Multibeam Network Design and Measurement for Triangular Array of Three Radiating Elements

Nowadays, more a more base stations are equipped with active conformal antennas. These antenna designs combine phase shift systems with multibeam networks providing multi-beam ability and interference rejection, which optimize multiple channel systems. GEODA is a conformal adaptive antenna system designed for satellite communications. Operating at 1.7 GHz with circular polarization, it is possible to track and communicate with several satellites at once thanks to its adaptive beam. The antenna is based on a set of similar triangular arrays that are divided in subarrays of three elements called `cells'. Transmission/Receiver (T/R) modules manage beam steering by shifting the phases. A more accurate steering of the antenna GEODA could be achieved by using a multibeam network. Several multibeam network designs based on Butler network will be presented

Designing Rapid Transit Network Design with Alternative routes

The aim of this paper is to propose a model for the design of a robust rapid transit network. In this paper, a network is said to be robust when the effect of disruption on total trip coverage is minimized. The proposed model is constrained by three different kinds of flow conditions. These constraints will yield a network that provides several alternative routes for given origin–destination pairs, therefore increasing robustness. The paper includes computational experiments which show how the introduction of robustness influences network design

Aspects of a phased array radar feed and bias network design

Radar technologies have been developed to improve the efficiency when detecting targets. Radar is a system composed by several devices connected and working together. Depending on the type of radar, the improvements are focused on different functionalities of the radar. One of the most important devices composing a radar is the antenna, that sends the radio-frequency signal to the space in order to detect targets. This project is focused on a specific type of radar called phased array radar. This type of radar is characterized by its antenna, which consist on a linear array of radiating elements, in this particular case, eight dipoles working at the frequency band S. The main advantage introduced by the phased array antenna is that using the fundamentals of arrays, the directivity of the antenna can change by shifting the phase of the signal at the input of each radiating element. This can be done using phase shifters. Phase shifter consists on a device which produces a phase shift in the radio-frequency input signal depending on a control DC voltage. Using a phased array antenna allows changing the directivity of the antenna without a mechanical rotating system. The objective of this project is to design the feed network and the bias network of the phased antenna. The feed network consists on a parallel-fed network composed by power dividers that sends the radio-frequency signal from the source to each radiating element of the antenna. The bias network consists on a system that generates the control DC voltages supplied to the phase shifters in order to change the directivity. The architecture of the bias network is composed by a software, implemented in Matlab and run in a laptop which is connected to a micro-controller by a serial communication port. The software calculates the control DC voltages needed to obtain a determined directivity or scan angle. These values are sent by the serial communication port to the micro-controller as data. Then the micro-controller generates the desired control DC voltages and supplies them to the phase shifters. In this project two solutions for bias network are designed. Each one is tested and final conclusions are obtained to determine the advantages and disadvantages. Finally a graphic user interface is developed in order to make the system easy to use. RESUMEN. Las tecnologías empleadas por lo dispositivos radar se han ido desarrollando para mejorar su eficiencia y usabilidad. Un radar es un sistema formado por varios subsistemas conectados entre sí. Por lo que dependiendo del tipo de radar las mejoras se centran en los subsistemas correspondientes. Uno de los elementos más importantes de un radar es la antena. Esta se emplea para enviar la señal de radiofrecuencia al espacio y así poder detectar los posibles obstáculos del entorno. Este proyecto se centra en un tipo específico de radar llamado phased array radar. Este tipo de radar se caracteriza por la antena que es un array de antenas, en concreto para este proyecto se trata de un array lineal de ocho dipolos en la banda de frequencia S. El uso de una antena de tipo phased array supone una ventaja importante. Empleando los fundamentos de radiación aplicado a array de antenas se obtiene que la directividad de la antena puede ser modificada. Esto se consigue aplicando distintos desfasajes a la señal de radiofrecuencia que alimenta a cada elemento del array. Para aplicar los desfasajes se emplea un desplazador de fase, este dispositivo aplica una diferencia de fase a su salida con respecto a la señal de entrada dependiendo de una tensión continua de control. Por tanto el empleo de una antena de tipo phased array supone una gran ventaja puesto que no se necesita un sistema de rotación para cambiar la directividad de la antena. El objetivo principal del proyecto consiste en el diseño de la red de alimentación y la red de polarización de la antena de tipo phased array. La red de alimentación consiste en un circuito pasivo que permite alimentar a cada elemento del array con la misma cantidad de señal. Dicha red estará formada por divisores de potencia pasivos y su configuración será en paralelo. Por otro lado la red de polarización consiste en el diseño de un sistema automático que permite cambiar la directividad de la antena. Este sistema consiste en un programa en Matlab que es ejecutado en un ordenador conectado a un micro-controlador mediante una comunicación serie. El funcionamiento se basa en calcular las tensiones continuas de control, que necesitan los desplazadores de fase, mediante un programa en Matlab y enviarlos como datos al micro-controlador. Dicho micro-controlador genera las tensiones de control deseadas y las proporciona a cada desplazador de fase, obteniendo así la directividad deseada. Debido al amplio abanico de posibilidades, se obtienen dos soluciones que son sometidas a pruebas. Se obtienen las ventajas y desventajas de cada una. Finalmente se implementa una interfaz gráfica de usuario con el objetivo de hacer dicho sistema manejable y entendible para cualquier usuario.

