the developers to improve interaction with systems. It includes knowledge of different disciplines related to usability and provides solutions and best practices to achieve the objectives of usability. Heuristic evaluation is one of the methods most widely used to evaluate and user interfaces. The objective of this study is to enrich the process of heuristic evaluation with the design guidelines focusing it on the evaluation of applications for mobile devices. As well as generate a homogeneous classification of guidelines content, in order to help that from design and development process, be included solutions and good practices provided by the guidelines. In order to achieve the objectives of this work, it is provides a method for generating heuristics for mobile applications, with which four applications were evaluated, and a web tool has also been developed that allows access to the content of the guidelines using the homogeneous classification of guidelines content. The results showed the ease and utility of performing heuristic evaluations using a set of heuristics focused on mobile applications.

Guidelines for Linked Data generation and publication: an example in building energy consumption

Linked Data is the key paradigm of the Semantic Web, a new generation of the World Wide Web that promises to bring meaning (semantics) to data. A large number of both public and private organizations have published their data following the Linked Data principles, or have done so with data from other organizations. To this extent, since the generation and publication of Linked Data are intensive engineering processes that require high attention in order to achieve high quality, and since experience has shown that existing general guidelines are not always sufficient to be applied to every domain, this paper presents a set of guidelines for generating and publishing Linked Data in the context of energy consumption in buildings (one aspect of Building Information Models). These guidelines offer a comprehensive description of the tasks to perform, including a list of steps, tools that help in achieving the task, various alternatives for performing the task, and best practices and recommendations. Furthermore, this paper presents a complete example on the generation and publication of Linked Data about energy consumption in buildings, following the presented guidelines, in which the energy consumption data of council sites (e.g., buildings and lights) belonging to the Leeds City Council jurisdiction have been generated and published as Linked Data.

Marco de trabajo para adaptar las metodologías ágiles e implantarlas a nivel organizacional

