Influencia de la maquinaria agrícola sobre la variabilidad espacial de la compactación del suelo. Aplicación de la metodología geoestadística-fractal

El cultivo de la caña de azúcar es uno de los más importantes en muchos países del mundo. Los suelos dedicados a este cultivo son usualmente compactados por el tránsito de la maquinaria en el proceso de cosecha. El uso combinado de la geoestadística con el análisis fractal ha demostrado ser útil para el estudio de los mismos. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar los cambios espaciales de la resistencia a la penetración del suelo debido a la influencia del tránsito de la maquinaria en el proceso de cosecha de la caña de azúcar en un Vertisol, aplicando la metodología geoestadística-fractal. La investigación se llevó a cabo en el período de cosecha 2008-2009. Se evaluó la resistencia a la penetración en dos momentos, antes y después de la cosecha. El muestreo se realizó sistemáticamente en cuadrícula y en transecto, seleccionando 144 y 100 observaciones antes y después de la cosecha, respectivamente, y 221 para el transecto en diagonal. También se determinó el contenido de humedad del suelo por el método gravimétrico, para lo que se tomaron 288 muestras aleatorias en todo el campo. Los resultados demuestran que los valores de resistencia a la penetración (RP) presentaron una distribución normal a partir de los 5 cm de profundidad, el tránsito de la maquinaria agrícola para la cosecha de la caña de azúcar provocó concentración de la variabilidad espacial a escalas inferiores a la del muestreo (el efecto pepita aumentó), un aumento del rango de correlación espacial y una redistribución de las zonas de compactación (las variaciones de los mapas de Krigeaje). También indujo anti-persistencia y anisotropía en algunas direcciones horizontales. Se observó un comportamiento irregular de (RP) verticalmente en el transecto, donde no solamente influyó la maquinaria, sino que también otros factores influyeron como: la hilera, borde de la hilera y grietas. ABSTRACT The cultivation of the cane of sugar is one of the most important in many countries of the world. The soils dedicated to this cultivation are usually compacted by the traffic of the machinery in the harvest process. The combined use of the geostatistics with the fractal analysis has demonstrated to be useful for the study of the same ones. The objective of the work was to determine the space changes from the resistance to the penetration of the floor due to the influence of the traffic of the machinery in the harvest process of harvest of the cane of sugar in a Vertisol applying the geostatistic-fractal methodology. The investigation was carried out in the period of harvest 2008-2009. The resistance to the penetration at two moments was evaluated, before and after the harvest. The sampling was realized systematically in grid and transect, selecting 144 and 100 observations before and after the harvest, respectively, and 221 for transect in diagonal. Also the soil moisture content of the ground by the gravimetric method was determined, so 288 random samples in the entire field were taken. The results shown that resistance to penetration values presented a normal distribution deeper than 5 cm before and after harvest. The transit of the agricultural machinery for sugar cane harvest concentrated the space variability at lower distances than the sampling one, reflected an increase in the nugget effect. At the same time, an increase space correlation rank and a redistribution of compaction areas were observed studying the variations in kriging maps. Another effect of the agricultural machinery transit was to induce antipersistence and anisotropy in some horizontal directions. However, in vertical direction of the longest transect an irregular behaviour was induced not only by the machinery as by another factors such as soil cracks, crop rows and allocation.

La estética de la deformación en la era de la cultura de masas : un proyecto de Alison y Peter Smithson

