Analysis of advanced European nuclear fuel cycle scenarios including transmutation and economic estimates

Four European fuel cycle scenarios involving transmutation options (in coherence with PATEROS and CPESFR EU projects) have been addressed from a point of view of resources utilization and economic estimates. Scenarios include: (i) the current fleet using Light Water Reactor (LWR) technology and open fuel cycle, (ii) full replacement of the initial fleet with Fast Reactors (FR) burning U?Pu MOX fuel, (iii) closed fuel cycle with Minor Actinide (MA) transmutation in a fraction of the FR fleet, and (iv) closed fuel cycle with MA transmutation in dedicated Accelerator Driven Systems (ADS). All scenarios consider an intermediate period of GEN-III+ LWR deployment and they extend for 200 years, looking for long term equilibrium mass flow achievement. The simulations were made using the TR_EVOL code, capable to assess the management of the nuclear mass streams in the scenario as well as economics for the estimation of the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) and other costs. Results reveal that all scenarios are feasible according to nuclear resources demand (natural and depleted U, and Pu). Additionally, we have found as expected that the FR scenario reduces considerably the Pu inventory in repositories compared to the reference scenario. The elimination of the LWR MA legacy requires a maximum of 55% fraction (i.e., a peak value of 44 FR units) of the FR fleet dedicated to transmutation (MA in MOX fuel, homogeneous transmutation) or an average of 28 units of ADS plants (i.e., a peak value of 51 ADS units). Regarding the economic analysis, the main usefulness of the provided economic results is for relative comparison of scenarios and breakdown of LCOE contributors rather than provision of absolute values, as technological readiness levels are low for most of the advanced fuel cycle stages. The obtained estimations show an increase of LCOE ? averaged over the whole period ? with respect to the reference open cycle scenario of 20% for Pu management scenario and around 35% for both transmutation scenarios. The main contribution to LCOE is the capital costs of new facilities, quantified between 60% and 69% depending on the scenario. An uncertainty analysis is provided around assumed low and high values of processes and technologies.

A dynamic factor model for mid-term forecasting of wind power generation

The main objective of this paper is the development and application of multivariate time series models for forecasting aggregated wind power production in a country or region. Nowadays, in Spain, Denmark or Germany there is an increasing penetration of this kind of renewable energy, somehow to reduce energy dependence on the exterior, but always linked with the increaseand uncertainty affecting the prices of fossil fuels. The disposal of accurate predictions of wind power generation is a crucial task both for the System Operator as well as for all the agents of the Market. However, the vast majority of works rarely onsider forecasting horizons longer than 48 hours, although they are of interest for the system planning and operation. In this paper we use Dynamic Factor Analysis, adapting and modifying it conveniently, to reach our aim: the computation of accurate forecasts for the aggregated wind power production in a country for a forecasting horizon as long as possible, particularly up to 60 days (2 months). We illustrate this methodology and the results obtained for real data in the leading country in wind power production: Denmark

Optimal Combined Forecasts for Electricity Prices: Influence of Clean Energies

In this work, an electricity price forecasting model is developed. The performance of the proposed approach is improved by considering renewable energies (wind power and hydro generation) as explanatory variables. Additionally, the resulting forecasts are obtained as an optimal combination of a set of several univariate and multivariate time series models. The large computational experiment carried out using out-of-sample forecasts for every hour and day allows withdrawing statistically sound conclusions

Determinación del riesgo de auto-combustión en almacenamiento de biomasas para la producción de gas mediante gasificación

En la actualidad más del 80 % de la energía eléctrica empleada en el mundo se obtiene a partir de combustibles de origen fósil. Sin embargo, estas fuentes de energía (gas natural, el carbón o el petróleo) presentan problemas de emisión de cantidades importantes de contaminantes a la atmósfera como CO, NOx y SOx. Estas emisiones están llevando a intentar reducir las emisiones enfocando el consumo a la utilización de fuentes de energía renovable, menos dañinas para el ambiente como la energía solar, la eólica, la biomasa, etc. En los almacenamientos de biomasa, ésta es potencialmente capaz de absorber oxígeno produciendo reacciones exotérmicas de oxidación. Si el calor producido en estas reacciones no se disipa adecuadamente, provoca un auto-calentamiento de la materia orgánica que puede ser causa de descomposición e inflamación. En el ámbito de la posible auto-combustión en el almacenamiento y manipulación de las biomasas existen diversos factores que influyen en la susceptibilidad térmica de las biomasas, es decir, en su tendencia a la oxidación y posterior inflamación de la materia. Esta Tesis Doctoral pretende evaluar el riesgo de auto-combustión de las biomasas almacenadas, para su uso en procesos de gasificación. En este estudio se ha trabajado con biomasas de origen agrícola, forestal y residual empleadas en procesos industriales de gasificación con distinta composición química. Los métodos empleados se han basado en técnicas clásicas de termogravimetría, calorimetría diferencial de barrido, análisis de composición y morfología. Con estos ensayos se pretende definir un rango de temperaturas lo más estrecho posible donde las muestras presentan mayor susceptibilidad a un calentamiento espontáneo que puede derivar en auto-combustión, en función de las distintas propiedades estudiadas de las biomasas, para poder servir así de herramienta de evaluación y análisis del riesgo de autocombustión. Como conclusión se muestran umbrales y valores que relacionan las propiedades físicas y químicas de las biomasas estudiadas en su auto-combustión, analizando la influencia de los procesos de preparación de las biomasas sobre las variables que caracterizan su susceptibilidad térmica.