Contexto: La adopción y adaptación de las metodologías ágiles ha sido objeto de estudio en la comunidad y diversas aproximaciones han sido propuestas como solución al problema. La mayoría de las organizaciones comienzan introduciendo prácticas ágiles de manera progresiva, las cuales, junto a las buenas prácticas ya existentes, conforman una nueva metodología ágil adaptada. El problema más importante con el que se enfrentan las organizaciones al adaptar una metodología ágil, son las necesidades específicas del contexto de cada proyecto, porque a pesar de haber definido la adaptación de la metodología en base a las buenas prácticas y procesos existentes en la organización, las condiciones particulares del proyecto y del equipo que lo va a desarrollar, exigen adaptaciones específicas. Otro aspecto importante a resolver es el poder implantar esta adopción y adaptación en toda la organización. Las metodologías ágiles no incluyen actividades que asistan a las organizaciones a solucionar este problema, porque su esfuerzo lo centran en el equipo y el proyecto. Objetivo: El objetivo principal de este trabajo de investigación consiste en “definir un marco de trabajo de adaptación de metodologías ágiles orientado a contextos que permita su implantación en toda la organización a través de ciclos de mejora basados en la reutilización de experiencias adquiridas”. Este marco de trabajo permitirá organizar, gestionar y validar la adaptación de las metodologías ágiles, desplegando en toda la organización las experiencias adquiridas, incorporando pequeñas mejoras en el proceso, y facilitando su reutilización. Todo esto, con el apoyo de la alta dirección. Método: Este trabajo se inició con una investigación exploratoria acompañada de una revisión sistemática para conocer el estado del arte del objeto de estudio, detectando las principales carencias y necesidades de resolución, a partir de las cuales, se delimitó el alcance del problema. Posteriormente, se definieron las hipótesis de investigación y se planteó una solución al problema a través de la definición del marco de trabajo, cuyos resultados fueron evaluados y validados a través de la realización de un caso de estudio. Finalmente, se obtuvieron las conclusiones y se establecieron las líneas futuras de investigación. Resolución: El marco de trabajo presenta una alternativa de adaptación de las metodologías ágiles orientada a contextos, y facilita su implantación en toda la organización. El marco de trabajo idéntica los contextos en los que se desarrollan los proyectos y analiza la causa de los problemas que afectan a la consecución de los objetivos de negocio en cada contexto. Posteriormente, identifica las acciones de adaptación requeridas para reducir o eliminar estas causas y las incorpora en la definición de la metodología ágil, creando de esta manera, una metodología adaptada para cada contexto manteniendo un nivel de agilidad aceptable. Cuando se inicia un nuevo proyecto, se identifica su contexto y se aplica la metodología ágil adaptada definida para dicho contexto. Al final de cada iteración, se analizan las medidas obtenidas y se las compara con la media aplicando una técnica para la evaluación de la consecución de los objetivos. En base a esta comparativa, y a la experiencia adquirida por el equipo, se realizan ajustes en las acciones de adaptación para intentar conseguir una mejora en la siguiente iteración. Una vez finalizado el proyecto, se conoce el impacto de los resultados conseguidos y se puede determinar si se ha alcanzado una mejora en el contexto del proyecto. De ser así, la metodología adaptada es almacenada en un repositorio de experiencias para poder ser reutilizada por otros equipos de desarrollo de la organización. Resultados: El trabajo de investigación fue evaluado y validado satisfactoriamente a través de su experimentación en un caso de estudio, aprobando las hipótesis establecidas. Los aportes y principales resultados de esta investigación son: Definición de un marco de trabajo integral de adaptación de metodologías ágiles, con capacidad de facilitar su implantación en toda la organización. Procedimiento para identificar contextos o escenarios de adaptación. Procedimiento para definir unidades de adaptación a partir de los inhibidores de los objetivos de negocio de la organización. Técnica para analizar la consecución de objetivos en propuestas de mejora de procesos. Conclusiones: Son tres las ventajas principales que han quedado evidenciadas durante la realización del trabajo de investigación: El marco de trabajo proporciona un mecanismo capaz de optimizar el rendimiento de la metodología ágil adaptada al orientar el proceso a las necesidades específicas del contexto del proyecto. El marco de trabajo permite conservar el conocimiento empírico adquirido por el equipo de desarrollo al registrarlo como experiencia adquirida para la organización. El marco de trabajo optimiza y reduce los tiempos del proceso de implantación de la metodología ágil adaptada en otros equipos de la organización. ABSTRACT Context: The adoption and tailoring of agile methods has been studied in the community and various approaches have been proposed as a solution. Most organizations start introducing agile practices gradually, which ones, together with existing good practices, make a new agile method tailored. When an organization starts to adapt an agile method, the context-specific needs of each project are the main trouble, because even though the agile method tailored has been defined based on best practices and processes in the organization, the specific conditions of the project and its team, require specific adaptations. Another important aspect to be solved is to implement this adoption and adaptation throughout all the organization. Agile methods do not include specific activities for helping organizations to solve this problem, because their effort is focused on the team and the project. Objective: The main objective of this research is to “define a tailoring framework for agile methods oriented to contexts that allows its deployment throughout all the organization using improvement cycles based on the reuse of lessons learned”. This framework will allow organize, manage and validate the tailoring of agile methods, adding small improvements in the process, and facilitating reuse. All this, with the support of senior management. Method: This work began with an exploratory investigation accompanied by a systematic review to determine the state of the art about the object of study, after major gaps and needs resolution were identified, and the scope of the problem was delimited. Subsequently, the research hypotheses were defined and the framework was developed for solving the research problem. The results were evaluated and validated through a case study. Finally, conclusions were drawn and future research were established. Resolution The framework presents an alternative for tailoring agile methodologies and facilitates its implementation throughout all the organization. The framework identifies the contexts or scenarios in which software development projects are developed and analyses the causes of the problems affecting the achievement of business goals in each context. Then the adaptation actions required to reduce or eliminate these causes are defined and incorporated into the definition of agile method. Thus, a method tailored for each context is created. When a new project is started, the context in which it will be developed is identified and the tailored agile method to that context is applied. At the end of each iteration of the project, the measurements obtained are analysed and compared with the historical average of context to analyse the improvement in business goals. Based on this comparison, and the experience gained by the project team, adjustments are made in adaptation actions to try to achieve an improvement in the next iteration. Once the project is completed, the impact of the achieved results are known and it can determine if it has reached an improvement in the context of the project. If so, the tailored agile method is stored in a repository of experiences to be reused by other development teams in the organization. Results The goal of this research was successfully evaluated and validated through experimentation in a case study, so the research hypotheses were approved. The contributions and main results of this research are: A framework for tailoring agile methods, that allows its deployment throughout all the organization. A procedure for identifying adaptation scenarios or contexts. A procedure for defining adaptation units from inhibitors of the business goals of the organization. A technique for analysing the achievement of goals in process improvement proposals. Conclusions: There are three main advantages that have been highlighted during the research: The framework provides a mechanism to optimize the performance of agile methods because it guides the process based on the specific needs of the project context. The framework preserves the empirical knowledge acquired by the development team because it registers this empirical knowledge as experience for the organization. The framework streamlines and shortens the process of deploying the tailored agile method to other teams in your organization.