Alison Margaret Gill y Peter Denham Smithson son, o eran, ambos murieron hace ya algunos años, dos arquitectos. Así dicho, esto suena a obviedad. Sin embargo no lo es, porque siempre han sido compactados en una unidad proyectual, bien bajo las siglas Alison y Peter Smithson, o bien, más puntualmente todavía, como los Smithson. Cuando Leibniz en 1696 le dice a la princesa electora Sofía que en algo tan puntual y homogéneo aparentemente como una gota de agua, vista al microscopio, resulta haber más de un millón de animales vivos, se puede empezar a vislumbrar el resultado de la Tesis. El resultado de este trabajo no se contempla un millón de partículas pero sí dos. La obra de Alison y Peter Smithson esta conformada desde su inicio probablemente por la particularidad de que en ella intervienen tanto Gill como Smithson, aunque cada uno sea en mayor o menor medida la o el responsable de un proyecto. Puesto al microscopio el proyecto del que se ocupa la Tesis, el concurso de 1953 para la ampliación de la Universidad de Sheffield, se estima que está compuesto de dos partes diferentes y que como Los Smithson o como una gota de agua, su unidad es una mera convención, una forma de designarlo y tratarlo, que falsea en algo su apreciación, aunque, como se verá, es lo que provoca el extraño efecto que como imagen ejerce. El Capítulo I descubre la duplicidad. Reyner Banham fijó en 1955, en el artículo The New Brutalism, el modo de encarar el proyecto de Sheffield cuando proyectó sobre él lo más novedoso que en el campo de la pintura ocurría en ese momento, el Art Autre. Michel Tapié ve en el informalismo presente en las obras que él engloba como un <> rasgos que puede presentar a la luz de conceptos que extrae de Riemann, matemático del s. XIX, introductor de una nueva geometría. La Tesis remonta por tanto hasta Riemann, a la búsqueda del concepto del que penden tanto Tapié como Banham. El concepto es la variedad continua; un conjunto, cuyos elementos pueden recorrer la extensión de la variedad mediante una deformación continua, como si dijéramos, diluyéndose unos en otros sin cortes entre sí. Los ejemplos del informalismo serían, por tanto, los puntos de la variedad, formas inestables o detenciones aleatorias en este transitar continuo de un mismo objeto. La visión de cuerpos en cortes aleatorios a la evolución otorga a sus formas cualesquiera la condición de extrañeza o perturbación, produciendo un impacto en la mente que lo graba instintivamente en la materia de la memoria. Así, es la memorabilidad, dada precisamente por el impacto que supone ver cuerpos en estado evolutivo, sin una forma precisa, la propiedad que gobierna a los objetos que caen bajo el Art Autre, y es la memorabilidad el rasgo distintivo de Sheffield para Banham. Este sentido evolutivo que se puede asociar a los elementos de una variedad entra en consonancia con una variedad de estados en evolución en el marco de las especies orgánicas. No sólo como individuo sino también como especie. La coincidencia no sólo es formal, también es temporal entre el descubrimiento de Riemann de la variedad continua y el de Darwin de la evolución de las especies. Ve Darwin que algunos ejemplares presentan en su cuerpo conformaciones normales de especies diferentes, que puede entenderse como una anormalidad o defecto evolutivo, lo que él llama <>. Un ejemplar monstruoso no es capaz de abrir una escisión de la variedad y en este sentido rompe su cadena evolutiva. Es un elemento, por tanto extraño a la variedad. Lo peculiar que expone Darwin, es que la monstruosidad puede ser provocada artificialmente por motivos estéticos, como ocurre en determinados animales o plantas ornamentales. Bien, esto es exactamente lo que descubre la Tesis en el proyecto de Sheffield. La unión en un solo proyecto de dos conformaciones de naturaleza diferente. El Capítulo II indaga en la naturaleza dual de Sheffield. Y la descubre en la aplicación de dos principios que tienen múltiples derivas, pero interesante en una en particular, referida al espacio. Uno es el Principio de Posición. Bajo él se contempla la situación del concurso dada en su globalidad, en una visión totalizadora que permite buscar y destacar posiciones singulares y tener un control preciso del proyecto desde el inicio. Se dice que es la opción normal en arquitectura comprender el espacio en su conjunto y que el trazado de ejes y el reparto del espacio obedecen a este principio. Son así vistos la propuesta ganadora del equipo GMW y fundamentalmente el trazado de ejes en la obra de Le Corbusier. Una parte de Sheffield es un producto típico de este modo de proceder. Hay un segundo principio que es el Principio de Transición Continua. En los términos expuestos para la variedad de Riemann, sería como si en lugar de ver cuerpos en estados concretos, por deformados que pudieran ser, nos introdujéramos dentro de la propia variedad acoplándonos al curso de la evolución misma, en un acto de unión interior con la marcha de la evolución. Para ejercer esta acción se toma como punto inicial el extremo del edificio universitario existente, el Firth Court, y se lleva cabo un estiramiento continuo. En esto radica lo que la Tesis distingue como la ampliación, el cuerpo que se enrosca paulatinamente. Para exponer este concepto, la Tesis se apoya en un ejercicio llevado a cabo por Raymond Unwin en Hampstead, el close, o estiramiento lateral del borde de un viario para hacer surgir el espacio útil residencial. A partir del concepto de close, se deriva en la urbanística americana de principios del s. XX el concepto de cluster, que pasa a ser uno de los argumentos principales de la teoría de Alison y de Peter Smithson en los años 50. El Capítulo III plantea la dificultad de mantener la dualidad de Sheffield a primeros de los 50, sometido el proyecto