Design of in-building wireless networks deployments using evolutionary algorithms

In this article, a novel approach to deal with the design of in-building wireless networks deployments is proposed. This approach known as MOQZEA (Multiobjective Quality Zone Based Evolutionary Algorithm) is a hybr id evolutionary algorithm adapted to use a novel fitness function, based on the definition of quality zones for the different objective functions considered. This approach is conceived to solve wireless network design problems without previous information of the required number of transmitters, considering simultaneously a high number of objective functions and optimizing multiple configuration parameters of the transmitters.

Ypres rally network

Along of this document the reader could find a suitable network design and solution for the Rally Championship of Ypres meeting all the requirements set by the organization of the rally. These requirements have brought many problems in accordance with the network standards, because the area where the boxes are located is pretty large nevertheless technologies to solve those problems are detailed in the project. It has been included different designs in the project, each one of them based on distinct characteristic as they could be efficient, performance… , and the most important, since the organization of the rally is non-profit , the budget. Nevertheless we didn’t dismiss the use of long-lasting devices, as CISCO devices, despite their price. Furthermore a configuration of routing/switching devices has been explained for those who will be commanded to implement this solution. This solution is design to supply internet access as well as video streaming to all boxes for what teams can follow the championship in live time. The maximum connection of internet service provider (ISP) is 160Mbps, this bandwidth has to be distributed for the boxes dynamically. Finally to ensure the network works out it has to be monitored, this is reachable by using network analysis tools which in this project Wireshark has been chosen. RESUMEN. A lo largo de este documento, el lector encontrara un posible diseño y una posible solución para la red local del circuito de Rally celebrado en Ypres, cumpliendo con todos los requisitos y especificaciones establecidos por la organización. Estos requisitos han causado problemas de conformidad con los estándares de la red, debido a que la zona donde se encuentran los Boxes de los equipos es bastante larga, sin embargo las tecnologías para resolver esos problemas se detallan en este proyecto. Se han incluido diferentes diseños, cada uno de ellos centrado en aspectos diferentes así como la eficacia, el rendimiento, el presupuesto, etc... Esta solución está diseñada para suministrar acceso a Internet, así como la transmisión dinámica de video a todos los equipos para que puedan seguir la competición en tiempo real. Finalmente para controlar y asegurar que la red funciona, será monitorizada mediante herramientas de análisis de redes (Wireshark).

Robust infraestructure design in rapid transit rail systems

Incidents and rolling stock breakdowns are commonplace in rapid transit rail systems and may disrupt the system performance imposing deviations from planned operations. A network design model is proposed for reducing the effect of disruptions less likely to occur. Failure probabilities are considered functions of the amount of services and the rolling stock’s routing on the designed network so that they cannot be calculated a priori but result from the design process itself. A two recourse stochastic programming model is formulated where the failure probabilities are an implicit function of the number of services and routing of the transit lines.