Metodología para la caracterización de zonas costeras basada en un modelo sistémico

Las obras de infraestructura que construye el ser humano para optimizar los recursos naturales y satisfacer sus necesidades, producen impactos tanto positivos como negativos en el ambiente. México cuenta con una gran cantidad de recursos naturales y lugares que han sido favorecidos por la naturaleza, donde la sobrecarga de las actividades antropogénicas genera problemas de impacto ambiental, especialmente en las zonas costeras y en su entorno. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue aportar información acerca de las principales presiones que recibe el sistema y cómo esto afecta a las propuestas de soluciones integrales y a la capacidad para recuperar el estado de equilibrio en las zonas costeras. En la presente investigación, se desarrolló una metodología para la caracterización de zonas costeras, basada en un modelo sistémico, con el propósito de tener una herramienta de planificación para proyectos ambientalmente sustentables, integrando una base de datos con las mejores prácticas de planificación, lo que facilitará el diagnóstico y la evaluación de la capacidad adaptativa de recuperación del sistema. Asimismo, se utilizó un modelo sistémico como una metodología para organizar la gran complejidad que implica la interrelación e interconexión que existe entre los múltiples componentes, y con ello obtener el conocimiento para su caracterización. Con base en el modelo de Zachman, se realizó un análisis para la detección de las fortalezas y debilidades del sistema, lo que permitió visualizar el impacto de los riesgos a que está expuesta una zona costera. Las principales aportaciones de este trabajo fueron el desarrollo de la FICHA DE CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LA ZONA COSTERA y la inclusión, en dicha ficha, de la estimación del nivel de la resiliencia física, ambiental, social, económica y política. La metodología propuesta, es una aportación que permite integrar los componentes, las relaciones e interconexiones que existen en el sistema costero. La metodología tiene la ventaja de ser flexible y se pueden agregar o desechar componentes de acuerdo a las particularidades de cada caso de estudio; adicionalmente, se propone utilizar esta herramienta como ayuda en el monitoreo periódico del sistema. Lo anterior como parte de un observatorio integrado al Sistema Nacional de Gestión Costera que se propone como parte de futuras líneas de investigación. Como caso de estudio, se realizó la caracterización del complejo sistema Banco Chinchorro, lo que resultó en la inclusión (en la FICHA DE CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LA ZONA COSTERA), de las lecciones aprendidas con la detección de buenas y malas prácticas, esto redundó en la mejora de la metodología propuesta para la gestión de la zona costera. All infrastructures that build the human being to optimize natural resources and meet their needs, generate both, positive and negative impacts on the environment, since the acquisition and transformation of resources in coastal areas affect their balance. Mexico has a large number of natural resources and places that have been favored by nature, whereas the overhead of anthropogenic activities leads to problems of environmental impact, especially in coastal areas and in its surroundings. The aim of this study was to provide information about the main pressures that a system receives and how this affects the proposed solutions and the ability to restore the state of balance in coastal areas. In this research, a methodology for the characterization of coastal zones, based on a systemic model, in order to develop a planning tool for environmentally sustainable projects, was developed, integrating a database with the best practices for planning, conservation and balance of coastal areas. This will facilitate the diagnosis and evaluation of the adaptive resilience of the system. A systemic model was used as a methodology to organize the vast complexity of the relationship and interconnection between the multiple components, and so thus gain knowledge for its characterization. Based on the Zachman model, an analysis to detect the strengths and weaknesses of the system was performed, allowing visualizing the impact of the risks that the coastal zone is exposed to. The main contributions of this study was the development of the COASTAL CHARACTERIZATION RECORD, and the inclusion, on that record, of the estimation of the physical, environmental, social, economic and political resilience. The proposed methodology is a contribution that allows integrating the components, relationships and interconnections existing in the coastal system. The methodology has the advantage of being flexible and components can be added or discarded according to the particularities of each case study; Additionally, this is not only a diagnostic tool, it is proposed to use it as an aid in monitoring periodically the system, this as part of an integrated monitoring into the National System of Coastal Management that is proposed as part of future research. As a case study, the characterization of the coastal zone “Banco Chinchorro” was done, resulting in the inclusion, in the COASTAL CHARACTERIZATION RECORD, of the documented lessons learned from the good and bad practices detection, improvement of the methodology proposed for the management of the coastal zone.