de arquitectura a la unicidad que impone el criterio hegemónico de Rudolf Wittkower desde “Los Fundamentos de la Arquitectura en la Edad del Humanismo”. Como en el Capítulo I, la obligación que se traza la Tesis es remontar los orígenes de las cosas que se tratan, y en este caso, entrar en las fuentes del principio proporcional. Se descubren así los fundamentos de la proporción aritmética y geométrica en el seno del pitagorismo, sus problemas y su evolución. La postura de los dos arquitectos frente a Wittkower es de admiración, pero también de libertad. Esta libertad suya es la que defiende la Tesis. Cotejando lo que da de sí la arquitectura basada en los principios proporcionales con otra arquitectura estancada en el paso del Renacimiento al Barroco como es la arquitectura perspectiva y proyectiva, la arquitectura oblicua, recuperada a la sazón por medio de la intervención en la Tesis de Panofsky, se dirimen aspectos colaterales pero fundamentales de una renovación de los planteamientos: hay planteamientos que se dicen esencialistas y objetivos y otros funcionales y que derivan en subjetivos y relacionales. Sobre estas dos marcos de categorías el propósito que persigue la Tesis es dar cuenta de los dos principios que rigen lo visto en el Capítulo II, el Principio de Posición y el Principio de Transición Continua, responsables ambos, al 50%, de la monstruosidad detectada en Sheffield, que no es negativa, sino, como decía Darwin, la combinación en un solo cuerpo de conformaciones normales en animales de especies diferentes, incluso con fines estéticos. En Sheffield existe, y esta dibujada, la figura de una cabeza escultural con un doble rostro. Todo el trabajo de la Tesis se encamina, en definitiva, a explicar, con toda la claridad y extensión que me ha sido posible, en qué consiste ese doble rostro. ABSTRACT Peter and Alison Smithson’s work is, is from its start, very influenced by both Alison Margaret Gill and Peter Denham Smithson. The matter of study of this Thesis, the 1953 competition for the expansion of the University of Sheffield, estimated after its exam, which is composed by two different parts, which, together produce a strange effect as an image. Reyner Banham in 1955 described the image in his article “The New Brutalism” as the key argument (most iconic) for the Sheffield’s project. The way his image powerfully influences sensitivity, by perturbation, makes this a singular and memorable image. This feature, only present in Sheffield, over any other building of the time, even from the same architects, allow Banham to associate the project to Art Autre, thought by Michel Tapié as a new artistic movement, to which Sheffield will belong, in the architecture part. Tapié sees in the informalism of works considered Art Autre some aspects that can bring concepts he extracts from Riemann, XIX Century mathematician, father of the new geometry. This Thesis discovers Riemann’s concept of continuous variety, a set whose elements are able to go through variety by a continuous deformation, diluting themselves without touching each other. Examples of informalism would be, points of that variety, unstable forms or random detentions in the continuous transit of the same object. Therefore, the condition of memorability comes precisely from the impact that seeing bodies in state of evolution creates. That evolutive sense that can be associated to elements of a variety, comes together with a variety of states of evolution in the world of organic species. Not only as an individual, but as well as a species. Coincidence between Riemann and Darwin’s discoveries is not only formal, but as well temporary. Darwin observes that some individuals of concrete species present on their bodies some features, typical of other species, which may be interpreted as evolutive failure. But the most peculiar part of what Darwin exposes is that monstrosity can indeed be artificially made for aesthetical purposes, like it happens in certain animals and plants. Well, this is what the Thesis discovers in Sheffield’s project. The union in a single project of two different nature forms, of which none on the parts is a deformation of the other, but they are both irreducible. Once both parts are collated, a new system which adapts well is discovered. It is a system created by Leibniz in the XVII Century, created to distinguish to principles that clear the difference between the equation methods and differential calculus. This principles are the Principle of Position and the Principle of Continuity. This two principles, translated to the spatial analysis field are key for the two parts of the project. On the one hand, the part developing in a lineal axis belongs to the Principle of Position. This means that that there is a global vision of space after which it is decided which operation to follow, which in this case consists of establishing an axis between two singular positions of the university area. The part which is being deformed while it goes is studied as a continuous action of stretching an existing building, the Firth Court, in which there is no previous spatial analysis. The only way to understand and to explain this action is by the Principle of Continuity. So, all in all, the Thesis changes the view of Sheffield from an Art Autre work to a “monstrosity”, without the negative meaning of it, just as a combination of two different nature formations, which, at the same time, justifies its power as iconic image. Finally, I would like to point out that in the Sheffield’s project there is (drawn and also physically) a sculptural head which has the feature of representing both, a man and a woman’s face. All the work of this Thesis leads to explaining the double nature of the project, taking this double expression head as inspiration.