Codificador de voz MIDI

El presente proyecto tiene el objetivo de facilitar la composición de canciones mediante la creación de las distintas pistas MIDI que la forman. Se implementan dos controladores. El primero, con objeto de transcribir la parte melódica, convierte la voz cantada o tarareada a eventos MIDI. Para ello, y tras el estudio de las distintas técnicas del cálculo del tono (pitch), se implementará una técnica con ciertas variaciones basada en la autocorrelación. También se profundiza en el segmentado de eventos, en particular, una técnica basada en el análisis de la derivada de la envolvente. El segundo, dedicado a la base rítmica de la canción, permite la creación de la percusión mediante el golpe rítmico de objetos que disponga el usuario, que serán asignados a los distintos elementos de percusión elegidos. Los resultados de la grabación de estos impactos serán señales de corta duración, no lineales y no armónicas, dificultando su discriminación. La herramienta elegida para la clasificación de los distintos patrones serán las redes neuronales artificiales (RNA). Se realizara un estudio de la metodología de diseño de redes neuronales especifico para este tipo de señales, evaluando la importancia de las variables de diseño como son el número de capas ocultas y neuronas en cada una de ellas, algoritmo de entrenamiento y funciones de activación. El estudio concluirá con la implementación de dos redes de diferente naturaleza. Una red de Elman, cuyas propiedades de memoria permiten la clasificación de patrones temporales, procesará las cualidades temporales analizando el ataque de su forma de onda. Una red de propagación hacia adelante feed-forward, que necesitará de robustas características espectrales y temporales para su clasificación. Se proponen 26 descriptores como los derivados de los momentos del espectro: centroide, curtosis y simetría, los coeficientes cepstrales de la escala de Mel (MFCCs), y algunos temporales como son la tasa de cruces por cero y el centroide de la envolvente temporal. Las capacidades de discriminación inter e intra clase de estas características serán evaluadas mediante un algoritmo de selección, habiéndose elegido RELIEF, un método basado en el algoritmo de los k vecinos mas próximos (KNN). Ambos controladores tendrán función de trabajar en tiempo real y offline, permitiendo tanto la composición de canciones, como su utilización como un instrumento más junto con mas músicos. ABSTRACT. The aim of this project is to make song composition easier by creating each MIDI track that builds it. Two controllers are implemented. In order to transcribe the melody, the first controler converts singing voice or humming into MIDI files. To do this a technique based on autocorrelation is implemented after having studied different pitch detection methods. Event segmentation has also been dealt with, to be more precise a technique based on the analysis of the signal's envelope and it's derivative have been used. The second one, can be used to make the song's rhythm . It allows the user, to create percussive patterns by hitting different objects of his environment. These recordings results in short duration, non-linear and non-harmonic signals. Which makes the classification process more complicated in the traditional way. The tools to used are the artificial neural networks (ANN). We will study the neural network design to deal with this kind of signals. The goal is to get a design methodology, paying attention to the variables involved, as the number of hidden layers and neurons in each, transfer functions and training algorithm. The study will end implementing two neural networks with different nature. Elman network, which has memory properties, is capable to recognize sequences of data and analyse the impact's waveform, precisely, the attack portion. A feed-forward network, needs strong spectral and temporal features extracted from the hit. Some descriptors are proposed as the derivates from the spectrum moment as centroid, kurtosis and skewness, the Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients, and some temporal features as the zero crossing rate (zcr) and the temporal envelope's centroid. Intra and inter class discrimination abilities of those descriptors will be weighted using the selection algorithm RELIEF, a Knn (K-nearest neighbor) based algorithm. Both MIDI controllers can be used to compose, or play with other musicians as it works on real-time and offline.

