A method for incorporating residual stresses into patient-specific finite element simulations of arteries with an example on AAAs

Through progress in medical imaging, image analysis and finite element (FE) meshing tools it is now possible to extract patient-specific geometries from medical images of abdominal aortic aneurysms(AAAs), and thus to study clinically-relevant problems via FE simulations. Such simulations allow additional insight into human physiology in both healthy and diseased states. Medical imaging is most often performed in vivo, and hence the reconstructed model geometry in the problem of interest will represent the in vivo state, e.g., the AAA at physiological blood pressure. However, classical continuum mechanics and FE methods assume that constitutive models and the corresponding simulations begin from an unloaded, stress-free reference condition.

Biomasa en Chile

El artículo presenta el desarrollo de la biomasa en Chile, dentro del complejo marco energético existente en el país, el cual, aún no logra potenciar e incentivar el desarrollo de energías renovables y depende fuertemente de los combustibles fósiles, acrecentando el riesgo latente de sufrir una crisis energética, en el mediano plazo, producto de la paulatina incorporación de nuevas centrales generadoras de energías, que satisfagan la creciente demanda energética pronosticada. Este artículo aporta antecedentes a la situación energética existente en Chile, junto con un análisis al mercado eléctrico y a las normativas de éste, enfocadas a las energías renovables no convencionales (ERNC), para finalizar con el desarrollo de la biomasa en sus tres estados físicos, mencionando sus características, aplicaciones, procesos de conversión, ventajas y desventajas. Chile presenta una baja participación de las energías renovables en su mix energético, de las cuales, los biocombustibles sólidos y gaseosos, son utilizados principalmente para la generación de energía de baja potencia, mediante cogeneración y extracción y uso de biogás, respectivamente; mientras que los biocombustibles líquidos, están en fase de investigación y desarrollo de pilotos, por parte de varias entidades, para su producción industrial para el sector del transporte.

Residual strain scanning of alumina-based ceramic composites by neutron diffraction

The objective of this work is to non-destructively determine the residual stress profile in the bulk of two characteristic types of alumina-based composites, with the aim of improving their durability and structural integrity.

La biomasa forestal aplicada a la obtención de energía térmica como base para el desarrollo rural de zonas desfavorecidas. Aplicación en el municipio de El Espinar, Segovia

Se describe una metodologia basada en el estudio de la oferta de biomasa forestal y la demanda energética de un determinado municipio, para buscar el mejor aprovechamiento energético termico que facilite el desarrollo de una determinada región

Evaluación del impacto en el desarrollo humano de proyectos de usos energéticos de la biomasa: el caso de Nicaragua

La falta de acceso a fuentes modernas de energía es un lastre para el desarrollo económico y social de numerosas personas en el mundo. Actualmente se calcula que aproximadamente 1400 millones de personas (20% de la población mundial) carecen de acceso a electricidad y que 2700 millones de personas (40% de la población mundial) siguen cocinando a partir de usos tradicionales de la biomasa. Partiendo de esta base se ha realizado una investigación acerca de los usos energéticos de la biomasa en el medio rural en Nicaragua, en la cual se han evaluado una serie de proyectos de este tipo. Su objetivo fundamental fue profundizar en el conocimiento sobre las distintas tecnologías usadas en este campo y ofrecer información sistematizada que permita mejorar el desempeño de proyectos futuros. Para cada uno de los proyectos y como resultado principal de la investigación, se estableció su Impacto en el Desarrollo Humano y Sostenible con la aplicación de la Herramienta S&E (Fernández, L. et al, 2011). Los resultados obtenidos gracias a esta herramienta nos han permitido realizar comparaciones en cuanto al desempeño de cada proyecto en numerosos aspectos distintos y en especial sobre que modelos de intervención generan mayor impacto en el desarrollo.

Induction of engineered residual stresses fields and enhancement of fatigue life of high reliability metallic components by laser shock processing

Laser shock processing (LSP) is being increasingly applied as an effective technology for the improvement of metallic materials mechanical and surface properties in different types of components as a means of enhancement of their corrosion and fatigue life behavior. As reported in previous contributions by the authors, a main effect resulting from the application of the LSP technique consists on the generation of relatively deep compression residual stresses field into metallic alloy pieces allowing an improved mechanical behaviour, explicitly the life improvement of the treated specimens against wear, crack growth and stress corrosion cracking. Additional results accomplished by the authors in the line of practical development of the LSP technique at an experimental level (aiming its integral assessment from an interrelated theoretical and experimental point of view) are presented in this paper. Concretely, follow-on experimental results on the residual stress profiles and associated surface properties modification successfully reached in typical materials (especially Al and Ti alloys characteristic of high reliability components in the aerospace, nuclear and biomedical sectors) under different LSP irradiation conditions are presented along with a practical correlated analysis on the protective character of the residual stress profiles obtained under different irradiation strategies. Additional remarks on the improved character of the LSP technique over the traditional “shot peening” technique in what concerns depth of induced compressive residual stresses fields are also made through the paper

Residual stress distribution in ferritic-austenitic steel joints made by laser welding

The present investigation addresse the influence of laser welding process-ing parameters used for joining dis-similar metals (ferritic to austenitic steel), on the induced residual stress field. Welding was performed on a Nd:YAG laser DY033 (3300 W) in a continuous wave (CW), keyhole mode. The base metals (BM) employed in this study are AISI 1010 carbon steel (CS) and AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel (SS). Pairs of dissimilar plates of 200 mm x 45 mm x 3 mm were butt joined by laser welding. Different sets of parameters were used to engineer the base metals apportionment at joint formation, namely distinct dilution rates. Residual strain scanning, carried out by neutron diffraction was used to assess the joints. Through-thickness residual stress maps were determined for the laser welded samples of dis-similar steels using high spatial reso-lution. As a result, an appropriate set of processing parameters, able to mi-nimize the local tensile residual stress associated to the welding process, was found.