Regulación y marcos de trabajo para la gestión de sistemas de Tecnologías de la Información

En la actualidad, a través de los sistemas de Tecnologías de la Información (TI) se ofrecen servicios muy diversos que tienen requisitos cada vez más específicos para garantizar su funcionamiento. Con el fin de cumplir dichas garantías, se han estandarizado diferentes normativas, así como marcos de trabajo, también llamadas recomendaciones o manuales de buenas prácticas, que permiten al proveedor de servicios verificar que se cumplen dichos requisitos y ofrecer tanto al cliente final como a la propia organización un servicio de calidad que permita generar valora todas las partes. Con la aplicación de dichas recomendaciones y normativas, las empresas y Administraciones Públicas garantizan que los servicios telemáticos que ofrecen, cumplen estándares de calidad permitiendo así ofrecer al usuario final una plataforma estable y adecuada al servicio prestado. Dichas normas y marcos hacen referencia tanto al servicio TI propiamente dicho como al propio sistema de gestión del servicio TI, de tal forma que, a través de una operación adecuada del sistema que gestiona el servicio, podemos hacer que dicho servicio esté continuamente mejorando. En concreto nos centramos en la norma más empleada, ISO 20000, y en el marco de trabajo o referencia de buenas prácticas, ITIL 2011, con el fin de dar una visión clara de los diferentes procesos, actividades y funciones que ambas definen para generar valor en la empresa a través de los sistemas de TI. Con el fin de ayudar a la comprensión tanto de ITIL como de ISO 20000, se ha desarrollado a modo de ejemplo la implementación tanto de ITIL inicialmente y luego ISO 20000 sobre de un servicio que ya está en funcionamiento definiendo para cada una de las cinco fases del ciclo de vida que, tanto en la norma como en el marco se utilizan, los procesos y funciones necesarias para su implementación, y su posterior revisión. ABSTRACT. Today, we’ve got a lot of different services thanks to Information Technologies (IT) service management: they have increasingly specific requirements to ensure a good operation on the service they support. In order to meet these requirements, it has been released different standardized regulations and frameworks, also called recommendations or good practice guides. They allow the service provider to verify that such requirements are met and offer both to the end customer and to the own organization that manage this system, a quality service that will generate value to both parts. In the end, with the implementation of these recommendations and regulations, companies and public authorities ensure that the telematics services offered meet the quality standards they seek, allowing the end user to offer a stable and appropriate service platform. So these standards and reference frames both implies on the IT service itself and on the IT service management, so that, through proper operation of the parts implied on the process that manages the service, we can offer a better service. In particular we focus on the most widely used standard, ISO 20000, and the reference framework or best practices, ITIL 2011, in order to give a clear overview of the different processes, activities and functions that define both to create value in the company through IT service management. To help the understanding of both ITIL and ISO 20000, it has been developed an example of an ITIL and then ISO 20000 implementation on a service that is already in operation defining for each of the five phases of the life cycle, both in the standard as used in the context, processes and functions necessary for its implementation, and later review.

Effect of integrated reservoir tillage for in-situ rainwater harvesting and other tillage practices on soil physical properties

There is a need for in-situ soil moisture conservation in arid and semi-arid regions due to insufficient rainfall for agriculture. For this purpose, a combination implement [integrated reservoir tillage system (RT)] comprised of a single-row chisel plow, single-row spike tooth harrow, modified seeder, and spiked roller was developed and compared to the popular tillage practices, viz., minimum tillage (MT) and conventional tillage (CT) in an arid Mediterranean environment in Egypt. The different tillage practices were conducted at tillage depths of 15, 20, and 25 cm and forward speeds of 0.69, 1, 1.25, and 1.53 m s-1. Some soil physical properties, runoff, soil loss, water harvesting efficiency and yield of wheat were evaluated. The different tillage practices caused significant differences in soil physical properties as the RT increased soil infiltration, producing a rate of 48% and 65% higher than that obtained in MT and CT, respectively. The lowest values of runoff and soil loss were recorded under RT as 4.91 mm and 0.65 t ha-1, whereas the highest values were recorded under CT as 11.36 mm and 1.66 t ha-1, respectively. In conclusion, the RT enhanced the infiltration rate, increased water harvesting efficiency, reduced runoff and achieved the highest yield of wheat. The best tillage operating parameters appeared to be at a tillage depth of 20 cm and speed between 1.00 and 1.25 m s-1.