Characterization cement pastes degraded in lanoratory solutions and physiochemical parameters employed for modeling the process

Previously degradation studies carried out, over a number of different mortars by the research team, have shown that observed degradation does not exclusively depend on the solution equilibrium pH, nor the aggressive anions relative solubility. In our tests no reason was found that could allow us to explain, why same solubility anions with a lower pH are less aggressive than others. The aim of this paper is to study cement pastes behavior in aggressive environments. As observed in previous research, this cement pastes behaviors are not easily explained only taking into account only usual parameters, pH, solubility etc. Consequently the paper is about studying if solution physicochemical characteristics are more important in certain environments than specific pH values. The paper tries to obtain a degradation model, which starting from solution physicochemical parameters allows us to interpret the different behaviors shown by different composition cements. To that end, the rates of degradation of the solid phases were computed for each considered environment. Three cement have been studied: CEM I 42.5R/SR, CEM II/A-V 42.5R and CEM IV/B-(P-V) 32.5 N. The pastes have been exposed to five environments: sodium acetate/acetic acid 0.35 M, sodium sulfate solution 0.17 M, a solution representing natural water, saturated calcium hydroxide solution and laboratory environment. The attack mechanism was meant to be unidirectional, in order to achieve so; all sides of cylinders were sealed except from the attacked surface. The cylinders were taking out of the exposition environments after 2, 4, 7, 14, 30, 58 and 90 days. Both aggressive solution variations in solid phases and in different depths have been characterized. To each age and depth the calcium, magnesium and iron contents have been analyzed. Hydrated phases evolution studied, using thermal analysis, and crystalline compound changes, using X ray diffraction have been also analyzed. Sodium sulphate and water solutions stabilize an outer pH near to 8 in short time, however the stability of the most pH dependent phases is not the same. Although having similar pH and existing the possibility of forming a plaster layer near to the calcium leaching surface, this stability is greater than other sulphate solutions. Stability variations of solids formed by inverse diffusion, determine the rate of degradation.

Hydration of C3S, C2S and their Blends. Micro- and Nanoscale Characterization

This study forms part of wider research conducted under a EU 7 th Framework Programme (COmputationally Driven design of Innovative CEment-based materials or CODICE). The ultimate aim is the multi-scale modelling of the variations in mechanical performance in degraded and non-degraded cementitious matrices. The model is being experimentally validated by hydrating the main tri-calcium silicate (T1-C3S) and bi-calcium silicate (β-C2S), phases present in Portland cement and their blends. The present paper discusses micro- and nanoscale studies of the cementitious skeletons forming during the hydration of C3S, C2S and 70 % / 30 % blends of both C3S/C2S and C2S/C3S with a water/cement ratio of 0.4. The hydrated pastes were characterized at different curing ages with 29 Si NMR, SEM/TEM/EDS, BET, and nanoindentation. The findings served as a basis for the micro- and nanoscale characterization of the hydration products formed, especially C-S-H gels. Differences were identified in composition, structure and mechanical behaviour (nanoindentation), depending on whether the gels formed in C3S or C2S pastes. The C3S gels had more compact morphologies, smaller BET-N2 specific surface area and lesser porosity than the gels from C2S-rich pastes. The results of nanoindentation tests appear to indicate that the various C-S-H phases formed in hydrated C3S and C2S have the same mechanical properties as those formed in Portland cement paste. Compared to the C3S sample, the hydrated C2S specimen was dominated by the loose-packed (LP) and the low-density (LD) C-S-H phases, and had a much lower content of the high density (HD) C-S-H phase

Mapping of mechanical properties of cement paste microstructures

The presented study is related to the EU 7 th Framework Programme CODICE (COmputationally Driven design of Innovative CEment-based materials). The main aim of the project is the development of a multi-scale model for the computer based simulation of mechanical and durability performance of cementitious materials. This paper reports results of micro/nano scale characterisation and mechanical property mapping of cementitious skeletons formed by the cement hydration at different ages. Using the statistical nanoindentation and micro-mechanical property mapping technique, intrinsic properties of different hydrate phases, and also the possible interaction (or overlapping) of different phases (e.g. calcium-silcate-hydrates) has been studied. Results of the mapping and statistical indentation testing appear to suggest the possible existence of more hydrate phases than the commonly reported LD and HD C-S-H and CH phases