Integration of Timetable Planning and Rolling Stock in Rapid Transit Networks

The aim of this paper is to propose an integrated planning model to adequate the offered capacity and system frequencies to attend the increased passenger demand and traffic congestion around urban and suburban areas. The railway capacity is studied in line planning, however, these planned frequencies were obtained without accounting for rolling stock flows through the rapid transit network. In order to provide the problem more freedom to decide rolling stock flows and therefore better adjusting these flows to passenger demand, a new integrated model is proposed, where frequencies are readjusted. Then, the railway timetable and rolling stock assignment are also calculated, where shunting operations are taken into account. These operations may sometimes malfunction, causing localized incidents that could propagate throughout the entire network due to cascading effects. This type of operations will be penalized with the goal of selectively avoiding them and ameliorating their high malfunction probabilities. Swapping operations will also be ensured using homogeneous rolling stock material and ensuring parkings in strategic stations. We illustrate our model using computational experiments drawn from RENFE (the main Spanish operator of suburban passenger trains) in Madrid, Spain. The results show that through this integrated approach a greater robustness degree can be obtained

Effects of the correction of particle microbial contamination and particle transit model in the rumen on in situ protein evaluation of grass hays.

Effects of considering the particle comminution rate -kc- in addition to particle rumen outflow -kp- and the ruminal microbial contamination on estimates of by-pass and intestinal digestibility of DM, organic matter and crude protein were examined in perennial ryegrass and oat hays. By-pass kc-kp-based values of amino acids were also determined. This study was performed using particle transit, in situ and 15N techniques on three rumen and duodenum-cannulated wethers. The above estimates were determined using composite samples from rumen-incubated residues representative of feed by-pass. Considering the comminution rate, kc, modified the contribution of the incubated residues to these samples in both hays and revealed a higher microbial contamination, consistently in oat hay and only as a tendency for crude protein in ryegrass hay. Not considering kc or rumen microbial contamination overvalued by-pass and intestinal digestibility in both hays. Therefore, non-microbial-corrected kp-based values of intestinal digested crude protein were overestimated as compared with corrected and kc-kp-based values in ryegrass hay -17.4 vs 4.40%- and in oat hay -5.73 vs 0.19%-. Both factors should be considered to obtain accurate in situ estimates in grasses, as the protein value of grasses is very conditioned by the microbial synthesis derived from their ruminal fermentation. Consistent overvaluations of amino acid by-pass due to not correcting microbial contamination were detected in both hays, with large variable errors among amino acids. A similar degradation pattern of amino acids was recorded in both hays. Cysteine, methionine, leucine and valine were the most degradation-resistant amino acids.