How much energy will your NGN consume? A model for energy consumption in next generation access networks: The case of Spain

The contribution to global energy consumption of the information and communications technology (ICT) sector has increased considerably in the last decade, along with its growing relevance to the overall economy. This trend will continue due to the seemingly ever greater use of these technologies, with broadband data traffic generated by the usage of telecommunication networks as a primary component. In fact, in response to user demand, the telecommunications industry is initiating the deployment of next generation networks (NGNs). However, energy consumption is mostly absent from the debate on these deployments, in spite of the potential impact on both expenses and sustainability. In addition, consumers are unaware of the energy impact of their choices in ultra-broadband services. This paper focuses on forecasting energy consumption in the access part of NGNs by modelling the combined effect of the deployment of two different ultra-broadband technologies (FTTH-GPON and LTE), the evolution of traffic per user, and the energy consumption in each of the networks and user devices. Conclusions are presented on the levels of energy consumption, their cost and the impact of different network design parameters. The effect of technological developments, techno-economic and policy decisions on energy consumption is highlighted. On the consumer side, practical figures and comparisons across technologies are provided. Although the paper focuses on Spain, the analysis can be extended to similar countries.

Entanglement Distribution in Quantum Metropolitan Optical Networks

The ability to generate entangled photon-pairs over a broad wavelength range opens the door to the simultaneous distribution of entanglement to multiple users of a network using a single source and wavelength-division multiplexing technologies. Here we show the design of a metropolitan optical network made of tree-type access networks where entangled photon-pairs are distributed to any pair of users, independently of their location. The resulting network improves the reach, number of users and capabilities of existing proposals. Moreover, it is made up of typical commercial components and uses the existing infrastructure, which allows for moderate deployment costs. Finally, we develop a channel plan and a network design that allow direct optical communications, quantum and classical, between any pair of users. Therefore, multiple quantum information technologies can make use of this network.

Entanglement distribution in optical networks

The ability to generate entangled photon pairs over a broad wavelength range opens the door to the simultaneous distribution of entanglement to multiple users in a network by using centralized sources and flexible wavelength-division multiplexing schemes. Here, we show the design of a metropolitan optical network consisting of tree-type access networks, whereby entangled photon pairs are distributed to any pair of users, independent of their location. The network is constructed employing commercial off-the-shelf components and uses the existing infrastructure, which allows for moderate deployment costs. We further develop a channel plan and a network-architecture design to provide a direct optical path between any pair of users; thus, allowing classical and one-way quantum communication, as well as entanglement distribution. This allows the simultaneous operation of multiple quantum information technologies. Finally, we present a more flexible backbone architecture that pushes away the load limitations of the original network design by extending its reach, number of users and capabilities.

Diseño de una red de acceso mediante fibra óptica

Con el objetivo de consolidar los conocimientos en Sistemas de Telecomunicación, se pretende diseñar una red para la distribución de servicios avanzados, como televisión, internet de banda ancha y telefonía, mediante el uso de la tecnología FTTH. La red será totalmente pasiva, óptica, y de gran ancho de banda, Tipo PON (Passive Optical Network), de manera que el haz de luz del emisor se distribuye hacia múltiples fibras siguiendo diferentes direcciones, o las confina en el sentido opuesto usando técnicas WDM y TDMA. En primer lugar, es preciso realizar un estudio teórico sobre las características de la fibra óptica, junto con las propiedades de los elementos activos y pasivos que interactúan con ella, para poder comprender la tecnología en la que se basa y así ofrecer una solución final acorde a las necesidades que se presenten. Tras un vistazo general a la tecnología de fibra óptica, se procede a estudiar las características y topologías de las redes de acceso basadas en la misma, junto con los requisitos de cara al diseño de la redes y a la gestión de proyectos. Se definirán los objetivos de la red, ya que la complejidad de la red depende de factores como la extensión y cobertura de la misma, o el ancho de banda. Posteriormente se irá diseñando la red en una arquitectura descendente hasta destinar una única fibra óptica para cada hogar dentro de la cobertura de la red. Se detallarán todas las especificaciones necesarias para definir la red, (potencias, modulaciones y tipos de fibra) así como el instrumental y demás medios necesarios para operar con la misma. Aunque el diseño de una red FTTH contempla muchos más aspectos de los estudiados en el presente proyecto, se tomó como objetivo el diseño y planificación correspondientes a una sección de un área de escasa población donde la instalación se tomó como viable, obviando así pequeños detalles y centrándose en el despliegue de fibra óptica. Se pretende así ofrecer una solución de infraestructura doméstica de telecomunicaciones, apta para las futuras necesidades que implican la creciente demanda de servicios como internet de banda ancha o almacenamiento y procesado de aplicaciones en nube. La fibra óptica tiene mucho que ofrecer a las telecomunicaciones, y cada vez es más frecuente encontrar redes de fibra óptica como parte de un servicio de telecomunicaciones, tanto como para particulares como empresas. ABSTRACT. Aiming to strengthen knowledge in Telecommunications Systems, is intended to design a network for advanced services broadcasting, including digital TV, broadband internet and telephony, by using FTTH technology. This network will be entirely passive optic, and high bandwidth, PON type (Passive Optical Network) so that the transmitter beam is broadcasting to multiple optical fibers, branching out in different ways or joining them in the opposite. First, it is necessary to perform a theoretical study on the characteristics of the optical fiber, along with the properties of the active and passive elements that interact with it, to understand the technology that is based and offer a final solution according needs that arise. After an overview of the optical fiber technology, we proceed to study the characteristics and topologies access networks based on that, together with the requirements to face the network design and project management. System objectives will be determined, since the complexity of the network depends on factors such as the size and scope of it, or bandwidth. Later, the network will be designing in downstream architecture to deliver a single optical fiber to each household within the network area. All necessary specifications to define the network (power, modulation and fiber types) will be determined, as instruments and other means to operate it. Although FTTH network design includes many more aspects of those studied in this project, it was taken as objective the network design and planning corresponding to a section of a sparsely populated area where the facility was taken as feasible thus obviating small details and focus on the deployment of optical fiber. This is intended to provide a solution of household telecommunications infrastructure suitable for future needs involving the growing demand for services such as broadband internet or processing storage and cloud applications. The optical fiber has much to offer to telecommunications, and it is increasingly common to find fiber optic networks as part of a telecommunications service, both to individuals and businesses.