Lingüística computacional y esteganografía lingüística : distribuyendo información oculta con recursos mínimos

La lingüística computacional puede ser aprovechada junto a la ciencia de la esteganografía lingüística para diseñar sistemas útiles en la protección/privacidad de las comunicaciones digitales y en el marcado digital de textos. No obstante, para poder llevar a cabo tal tarea se requiere de una serie de condiciones que no siempre se dan. En este artículo se investiga si es posible diseñar procedimientos que permitan ocultar información en lenguaje natural utilizando la mínima cantidad de recursos tanto lingüísticos como computacionales. Se propone un algoritmo y se implementa, razonando posteriormente a favor de la utilidad y la seguridad de propuestas de este tipo.

Modelo de análisis organizativo para la mejora del desempeño de empresas sociales

La empresa social es un modelo organizativo que presenta un interesante potencial para resolver problemáticas sociales. La empresa social ha despertado interés tanto en países industrializados como en economías en vías de desarrollo porque representa un modelo dentro del capitalismo que persigue objetivos sociales mediante la realización de actividades de mercado (compra y venta de productos y/o servicios principalmente). A pesar de sus raíces lejanas en el tiempo se trata de un campo de conocimiento relativamente joven, donde la literatura académica presenta escasez de estudios empíricos. El desarrollo teórico para buscar claridad conceptual ha sido el principal caballo de batalla de los últimos años, y por tanto, se ha prestado poca atención a generar evidencias sobre cómo funcionan las empresas sociales y sobre sus claves de su éxito. Se considera que la mejora en la comprensión de este modelo organizativo pasa por la construcción de herramientas para que académicos y practicantes mejoren su conocimiento sobre los mecanismos internos de las empresas sociales. En este contexto nace la presente tesis doctoral sobre empresa social, que tiene por objetivo la creación de un marco de análisis que permita el estudio de las empresas sociales desde una dimensión organizativa, es decir, que aborde los elementos clave que describen el funcionamiento de este tipo de organizaciones. Para ello, en este trabajo se aborda la construcción del modelo para el análisis organizativo de las empresas sociales a partir del análisis semántico de las 45 principales definiciones de empresa social. A partir de este análisis se identifican dos dimensiones de análisis de la empresa social: -Cuatro principios, comunes a todas las manifestaciones del fenómeno, que recogen la esencia del concepto. -Ocho elementos organizativos específicos de la empresa social que describen la forma en la que cada iniciativa se implementa en un contexto determinado. Es decir, elementos de diseño presentes en diferente medida que dan lugar a tipologías de empresa social diferentes. Estos elementos son: la proposición de valor social, la búsqueda de impacto a largo plazo, la cultura organizativa, la conexión con los beneficiarios, el liderazgo emprendedor y los mecanismos de gobernanza, el ecosistema colaborativo, la estrategia empresarial y la orientación a la autosuficiencia económica. A partir de este marco de análisis, se construyen dos herramientas de diagnóstico que permiten su aplicación al estudio de empresas sociales: una tabla de indicadores para el análisis externo (por parte de un investigador ajeno a la organización) y un cuestionario de diagnóstico para el análisis interno (a través del personal de la empresa social objeto de estudio). Las herramientas intentan dar respuesta a la necesidad de desarrollar constructos para el estudio empírico de las empresas sociales. Para analizar la utilidad del modelo y de las herramientas se llevaron a cabo tres estudios de caso: -La empresa social ACCIONA Microenergía Perú que proporciona energía eléctrica a comunidades rurales aisladas en la región peruana de Cajamarca. -La empresa social Integra-e que propone un mecanismo de inserción socio-laboral en Madrid para jóvenes en riesgo de exclusión a través de la formación en Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC). -Un conjunto de redes de telecentros pertenecientes a la red LAC de la fundación Telecentres.org que proporcionan acceso a servicios de información (Internet entre otros) en diferentes países de Latinoamérica. La aplicación de las herramientas mostró ser útil en los tres estudios de caso para obtener una relación de evidencias con las que analizar la proximidad de una organización al ideal de empresa social. El ejercicio de análisis también resultó interesante como ejercicio reflexivo para las entidades participantes. Los resultados del cuestionario fueron especialmente interesantes en los telecentros de la Fundación Telecentre.org ya que al ser un estudio multicaso se pudo realizar un rico análisis estadístico sobre el funcionamiento de los telecentros y su desempeño. El estudio permitió identificar relaciones interesantes entre los ocho elementos de diseño del modelo propuesto y el desempeño de la organización. En particular, se detectó que para todos los casos estudiados: -La dimensión