Recovery of Disruptions in Rapid Transit Networks

This paper studies the disruption management problem of rapid transit rail networks. Besides optimizing the timetable and the rolling stock schedules, we explicitly deal with the effects of the disruption on the passenger demand. We propose a two-step approach that combines an integrated optimization model (for the timetable and rolling stock) with a model for the passengers’ behavior. We report our computational tests on realistic problem instances of the Spanish rail operator RENFE. The proposed approach is able to find solutions with a very good balance between various managerial goals within a few minutes. Se estudia la gestión de las incidencias en redes de metro y cercanías. Se optimizan los horarios y la asignación del material rodante, teniendo en cuenta el comportamiento de los pasajeros. Se reallizan pruebas en varias líneas de la red de cercanías de Madrid, con resultados satisfactorios.

The relationship between young people's transit use and their perceptions of equity concepts in transit service provision

This study investigates the effect of price and travel mode fairness and spatial equity in transit provision on the perceived transit service quality, willingness to pay, and habitual frequency of use. Based on the theory of planned behavior, we developed a web-based questionnaire for revealed preferences data collection. The survey was administered among young people in Copenhagen and Lisbon to explore the transit perceptions and use under different economic and transit provision conditions. The survey yielded 499 questionnaires, analyzed by means of structural equation models. Results show that higher perceived fairness relates positively to higher perceived quality of transit service and higher perceived ease of paying for transit use. Higher perceived spatial equity in service provision is associated with higher perceived service quality. Higher perceived service quality relates to higher perceived ease of payment, which links to higher frequency of transit use.

Transit Use by Young People in Times of Financial Austerity: A Cause of Equity Concern?

This study investigates the effect of price and travel time fairness and spatial equity in transit provision on the perceived transit service quality, willingness to pay, and habitual frequency of use. Based on the theory of planned behavior, we developed a web-based questionnaire for revealed preferences data collection. The survey was administered among young people in Copenhagen and Lisbon to explore the transit perceptions and use under different economic and transit provision conditions. The survey yielded 499 questionnaires, analyzed by means of structural equation models. Results show that higher perceived fairness relates positively to higher perceived quality of transit service and higher perceived ease of paying for transit use. Higher perceived spatial equity in service provision is associated with higher perceived service quality. Higher perceived service quality relates to higher perceived ease of payment, which links to higher frequency of transit use.

Improving robustness of rolling stock circulations in rapid transit networks

The rolling stock circulation depends on two different problems: the rolling stock assignment and the train routing problems, which up to now have been solved sequentially. We propose a new approach to obtain better and more robust circulations of the rolling stock train units, solving the rolling stock assignment while accounting for the train routing problem. Here robustness means that difficult shunting operations are selectively penalized and propagated delays together with the need for human resources are minimized. This new integrated approach provides a huge model. Then, we solve the integrated model using Benders decomposition, where the main decision is the rolling stock assignment and the train routing is in the second level. For computational reasons we propose a heuristic based on Benders decomposition. Computational experiments show how the current solution operated by RENFE (the main Spanish train operator) can be improved: more robust and efficient solutions are obtained

Simulation of Freight Trains Equipped with Partially Filled Tank Containers and Related Resonance Phenomenon