Ethics and materials: Some Spanish Cases

The problem is general: modern architects and engineers are trying to understand historic structures using the wrong theoretical frame, the classic (elastic) thery of structures developed in the 19th Century for iron and stell, and in the 20th century for reinforced concrete, disguised with "modern" computer packages, mainly FEM, but also others. Masonry is an essentially different material, and the structural equations must be adapted accordingly. It is not a matter of "taste" or "opinion", and the consequences are before us. Since, say 1920s, historic monuments have suffered the aggression of generations of archietcts and engineers, trying to transform masonry in reinfored concrete or steel. The damage to the monuments and the expense has been, and is, enormous. However, as we have an adequate theory (modern limit analysis of masonry structures, Heyman 1966) which encompasses the "old theory" used successfully by the 18th and 19th Century practical engineers (from Perronet to Sejourné), it is a matter of "Ethics" not to use the wrong approach. It is also "contra natura" to modify the material masonry with indiscriminate injections, stitchings, etc. It is insane to consider, suddenly, that buildings which are Centuries or milennia old, are suddenly in danger of collapse. Maintenance is necessary but not the actual destruction of the constructive essence of the monument. A cocktail of "ignorance, fear and greed" is acting under the best of intentions.

Aproximación cuantitativa a la evaluación de la sostenibilidad de las estructuras

El proceso de construcción incide sobre el medio ambiente desde la obtención de los recursos que utiliza, hasta la optimización del uso de la energía y el desecho de materiales y sustancias de diversa índole. Es ingente que el sector de la construcción considere su responsabilidad al respecto y cuente con herramientas de fácil aplicación, como la que pretende ofrecer esta investigación, que le permita determinar el impacto que tendrá sobre el ambiente una determinada solución estructural. A lo largo del presente trabajo se realiza una revisión de los principales instrumentos de evaluación y de las diferentes metodologías creadas para la evaluación del impacto ambiental, en base a estas se realiza la propuesta de un índice para la evaluación de las estructuras, la cual sirve para realizar una comparación entre dos soluciones estructurales. Los objetivos de este trabajo son: hacer una aproximación cuantitativa a la evaluación del impacto ambiental ocasionado por una estructura ; motivar a los proyectistas a tomar en cuenta los factores ambientales al momento de proyectar, por medio del uso de instrumentos de fácil aplicación ; realizar una revisión bibliográfica de los diferentes sistemas que existen a nivel mundial para cuantificar el impacto ambiental, específicamente buscando los sistemas que cuantifiquen el impacto de la estructura, entendiendo como estructura el conjunto de elementos (vigas, losa o forjado, columnas o pilares y cimentación) que soportan la estructura ; desarrollar un instrumento mediante el cual se pueda evaluar de manera cuantitativa y sencilla el impacto ambiental de una estructura. Que a su vez sirva a los proyectistas de una base o instrumento para poder evaluar la eficiencia de una estructura propuesta en base al impacto ambiental de la misma.

Estudio dinámico de puentes de ferrocarril sometidos a nuevos modelos de carga en el marco europeo

Más allá de la alta velocidad, y debido en parte a su éxito, en los últimos años han aparecido trenes de pasajeros capaces de circular a velocidades más elevadas y ser más eficientes (como, por ejemplo, los de tipo automotor). Además, algunos de los antiguos modelos recogidos en las normativas parecen no cubrir determinados casos, lo que ha llevado a la reciente modificación de éstas. A todo esto se le añade la necesidad de crear una normativa común europea que establezca las bases para lograr la interoperabilidad. Con este proyecto se pretende estudiar los efectos dinámicos en puentes de estas nuevas tipologías de trenes, haciendo especial hincapié en los trenes automotores. El trabajo se centra principalmente en puentes isostáticos de luces cortas, por ser éstos especialmente sensibles a este tipo de acciones. El parámetro crítico, en estos casos, son las aceleraciones en centro de vano. Se realizara el cálculo dinámico por diferentes métodos: elementos finitos, análisis modal, así como programas de integración numérica en Matlab de los modos de vibración, analizando y comparando la efectividad de estos. Las diferencias entre la consideración o no de la distribución de las cargas transmitidas al tablero de la estructura de la vía a serán discutidas en el proyecto, así como la interacción dinámica entre estructura y vehículo. Finalmente se aplicarán los conocimientos obtenidos a varios casos reales de puentes incluidos en la red ferroviaria española, como por ejemplo, el viaducto de alta velocidad del Jalón. Los resultados de estos estudios tienen una repercusión en diversas normativas europeas actualmente en revisión y en las cuales está involucrado el Grupo de Mecánica Computacional: EN15528 European Committee for Standarization (2008), EN1991-2 European Committee for Standarization (2003) y las Especificaciones Técnicas de Interoperabilidad Ferroviaria (TSI).

