813 resultados para UPM


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A probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) is being developed for a steam-methane reforming hydrogenproduction plant linked to a high-temperature gas-cooled nuclear reactor (HTGR). This work is based on the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute's (JAERI) High Temperature Engineering Test Reactor (HTTR) prototype in Japan. The objective of this paper is to show how the PSA can be used for improving the design of the coupled plants. A simplified HAZOP study was performed to identify initiating events, based on existing studies. The results of the PSA show that the average frequency of an accident at this complex that could affect the population is 7 × 10−8 year−1 which is divided into the various end states. The dominant sequences are those that result in a methane explosion and occur with a frequency of 6.5 × 10−8 year−1, while the other sequences are much less frequent. The health risk presents itself if there are people in the vicinity who could be affected by the explosion. This analysis also demonstrates that an accident in one of the plants has little effect on the other. This is true given the design base distance between the plants, the fact that the reactor is underground, as well as other safety characteristics of the HTGR.

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De las variables sociales, económicas, ambientales y espaciales que influyen en las actividades que se realizan en las ciudades son estas últimas, las relativas a la forma urbana, una de las menos estudiadas. En este trabajo se analiza la influencia de dos parámetros morfológicos, la densidad y la compacidad, en la evolución de los usos para el caso del distrito de Puente de Vallecas, en la ciudad de Madrid. Se analiza así la adecuación de las distintas tipologías empleadas en la formación de esta zona periférica de la ciudad durante el siglo XX, comparando su situación y evolución actual

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El Real Decreto 1627/97 sobre disposiciones mínimas en materia de seguridad y salud en las obras de construcción, dictado en aplicación de la Directiva europea 92/57/CEE, establece la obligación de contar, tanto en la fase de redacción de proyecto como en la de ejecución de obra, con un coordinador en materia de seguridad y salud, esto es, un “técnico competente”1 que, desde el lado de la propiedad, desempeñe funciones de control sobre la actuación preventiva de los proyectistas y empresas constructoras participantes en ambos procesos. Dicha labor de control, tal y como veremos más adelante, no se limita a una mera tarea de supervisión de la práctica preventiva de empresas y proyectistas, sino que, yendo más allá, exige la participación activa del coordinador en la validación expresa de los procedimientos organizativos de carácter preventivo que vayan adoptando dichos agentes a lo largo de sus respectivas actuaciones. Si bien la presencia real del coordinador en fase de proyecto ha quedado, de manera poco justificada, relegada a aquellos casos singulares que demandan la participación de diversos especialistas, su homólogo en fase de ejecución es, actualmente, una figura habitual en la práctica totalidad de las obras de construcción sobre cuya capacitación y cometidos persisten, aún hoy, interpretaciones muy diversas que conviene analizar de manera detallada.

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Using a new Admittance-based model for electrical noise able to handle Fluctuations and Dissipations of electrical energy, we explain the phase noise of oscillators that use feedback around L-C resonators. We show that Fluctuations produce the Line Broadening of their output spectrum around its mean frequency f0 and that the Pedestal of phase noise far from f0 comes from Dissipations modified by the feedback electronics. The charge noise power 4FkT/R C2/s that disturbs the otherwise periodic fluctuation of charge these oscillators aim to sustain in their L-C-R resonator, is what creates their phase noise proportional to Leeson’s noise figure F and to the charge noise power 4kT/R C2/s of their capacitance C that today’s modelling would consider as the current noise density in A2/Hz of their resistance R. Linked with this (A2/Hz?C2/s) equivalence, R becomes a random series in time of discrete chances to Dissipate energy in Thermal Equilibrium (TE) giving a similar series of discrete Conversions of electrical energy into heat when the resonator is out of TE due to the Signal power it handles. Therefore, phase noise reflects the way oscillators sense thermal exchanges of energy with their environment.

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Using a new Admittance-based model for electrical noise able to handle Fluctuations and Dissipations of electrical energy, we explain the phase noise of oscillators that use feedback around L-C resonators. We show that Fluctuations produce the Line Broadening of their output spectrum around its mean frequency f0 and that the Pedestal of phase noise far from f0 comes from Dissipations modified by the feedback electronics. The charge noise power 4FkT/R C2/s that disturbs the otherwise periodic fluctuation of charge these oscillators aim to sustain in their L-C-R resonator, is what creates their phase noise proportional to Leeson’s noise figure F and to the charge noise power 4kT/R C2/s of their capacitance C that today’s modelling would consider as the current noise density in A2/Hz of their resistance R. Linked with this (A2/Hz?C2/s) equivalence, R becomes a random series in time of discrete chances to Dissipate energy in Thermal Equilibrium (TE) giving a similar series of discrete Conversions of electrical energy into heat when the resonator is out of TE due to the Signal power it handles. Therefore, phase noise reflects the way oscillators sense thermal exchanges of energy with their environment

