Morteros de cemento con nano-adiciones de sílice, hierro y alúmina

A lo largo de los últimos años, la ingeniería de la construcción ha seguido una tendencia creciente en lo que se refiere a la exigencia de altas prestaciones en los materiales empleados en obra, siendo el hormigón el material por excelencia. Es bien conocido que la capacidad de mejora de las prestaciones de los materiales está estrechamente ligada al desarrollo tecnológico existente en ese tiempo. En la actualidad, de entre todos los avances tecnológicos, cabe destacar la nanotecnología, ciencia que trabaja con elementos de tamaño 109 y que en los últimos años está siendo el motor de las investigaciones en el campo de la construcción. De entre todas las nano-adiciones existentes cabe destacar la nano-sílice, estudiada por numerosos investigadores y que goza de un gran número de artículos científicos. En cambio, existen otras nano-adiciones que no han tenido tanta aceptación o se encuentran en un segundo plano, como son la nano-hierro y la nano-alúmina. Es por tanto objeto de este Trabajo Fin de Máster: estudiar el efecto de la incorporación en diferentes proporciones de nano-adiciones de sílice, hierro y alúmina a un mortero de cemento convencional, mediante una campaña experimental realizada en el seno del Departamento de Ingeniería de la Construcción de la ETSICCP de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.

Morteros de cemento con nano-adiciones de hierro y sílice

Cada vez más, el hormigón tiene unas aplicaciones estructurales que demandan unos requisitos de resistencia y durabilidad difíciles de alcanzar siguiendo dosificaciones convencionales. Este contexto, de una mayor exigencia y desempeño del hormigón, es el epicentro de numerosas investigaciones que persiguen mejorar las características de los hormigones a través del uso de adiciones. Dentro de este marco de investigación, los últimos avances se encuentran vinculados al desarrollo de la nanotecnología, concretamente al uso de adiciones de tamaño nanométrico. La presente investigación queda enmarcada dentro de un Trabajo Fin de Máster y persigue la evaluación de los efectos a nivel microestructural y macroestructural del efecto de adiciones de tamaño nanométrico de hierro y sílice en proporciones variables a morteros de cemento. Para ver estas posibles mejoras, se comparará cuantitativamente con un mortero convencional de referencia. Para poder realizar dicha evaluación, se realizará una campaña experimental que incluye ensayos de resistencia, porosimetría, análisis térmico diferencial y resistividad. Una vez realizados los ensayos se ha procedido a analizar los resultados y a partir de ellos se han obtenido conclusiones acerca del desempeño de las nano adiciones en la matriz cementícia, así como de sus efectos en términos de resistencia y durabilidad principalmente. Finalmente, y dado que la investigación se encuentra acotada en el tiempo al ser un proyecto final de máster, se proponen unas líneas de investigación futuras con el fin de poder profundizar más en los procesos microestructurales que rigen el comportamiento de estas partículas en la matriz cementícia y con el propósito también de poder explicar resultados que no hayan podido quedar suficientemente resueltos a través del presente trabajo.

Proyecto de ordenación del monte Cabezas de Hierro, Madrid

El monte objeto del presente proyecto se encuentra situado en la provincia de Madrid, Partido Judicial de Torrelaguna y Término Municipal de Rascafría.

Quality attributes of pistachio nuts as affected by rootstocks and deficit irrigation

BACKGROUND: In this work, the influence of two regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) treatments and three different rootstocks on the quality of pistachios was evaluated by analyzing different parameters: morphological analysis, physicochemical analysis and sensory analysis. RESULTS: The results obtained in terms of the choice of rootstock revealed that Pistacia atlantica had increased production yields, nut weight, mineral content, higher intensities of characteristic sensory attributes and a higher degree of consumer satisfaction, than the other rootstocks studied. Moreover, the results established that the application of RDI on pistachio cultivation had no significant influence on production yield, weight, size, colour, water activity or mineral composition. Furthermore, T1 treatment (stem water potential?deficit irrigation (T1) contributes to an increase in overall product quality. Furthermore, Pistacia atlantica rootstock provided better yield and quality than the other rootstocks studied. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry

El Garoe, Árbol del Agua de la Isla de El Hierro (Canarias)

El significado de este Árbol es un tanto confuso. Comenzó siendo un árbol singular. Llegaron incluso a llamarle sagrado. Poco después empezaron a colgarle una leyenda de orientación antiespañola.

Dentro de sus casas. Casa Fisac en Cerro del Aire. Casa Cano Lasso en la Florida. Casa Asís Cabrero en Puerta de Hierro. Casa Carvajal en Somosaguas. Casa Corrales en Aravaca

Esta tesis doctoral se especializa en el estudio desde el interior de casas de maestros españoles proyectadas y construidas para ellos y sus familias. Casas proyectadas y construidas para ellos mismos por arquitectos “maestros” de la arquitectura española del siglo XX, que acabaron sus estudios de arquitectura después de la guerra civil y que se habían formado en la Escuela de Madrid. Las cinco casas escogidas están situadas en la provincia de Madrid, en la hoy definida como Comunidad de Madrid. Las cinco casas son para el arquitecto y su familia. También las cinco casas son de tipología unifamiliar aislada. Todas ellas tuvieron el carácter de vivienda estable, no de fin de semana, no de refugios experimentales. El método de análisis se estructura en dos grandes bloques, lo que hemos denominado “Enfocando” y “Desde dentro”. Enfocando: Se analizan las obras precedentes de similares características y se realiza un estudio de aproximación al lugar cuyo punto final es la entrada de la casa Desde dentro: Se Inicia el estudio de la vivienda en un recorrido que atiende a los parámetros de relaciones con el exterior, materiales de acabado, mobiliario, condiciones de flexibilidad y crecimiento y relaciones vivienda-estudio. Siempre con el espacio interior como protagonista del estudio Abstract The dissertation focuses on the interior space of "master`s houses" which were conceived and built for the architect and his family. The five houses selected were built in the XX Century .The five houses are located in Madrid. The five houses are detached houses, the five houses are "residences", not experimental houses, or weekend houses. The method has two parts. Focusing and Inside Focusing: This part studies previous works, with similar characteristics. Moreover this part looks at the path from the street to the main door, through the private exterior. Inside: This part studies the relationship between interior and exterior, finishing materials, furniture, flexibility and relation with the professional spaces. All these elements are studied, always with the interior space as the main character.