económica es la componente del desempeño que mayor desafíos plantea. -La existencia de una alta correlación entre el desempeño y siete de los ocho elementos organizativos del modelo. -La importancia de la cultura organizativa como elemento que explica el desempeño global de la organización y la satisfacción de los empleados. El campo de la empresa social presenta importantes retos de futuro, como la claridad conceptual, el desarrollo de estudios empíricos y la medida de su impacto social. El conocimiento de las claves organizativas puede ayudar a diseñar empresas sociales más robustas o a que organizaciones con fines sociales que no se basan en mecanismos de mercado consideren la posibilidad de incorporar éstos en su estrategia. ABSTRACT Social enterprise is an organizational model with a strong potential to help solving social problems. Recently, interest for the model has risen in both industrialized and developing countries because it is organized to achieve altruistic or social goals through market activities (mainly sales of products and services). Despite its historic roots, it is a relatively young field of research, where academic literature has little empirical data to accompany the theoretical development of social enterprise. Conceptual clarification has been the main challenge during the recent years, and there has been little attention given to generate evidence on how social enterprises operate and their keys to success. Progress in empirical study involves the construction of tools for researchers, in order to increase understanding of the internal mechanisms of social enterprises. This thesis aims to create a conceptual framework to study social enterprises from an organizational point of view, by analyzing the key elements that explain the operation and organization of this organizational model. The framework for the organizational analysis of social enterprises was built supported by the semantic analysis of 45 main definitions of social enterprise. The framework is divided into two dimensions: -There are four principles which capture the essence of the social enterprise concept, and are present in the manifestations of cases. -There are eight design elements which help analyze the characteristics of each particular social enterprise initiative: the social value proposition, social impact orientation, organizational culture, links to beneficiaries, entrepreneurial leadership, collaborative ecosystem, entrepreneurial strategy and orientation to economic self-sufficiency. Two diagnostic tools were developed to apply the framework to case studies: a scoreboard of indicators (to be used by the researcher during external analysis of the organization) and a questionnaire (to be answered by the social enterprise staff). The dissertation undertakes the study of three case studies: -ACCIONA Microenergia Peru, a social enterprise that provides electricity to isolated rural communities in the Peruvian region of Cajamarca. -Integra-e, a social enterprise located in Madrid that promotes socioprofessional integration of young people through training in ICT. -A sample of telecenters of the LAC network that provide access to information services (such as Internet) in Latin America. Applying the tools proved to be useful in all three cases, because it helped to obtain evidence to compare the proximity of an organization to an ideal type of social enterprise. In all the cases studied, the economic sustainability proved to be the biggest challenge for the organizations. The application of the questionnaire to the telecenters was especially informative because it was a multicase study which provided a rich statistical analysis on the performance of call centers. The study identified unique relationships between the model elements and the organziation performance. A statistical analysis shows a high correlation between performance and seven organizational elements described in the model. The organizational culture seems to be an important factor in explaining the overall organizational performance and employee satisfaction. The field of social enterprise has significant future challenges -such as conceptual clarity, the development of empirical studies and social impact assessment. A deep understanding of key organizational aspects of social enterprises can help in the design of more robust organizations and to bring success to social-purpose organizations.

Proyecto de un alternador

Proyecto de un alternador trifásico tipo siemens de potencia eléctrica útil de 60 Kw.

Accurate Simulation of MPPT Methods Performance When Applied to Commercial Photovoltaic Panels

Anew, simple, and quick-calculationmethodology to obtain a solar panel model, based on the manufacturers’ datasheet, to perform MPPT simulations, is described. The method takes into account variations on the ambient conditions (sun irradiation and solar cells temperature) and allows fast MPPT methods comparison or their performance prediction when applied to a particular solar panel. The feasibility of the described methodology is checked with four different MPPT methods applied to a commercial solar panel, within a day, and under realistic ambient conditions.