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This paper shows that today’s modelling of electrical noise as coming from noisy resistances is a non sense one contradicting their nature as systems bearing an electrical noise. We present a new model for electrical noise that including Johnson and Nyquist work also agrees with the Quantum Mechanical description of noisy systems done by Callen and Welton, where electrical energy fluctuates and is dissipated with time. By the two currents the Admittance function links in frequency domain with their common voltage, this new model shows the connection Cause-Effect that exists between Fluctuation and Dissipation of energy in time domain. In spite of its radical departure from today’s belief on electrical noise in resistors, this Complex model for electrical noise is obtained from Nyquist result by basic concepts of Circuit Theory and Thermo- dynamics that also apply to capacitors and inductors.

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El presente trabajo investiga la diferencia existente entre el contenido de Fe teórico definido en marmatita (esfalerita con 10% a 26% Fe) y el contenido real (9% Fe) determinado por Microsonda Electrónica (MS) en muestras de este mineral procedentes del locus typicus. Se trata de determinar si el mineral estaba correctamente definido en origen, combinando los estudios de MS y el Análisis Digital de Imagen (ADI) sobre probetas pulidas de la Mina de Marmato, Colombia. Se demuestra que las inclusiones microscópicas de otras fases portadoras de Fe (pirrotita, calcopirita) en esfalerita aportan una cantidad de Fe que puede ser significativa (~1.5 % en las muestras analizadas). Dichas fases no podían separarse cuando se definió la marmatita (1929) y, por tanto, el Fe de las mismas se habría atribuido a la esfalerita.

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The electromechanical response of piezoelectrically-actuated AlN micromachined bridge resonators has been characterized using laser interferometry and electrical admittance measurements. We compare the response of microbridges with different dimensions and buckling (induced by the initial residual stress of the layers). The resonance frequencies are in good agreement with numerical simulations of the electromechanical behavior of the structures. We show that it is possible to perform a rough tuning of the resonance frequencies by allowing a determined amount of builtin stress in the microbridge during its fabrication. Once the resonator is made, a DC bias added to the AC excitation signal allows to fine-tune the frequency. Our microbridges yield a tuning factor of around 88 Hz/V for a 500 ?m-long microbridge.

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Below are the results of the survey of the Iberian lynx obtained with camera-trapping between 2000 and 2007 in Sierra Morena. Two very important aspects of camera-trapping concerning its efficiency are also analyzed. The first is the evolution along years according to the camera-trapping type used of two efficiency indicators. The results obtained demonstrate that the most efficient lure is rabbit, though it is the less proven (92 trap-nights), followed by camera-trapping in the most frequent marking places (latrines). And, we propose as a novel the concept of use area as a spatial reference unit for the camera-trapping monitoring of non radio-marked animals is proposed, and its validity discussed.

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Las concentraciones migratorias y postnupciales de cigüeña negra han sido objeto de estudio en 22 localidades de las provincias de Ciudad Real, Cáceres y Badajoz (centro y oeste de España). Entre 2003 y 2006 se visitaron periódicamente distintos tipos de humedales con presencia habitual de la especie durante los pasos migratorios, desde el 21 de julio hasta el 10 de octubre. En 174 de las 339 visitas realizadas se detectó la presencia de cigüeña negra. El número promedio registrado de ejemplares por bando resultó de 11,3 ejemplares. Las fechas en que se contabilizaron más individuos, tanto en valores absolutos como relativos, correspondieron al período del 11 al 20 de septiembre. La mayor parte de los ejemplares datados (69,1%) resultaron adultos (plumaje de más de 3 años de edad), seguidos por jóvenes del año (20,2%) e inmaduros-subadultos (10,6%, 2-3 años de edad). A lo largo de todo el período migratorio se mantuvo constante la proporción de edades, salvo en el mes de octubre, cuando se incrementó la presencia aves juveniles. Durante las horas centrales del día se registró el mayor número relativo de aves sedimentadas en los humedales estudiados. Entre las 13:00 h y las 16:00 h (GMT + 2h) se censó el 62,7% de las cigüeñas negras presentes. Alrededor de la mitad de los individuos (52,5%) emplearon las áreas de concentración estudiadas para descansar y sestear.

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