Safety assessment of underground vehicles passing over highly resilient straight tracks in the presence of a broken rail

In this paper, vehicle-track interaction for a new slab track design, conceived to reduce noise and vibration levels has been analyzed, assessing the derailment risk for trains running on curved track when encountering a broken rail. Two different types of rail fastening systems with different elasticities have been analysed and compared. Numerical methods were used in order to simulate the dynamic behaviour of the train-track interaction. Multibody system (MBS) modelling techniques were combined with techniques based on the finite element method (FEM). MBS modelling was used for modelling the vehicle and FEM for simulating the elastic track. The simulation model was validated by comparing simulated results to experimental data obtained in field testing. During the simulations various safety indices, characteristic of derailment risk, were analysed. The simulations realised at the maximum running velocity of 110 km/h showed a similar behaviour for several track types. When reducing the running speed, the safety indices worsened for both cases. Although the worst behaviour was observed for the track with a greater elasticity, in none of the simulations did a derailment occur when running over the broken rail.

Safety assessment of underground vehicles passing over highly resilient curved tracks in the presence of a broken rail

Vehicle–track interaction for a new resilient slab track designed to reduce noise and vibration levels was analysed, in order to assess the derailment risk on a curved track when encountering a broken rail. Sensitivity of the rail support spacing of the relative position of the rail breakage between two adjacent rail supports and of running speed were analysed for two different elasticities of the rail fastening system. In none of the cases analysed was observed an appreciable difference between either of the elastic systems. As was expected, the most unfavourable situations were those with greater rail support spacing and those with greater distance from the breakage to the nearest rail support, although in none of the simulations performed did a derailment occur when running over the broken rail. When varying the running speed, the most favourable condition was obtained for an intermediate speed, due to the superposition of two antagonistic effects.

Application of virtual certification techniques to vehicle design and track maintenance

Virtual certification partially substitutes by computer simulations the experimental techniques required for rail vehicle certification. In this paper, several works were these techniques were used in the vehicle design and track maintenance processes are presented. Dynamic simulation of multibody systems was used to virtually apply the EN14363 standard to certify the dynamic behaviour of vehicles. The works described are: assessment of a freight bogie design adapted to meter-gauge, assessment of a railway track layout for a subway network, freight bogie design with higher speed and axle load, and processing of the data acquired by a track recording vehicle for track maintenance.

Diseño de cimentaciones directas para grúas torre en Edificación.

Los puntos principales a tener en cuenta en el diseño o comprobación de una cimentación directa para una grúa torre convencional, son tratados en el presente artículo. Aspectos tales como las acciones a considerar en el cálculo del elemento, las comprobaciones frente a la estabilidad del conjunto cimiento-torre, la transmisión de presiones al terreno o el dimensionado de las armaduras de refuerzo, serán objeto de desarrollo en este documento. El escrito pretende servir de guía a los técnicos que se enfrenten al diseño de una cimentación de estas características, aportando herramientas de cálculo, recursos técnicos y bibliografía al respecto.

Diseño y ejecución de elementos metálicos como sistemas de arriostramiento provisional en pantallas continuas de HA

El diseño de elementos metálicos como sistemas arriostramientos provisionales de sujección de pantallas es tratado en el presente artículo. Cuando no es factible el empleo de anclajes activos para resistir los empujes del terreno de forma provisional, una técnica equivalente es el empleo de arriostramientos metálicos. Las acciones a considerar en su diseño, la rigidez de estos elementos frente a la pantalla o el diseño de las uniones serán tratados en el presente artículo

Clasificación de los sistemas y elementos constructivos de las estructuras metálicas en hierro y acero para la actualización de la normativa técnica