To study the fluid motion-vehicle dynamics interaction, a model of four, liquid filled two-axle container freight wagons was set up. The railway vehicle has been modelled as a multi-body system (MBS). To include fluid sloshing, an equivalent mechanical model has been developed and incorporated. The influence of several factors has been studied in computer simulations, such as track defects, curve negotiation, train velocity, wheel wear, liquid and solid wagonload, and container baffles. SIMPACK has been used for MBS analysis, and ANSYS for liquid sloshing modelling and equivalent mechanical systems validation. Acceleration and braking manoeuvres of the freight train set the liquid cargo into motion. This longitudinal sloshing motion of the fluid cargo inside the tanks initiated a swinging motion of some components of the coupling gear. The coupling gear consists of UIC standard traction hooks and coupling screws that are located between buffers. One of the coupling screws is placed in the traction hook of the opposite wagon thus joining the two wagons, whereas the unused coupling screw rests on a hanger. Simulation results showed that, for certain combinations of type of liquid, filling level and container dimensions, the liquid cargo could provoke an undesirable, although not hazardous, release of the unused coupling screw from its hanger. The coupling screw's release was especially obtained when a period of acceleration was followed by an abrupt braking manoeuvre at 1 m/s2. It was shown that a resonance effect between the liquid's oscillation and the coupling screw's rotary motion could be the reason for the coupling screw's undesired release. Possible solutions to avoid the phenomenon are given.Acceleration and braking manoeuvres of the freight train set the liquid cargo into motion. This longitudinal sloshing motion of the fluid cargo inside the tanks initiated a swinging motion of some components of the coupling gear. The coupling gear consists of UIC standard traction hooks and coupling screws that are located between buffers. One of the coupling screws is placed in the traction hook of the opposite wagon thus joining the two wagons, whereas the unused coupling screw rests on a hanger. This paper reports on a study of the fluid motion-train vehicle dynamics interaction. In the study, a model of four, liquid-filled two-axle container freight wagons was developed. The railway vehicle has been modeled as a multi-body system (MBS). To include fluid sloshing, an equivalent mechanical model has been developed and incorporated. The influence of several factors has been studied in computer simulations, such as track defects, curve negotiation, train velocity, wheel wear, liquid and solid wagonload, and container baffles. A simulation program was used for MBS analysis, and a finite element analysis program was used for liquid sloshing modeling and equivalent mechanical systems validation. Acceleration and braking maneuvers of the freight train set the liquid cargo into motion. This longitudinal sloshing motion of the fluid cargo inside the tanks initiated a swinging motion of some components of the coupling gear. Simulation results showed that, for certain combinations of type of liquid, filling level and container dimensions, the liquid cargo could provoke an undesirable, although not hazardous, release of an unused coupling screw from its hanger. It was shown that a resonance effect between the liquid's oscillation and the coupling screw's rotary motion could be the reason for the coupling screw's undesired release. Solutions are suggested to avoid the resonance problem, and directions for future research are given.

Dynamic analysis using finite elements to calculate the critical wear section of the contact wire in suburban railway overhead conductor rails

The purpose of this study is to determine the critical wear levels of the contact wire of the catenary on metropolitan lines. The study has focussed on the zones of contact wire where localised wear is produced, normally associated with the appearance of electric arcs. To this end, a finite element model has been developed to study the dynamics of pantograph-catenary interaction. The model includes a zone of localised wear and a singularity in the contact wire in order to simulate the worst case scenario from the point of view of stresses. In order to consider the different stages in the wire wear process, different depths and widths of the localised wear zone were defined. The results of the dynamic simulations performed for each stage of wear let the area of the minimum resistant section of the contact wire be determined for which stresses are greater than the allowable stress. The maximum tensile stress reached in the contact wire shows a clear sensitivity to the size of the local wear zone, defined by its width and depth. In this way, if the wear measurements taken with an overhead line recording vehicle are analysed, it will be possible to calculate the potential breakage risk of the wire. A strong dependence of the tensile forces of the contact wire has also been observed. These results will allow priorities to be set for replacing the most critical sections of wire, thereby making maintenance much more efficient. The results obtained show that the wire replacement criteria currently borne in mind have turned out to be appropriate, although in some wear scenarios these criteria could be adjusted even more, and so prolong the life cycle of the contact wire.