Effect of the season on the free phytoprostanes content in Cornicabra extra virgin olive oil from deficit irrigated olive trees

BACKGROUND: The effect of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on the phytoprostane (PhytoP) content in extra virgin olive (Olea europaea L., cv. Cornicabra) oil (EVOO) was studied. During the 2012 and 2013 seasons, T0 plants were irrigated at 100% ETc, while T1 and T2 plants were irrigated avoiding water deficit during phases I and III of fruit growth and saving water during the non-critical phenological period of pit hardening (phase II), developing amore severewater deficit in T2 plants. In 2013, a fourth treatment (T3) was also performed, which was similar to T2 except that water saving was from the beginning of phase II to 15 days after the end of phase II. RESULTS: 9-F1t-PhytoP, 9-epi-9-F1t-PhytoP, 9-epi-9-D1t-PhytoP, 9-D1t-PhytoP, 16-B1-PhytoP and 9-L1-PhytoP were present in Cornicabra EVOO, and their contents increased in the EVOO fromRDI plants. CONCLUSION: Deficit irrigation during pit hardening or for a further period of 2 weeks thereafter to increase irrigation water saving is clearly critical for EVOO composition because of the enhancement of free PhytoPs, which have potential beneficial effects on human health. The response of individual free PhytoPs to changes in plant water status was not as perceptible as expected, preventing their use as biomarkers of water stress.

Jujube fruit water relations during fruit maturation stage under different water deficit conditions

The fruit maturation stage is considered the optimal phenological stage for implementing water deficitin jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.), since a low, moderate or severe water deficit at this time has no effect onyield, fruit volume or eating quality. However, no information exists at fruit water relations level on themechanisms developed by Z. jujuba to confront drought. The purpose of the present study was to increaseour understanding of the relationship between leaf and fruit water relations of jujube plants under dif-ferent irrigation conditions during fruit maturation, paying special attention to analysing whether fruitsize depends on fruit turgor. For this, adult jujube trees (cv. Grande de Albatera) were subjected to fiveirrigation treatments. Control plants (T0) were irrigated daily above their crop water requirements inorder to attain non-limiting soil water conditions in 2012 and 2013. T1 plants were subjected to deficitirrigation throughout the 2012 season, according to the criteria frequently used by the growers in thearea. T2 (2012), T3 and T4 (2013) were irrigated as T0 except during fruit maturation, in which irrigationwas withheld for 32, 17 and 24 days, respectively. The results indicated that the jujube fruit maturationperiod was clearly sensitive to water deficit. During most of this stage water could enter the fruits viathe phloem rather than via the xylem. From the beginning of water withholding to when maximumwater stress levels were achieved, fruit and leaf turgor were maintained in plants under water deficit.However, a direct relation between turgor and fruit size was not found in jujube fruits, which could bedue to an enhancement of a cell elasticity mechanism (elastic adjustment) which maintains fruit turgorby reducing fruit cells size or to the fact that jujube fruit growth depends on the fruit growth-effectiveturgor rather than just turgor pressure.

Water stress thresholds for regulated deficit irrigation in pistachio trees

The response of "Kerman" pistachio trees budded on three different rootstocks (Pistacia terebinthus, Pista-cia atlantica and Pistacia integerrima) to regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) in shallow soils was studied for3 years. The trees were either fully irrigated (C treatment) or subjected to deficit irrigation during Stage IIof fruit growth with two water stress thresholds (T1 and T2). The irrigation scheduling for fully-irrigatedtrees and water-stressed trees was managed by means of midday stem water potential (?stem) measure-ments. The use of direct measurements of the water status allowed estimating accurately the irrigationrequirements for pistachio trees, with water reductions ranging from 46 to 205 mm in fully-irrigatedtrees. The combination of the ?stemuse and the RDI regime saved 43?70% in T1 and 48?73% in T2 ofwater compared to the calculated crop evapotranspiration (ETc) for fully irrigated treatment (C).Deficit irrigation during Stage II significantly reduced the vegetative growth of the trees. Yield and fruitquality were not affected by any irrigation regime, except during the first year of the study. Thus, theresults indicate that full irrigation scheduling and RDI can be achieved successfully using ?stemtool onpistachio trees growing in shallow soils. A ?stemthreshold of ?1.5 MPa during stage II (T1) was suggestedfor RDI scheduling, as it did not reduce the yield or the production value. However a ?stemthresholdof ?2.0 MPa (T2) resulted in a significant reduction and an extensive delay in the recovery of stomatalconductance (gl),with negative effects on long-term pistachio production.P. integerrima showed a weaker capacity of adaptation to the study conditions compared to P. atlanticaand P. terebinthus, having a tendency to get more stressed and to produce a lower quality crop.