Residual stress distribution in ferritic to austenitic steel joints made by laser welding,

In this study, autogenous laser welding was used to join thin plates of low carbon ferritic and austenitic stainless steel. Due to the differences in the thermo-physical properties of base metals, this kind of weld exhibits a complex microstructure, which frequently leads to an overall loss of joint quality. Four welded samples were prepared by using different sets of processing parameters, with the aim of minimizing the induced residual stress field. The dissimilar austenitic-ferritic joints obtained under all welding conditions were uniform and free of defects. Variations in beam position did not influence the weld geometiy, which is a typical keyhole welding. Microstructural characterization and residual strain scanning (by neutron diffraction) were used to assess the features of the joints. By varying laser beam power density and by displacing the laser beam towards the carbon steel side, an optimum combination of processing parameters was found.

Mechanical behavior and residual stress field of dissimilar laser welded joints

The present investigation addresses the mechanical behavior and residual stress field of dissimilar joints produced by laser welding. Microstructure characterization and residual strain scanning, carried out by neutron diffraction, were used to assess the joints features. It was found that the heat source position influences the base metals dilution and the residual stress field associated to the welding process. The tensile behavior of the joint, different zones achieved by using a video-image based system (VIC-2D) reveals that the residual stress field, together with the positive difference in yield between the weld metal and the base materials protects the joint from being plastically deformed.

Fracture micromechanisms and residual stresses of a highly resistant duplex stainless steel

The paper presents some preliminary results of an ongoing research intended to qualify a highly resistant duplex stainless steel wire as prestressing steel and, gets on insight on (he wires' fracture micromechanism and residual stresses field. SEM fractographic analysis of the stainless steel wires indicates an anisotropic fracture behavior in tension, in presence of surface flaws, attributed to the residual stresses generated through the fabrication process. The residual stresses magnitude influences the damage tolerance, its knowledge being a key issue in designating/qualifying the wires as prestressing steels.

Influencia de la dormancia invernal en la producción de biomasa lignocelulósica

Conferencia

Effect of Thermal Relaxation on LSP Induced Residual Stresses and Fatigue Life Enhancement of AISI 316L stainless steel

Effect of Thermal Relaxation on LSP Induced Residual Stresses and Fatigue Life Enhancement of AISI 316L stainless steel

Numerical prediction of residual stresses fields induced in thin Al2024-T351 sheets by laser shock processing

Outline: • Introduction • Numerical model SHOCKLAS© • Single LSP pulses • Overlapped LSP pulses • Discussion and Outlook

Fracture micromechanisms and residual stresses of a highly resistant duplex stainless steel

The paper presents some preliminary results of an ongoing research intended to qualify a highly resistant duplex stainless steel wire as prestressing steel and, gets on insight on (he wires' fracture micromechanism and residual stresses field. SEM fractographic analysis of the stainless steel wires indicates an anisotropic fracture behavior in tension, in presence of surface flaws, attributed to the residual stresses generated through the fabrication process. The residual stresses magnitude influences the damage tolerance, its knowledge being a key issue in designating/qualifying the wires as prestressing steels.

Viabilidad de una planta de biomasa forestal para la producción de energía eléctrica

Este Proyecto estudia la implantación de una central termoeléctrica para la generación de energía en la provincia de Orense. Se trata de una instalación que hace uso de biomasa forestal con el fin de producir energía eléctrica renovable de una manera responsable. En primer lugar se estudia en profundidad la disponibilidad de la biomasa presente en la región que dará lugar al emplazamiento de la instalación, en pos de una posterior toma de decisión acerca del correcto dimensionamiento de la planta, así como la ubicación óptima de la misma. Se ha logrado dar una alternativa a la dependencia energética a partir de una energía renovable limpia, como la cadena integrada de producción eléctrica. Considerando con rigor tanto las políticas de globalización regionales como internacionales orientadas a lograr un desarrollo sostenible y a la lucha contra el cambio climático, como la cadena integrada de producción eléctrica. Una vez puestos en situación, se analiza las diferentes técnicas utilizadas para el aprovechamiento energético con la biomasa disponible. Se trata de encontrar la mejor alternativa capaz de optimizar los recursos energéticos de la zona para la generación de energía eléctrica. Abstract This project is based on the study of a power plant located in the province of Ourense and its fundamental target is aimed to the generation of electricity. The importance of this plant is its commitment within renewable resources that enhance the use of forest biomass in order to produce electrical power in a responsible way. In the first place, it is necessary to deeply investigate the characteristics of the available biomass present in the place of interest, which will define the size and location of the power plant. This project gives an alternative to the energetic dependence from a renewable point of view, considering rigorously globalized politics intended for a sustainable energetic progress within the introduction of ambitious measures against climate change.