Safety assessment of underground vehicles passing over highly resilient straight tracks in the presence of a broken rail

In this paper, vehicle-track interaction for a new slab track design, conceived to reduce noise and vibration levels has been analyzed, assessing the derailment risk for trains running on curved track when encountering a broken rail. Two different types of rail fastening systems with different elasticities have been analysed and compared. Numerical methods were used in order to simulate the dynamic behaviour of the train-track interaction. Multibody system (MBS) modelling techniques were combined with techniques based on the finite element method (FEM). MBS modelling was used for modelling the vehicle and FEM for simulating the elastic track. The simulation model was validated by comparing simulated results to experimental data obtained in field testing. During the simulations various safety indices, characteristic of derailment risk, were analysed. The simulations realised at the maximum running velocity of 110 km/h showed a similar behaviour for several track types. When reducing the running speed, the safety indices worsened for both cases. Although the worst behaviour was observed for the track with a greater elasticity, in none of the simulations did a derailment occur when running over the broken rail.

Effectiveness of resilient wheels in reducing noise and vibrations

This study focuses on the effectiveness of resilient wheels in reducing railway noise and vibrations, and compares the effectiveness of three types of wheels. The finite elements method has been used to characterise the vibratory behaviour of these wheels. The model has been excited with a realistic spectrum of vertical track irregularities, and a spectral analysis has been carried out. Results have been post-processed in order to estimate the sound power emitted. These calculations have been used to assess the effectiveness of the resilient wheel designs in reducing noise emitted to the environment and in propagating structural vibrations.

Comparison of vibration and rolling noise emission of resilient and solid monobloc railway wheels in underground lines

Flat or worn wheels rolling on rough or corrugated tracks can provoke airborne noise and ground-borne vibration, which can be a serious concern for nearby neighbours of urban rail transit lines. Among the various treatments used to reduce vibration and noise, resilient wheels play an important role. In conventional resilient wheels, a slightly prestressed V­shaped rubber ring is mounted between the steel wheel centre and tyre. The elastic layer enhances rolling noise and vibration suppression, as well as impact reduction on the track. In this paper the effectiveness of resilient wheels in underground lines, in comparison to monobloc ones, is assessed. The analysed resilient wheel is able to carry greater loads than standard resilient wheels used for light vehicles. It also presents a greater radial resiliency and a higher axial stiffness than conventional V­wheels. The finite element method was used in this study. A quarter car model was defined, in which the wheelset was modelled as an elastic body. Several simulations were performed in order to assess the vibrational behaviour of elastic wheels, including modal, harmonic and random vibration analysis, the latter allowing the introduction of realistic vertical track irregularities, as well as the influence of the running speed. Due to numerical problems some simplifications were needed. Parametric variations were also performed, in which the sensitivity of the whole system to variations of rubber prestress and Poisson’s ratio of the elastic material was assessed.Results are presented in the frequency domain, showing a better performance of the resilient wheels for frequencies over 200 Hz. This result reveals the ability of the analyzed design to mitigate rolling noise, but not structural vibrations, which are primarily found in the lower frequency range.

A contribution to the deterministic modelling of circadian rhythms in cell proliferation activity

This paper presents a deterministic continuous model of proliferative cell activity. The classical series of connected compartments is revisited along with a simple mathematical treatment of two hypotheses: constant transit times and harmonic Ts. Several examples are presented to support these ideas, both taken from previous literature and recent experiences with the fish Carassius auratus, developed at the Junta de Energía Nuclear, Madrid, Spain.

Designing Rapid Transit Network Design with Alternative routes

The aim of this paper is to propose a model for the design of a robust rapid transit network. In this paper, a network is said to be robust when the effect of disruption on total trip coverage is minimized. The proposed model is constrained by three different kinds of flow conditions. These constraints will yield a network that provides several alternative routes for given origin–destination pairs, therefore increasing robustness. The paper includes computational experiments which show how the introduction of robustness influences network design