El estudio del lenguaje técnico es una tarea común a varias disciplinas. La terminología es una disciplina autónoma de carácter interdisciplinario al servicio de diferentes campos científico-técnicos. Los enfoques interdisciplinares/transversales permiten acercarse a un mismo fenómeno desde distintos ángulos ofreciendo una imagen más completa con diferentes aportaciones procedentes de los distintos métodos utilizados [1]. En la actualidad, es esencial la colaboración interdisciplinar de áreas que comparten aspectos íntimamente ligados como en el presente estudio: la terminología, la arquitectura y la construcción. La Normativa Técnica española en el área de la arquitectura y de la construcción ha sufrido muchos cambios en relación con la clasificación de los sistemas y elementos constructivos. La presente comunicación toma como punto de partida el análisis de un corpus 1 [2] lingüístico automatizado que contiene textos especializados, en lengua inglesa y española, del subdominio de sistemas y elementos constructivos de las estructuras metálicas de hierro y acero. La investigación se realiza mediante el estudio de estos textos de referencia empleados por los profesionales de la arquitectura y de la construcción. En esta comunicación se presentan los resultados relacionados con un elemento estructural que se presta a un análisis conceptual complejo, a saber “beam”, en español “viga”. Partimos del análisis semántico de las unidades clave (nudos conceptuales) para establecer las clases/categorías conceptuales pertinentes a este subdominio de especialidad. Posteriormente analizamos los nudos conceptuales con el objetivo de representar las relaciones entre los conceptos por medio de un análisis contrastivo de los conceptos/términos en lengua inglesa y española con el fin de determinar si el uso, en las dos lenguas de estudio, concuerda con la definición dada en los textos y en la normativa de origen.

Validez del coeficiente de amplificación dinámica como herramienta para predecir el comportamiento de tablas de madera sometidas a acciones de impacto

Las tablas de madera se emplean usualmente en construcción como parte integrante de protecciones colectivas y medios auxiliares. En estos usos, las cargas a que están sometidas son fundamentalmente de tipo dinámico y suelen aplicarse en forma de impacto. Para estas aplicaciones, en la mayoría de las ocasiones, trabajan colocadas de cara. El coeficiente de amplificación dinámica se ha usado desde hace decenios para evaluar analíticamente elementos sometidos a impacto. Sin embargo, la obtención de este coeficiente se basa en unas hipótesis que en ocasiones se alejan de la realidad. En este trabajo se han sometido a distintos tipos de impacto tablas de madera aserrada de pino silvestre, colocadas de cara, y se han comparado los resultados obtenidos con el comportamiento analítico previsto en base al empleo del coeficiente de amplificación dinámica.

Obtaining carbonation depth of concrete used two different procedures standard EHE-08

In the Standard EHE 08, for the first time, durability acquires the status of Limit State. Article 8 provides that the term Durability limit state, produced by physical and chemical actions, different loads and actions of structural analysis, which can degrade the concrete and reinforcement to unacceptable limits. The verification of this limit state can be done through a procedure set out in the provisions of the Standard. This procedure is based on the use of tables that, depending on the aggressiveness of the environment in which the structure is the concrete strength and the life of the project, setting the quality of the concrete cover (minimum thickness and maximum water cement ratio of concrete used) and the maximum crack width. This procedure, simple in its application, provides highly secure solutions. In addition, on Annex 9, the Standard EHE 08 offers models for testing the durability limit state in cases of corrosion of reinforcement due to carbonation of concrete or entry of chloride ions. The results obtained with these models are tighter than those obtained with the procedure of the articles. In this paper we use both methods in the study of reinforced concrete structures with potential problems of corrosion of reinforcement due to carbonation of concrete. Later checking the results obtained by both procedures. Results demonstrate that the use of the models listed in Annex 9 of Standard EHE 08 offer cheaper solutions than those obtained using the procedure of the articles

Development of corrosion of steel bars embedded in mortar made with slag from secondary metallurgy

The aim of this work is to study the evolution of the corrosion rate of reinforcements embedded in mortar specimens that have been partly or fully replaced by the sand ladle furnace white slag. Prisms are manufactured mortar 6cm x 8cm x 2cm in which are embedded reinforcing steel bars of 6mm diameter B500SD. At the time of mixing were added varying amounts of chloride ion content by weight of cement (0%, 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.2%, 2%). The specimens were made totally or partially replacing the white slag, getting four different mixes depending on the degree of substitution. After curing the specimens for 28 days in moist chambers proceeded to dry up naturally. Here are gradually dampened by its conservation in a moist chamber, periodically measuring the corrosion rate of the bars using the technique of polarization curve. The results, in terms of corrosion current and corrosion potential, were compared with those obtained on standard samples, without replacement by slag aggregate. The analysis of results allows us to know, depending on the type of mortar used, the chloride threshold with the depassivation produced steel and the corrosion rates achieved in steels in the active state in terms of mortar moisture, obtained from qualitatively using gravimetric techniques. The results achieved to date support the conclusion that no significant differences in the behavior against corrosion induced by chloride ions, between the steel bars embedded in standard samples and the steel bars embedded in samples including with aggregates from slag. Both the chloride threshold resulting in the depassivation steel as the corrosion rate reached through the bars in an active state are very similar in both types of mortars when they have the same moisture content.