Memoria de prácticas de electrotecnia

Prácticas de electrotecnia

On the Analytical Approach to Present Engineering Problems: Photovoltaic Systems Behavior, Wind Speed Sensors Performance, and High-Speed Train Pressure Wave Effects in Tunnels

At present, engineering problems required quite a sophisticated calculation means. However, analytical models still can prove to be a useful tool for engineers and scientists when dealing with complex physical phenomena. The mathematical models developed to analyze three different engineering problems: photovoltaic devices analysis; cup anemometer performance; and high-speed train pressure wave effects in tunnels are described. In all cases, the results are quite accurate when compared to testing measurements.

Social development benefits of hydroelectricity CDM projects in Brazil

In recent years, the concept of sustainable development has become increasingly recognized and important. Within organizations, sustainable development is often portrayed as a balancing act, and requires a combination of three elements to be considered: economy, environment, and society. Traditionally, organizational management research has been focused on economical and environmental fronts. However, social aspects are also important for organizations, especially those in emerging and developing countries. The goal of this paper is to investigate the potential of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects to deliver social benefits in Brazil?s hydroelectricity sector. The investigation involved the assessment of 46 registered hydro CDM projects under the Kyoto Protocol in terms of their potential impact on the envisaged social development goals. Two case studies were also examined. Results indicate that organizations managing hydroelectric initiatives in Brazil can provide the pathway towards achieving a number of important social benefits. Successful projects were found to have good community involvement and were managed by both cooperative ventures and money making corporations. The research also identified several challenges that are hindering hydro CDM projects from delivering more social benefits, and enabled a number of recommendations to be extracted for the organizations facing these challenges.

Compatison of S-SI, A-SI and CDTE technologies wording at the same conditions, after the first year of electricity production

Grid connected solar plants are a good opportunity for their use for research as a secondary objective. In countries were feed-in tariffs are still active, it is possible to include in the design of the solar plant elements for its use for research. In the case of the solar plant presented here both objectives are covered. The solar plant of this work is formed by PV modules of three different technologies: Multicrystalline, amorphous and CdTe. In one part of the solar plant, the three technologies are working at the same conditions, not only ambient conditions but also similar voltage and current input to the inverters. Both the commercial and the experimental parts of the solar plant have their own independent inverters with their meters but are finally connected to the same meter to inject. In this work we analyse the results for the first year of operation of the experimental solar plant. Productions of three different technologies in exactly the same conditions are compared and presented. According to the results, all the three technologies have conversion efficiencies dropping when the temperature increases. Amorphous module experiences the lesser reduction, whereas the multicrystalline module suffers the most.

Pre-investigation of water electrolysis for flexible energy storage at large scales: the case of the Spanish power system

This report analyzes the basis of hydrogen and power integration strategies, by using water electrolysis processes as a means of flexible energy storage at large scales.

Optical characterisation of semi-transparent PV modules for building integration

A complete characterisation of PV modules for building integration is needed in order to know their influence on the building’s global energy balance. Specifically, certain characteristic parameters should be obtained for each different PV module suitable for building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), some by direct or indirect measurements at the laboratory, and others by monitoring the element performance mounted in real operating conditions. In the case of transparent building envelopes it is particularly important to perform an optical and thermal characterization of the PV modules that would be integrated in them. This paper addresses the optical characterization of some commercial thin-film PV modules having different degrees of transparency, suitable for building integration in façades. The approach is based on the measurement of the spectral UV/Vis/NIR reflectance and transmittance of the different considered samples, both at normal incidence and as a function of the angle of incidence. With the obtained results, the total and zoned UV, visible and NIR transmission and reflection values are calculated, enabling the correct characterization of the PV modules integrated in façades and the subsequent evaluation of their impact over the electrical, thermal and lighting performance in a building.

Methodology for estimating building integrated photovoltaics electricity production under shadowing conditions and case study

Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems are a relevant application of photovoltaics. In countries belonging to the International Energy Agency countries, 24% of total installed PV power corresponds to BIPV systems. Electricity losses caused by shadows over the PV generator have a significant impact on the performance of BIPV systems, being the major source of electricity losses. This paper presents a methodology to estimate electricity produced by BIPV systems which incorporates a model for shading losses. The proposed methodology has been validated on a one year study with real data from two similar PV systems placed on the south façade of a building belonging to the Technical University of Madrid. This study has covered all weather conditions: clear, partially overcast and fully overcast sky. Results of this study are shown at different time scales, resulting that the errors committed by the best performing model are below 1% and 3% in annual and daily electricity estimation. The use of models which account for the reduced performance at low irradiance levels also improves the estimation of generated electricity.