Desarrollo de elementos holográficos para interconexión en computación óptica

Parallel processing systems require complex interconnection networks. In order to obtain fast and flexible communications at a reasonable cost, different types of networks has been studied in the past. None of them can be considered best. The cost-effectiveness of a particular network design depends of several factors that will not be treat here. Nevertheless, the basic device that configurate an interconnection network can be the same for most of them. In this way, an Optical Interconetion Network made with Holographic Optical Element (HOE) is presented. The HOE recording way use present special caracteristics that are described. A Perfect Shuffle and Banyan networks has been implemented.

Digital chaos synchronization in optical networks

A possible approach to the synchronization of chaotic circuits is reported. It is based on an Optically Programmable Logic Cell and as a consequence its output is digital, its application to cryptography in Optical Communications comes directly from its properties. The model here presented is based on a computer simulation.

Evolutionary computation of forests with Degree- and Role-Constrained Minimum Spanning Trees

Finding the degree-constrained minimum spanning tree (DCMST) of a graph is a widely studied NP-hard problem. One of its most important applications is network design. Here we deal with a new variant of the DCMST problem, which consists of finding not only the degree- but also the role-constrained minimum spanning tree (DRCMST), i.e., we add constraints to restrict the role of the nodes in the tree to root, intermediate or leaf node. Furthermore, we do not limit the number of root nodes to one, thereby, generally, building a forest of DRCMSTs. The modeling of network design problems can benefit from the possibility of generating more than one tree and determining the role of the nodes in the network. We propose a novel permutation-based representation to encode these forests. In this new representation, one permutation simultaneously encodes all the trees to be built. We simulate a wide variety of DRCMST problems which we optimize using eight different evolutionary computation algorithms encoding individuals of the population using the proposed representation. The algorithms we use are: estimation of distribution algorithm, generational genetic algorithm, steady-state genetic algorithm, covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy, differential evolution, elitist evolution strategy, non-elitist evolution strategy and particle swarm optimization. The best results are for the estimation of distribution algorithms and both types of genetic algorithms, although the genetic algorithms are significantly faster.

Computación evolutiva de bosques de expansión mínimos con restricción de grado y de rol

Encontrar el árbol de expansión mínimo con restricción de grado de un grafo (DCMST por sus siglas en inglés) es un problema NP-complejo ampliamente estudiado. Una de sus aplicaciones más importantes es el dise~no de redes. Aquí nosotros tratamos una nueva variante del problema DCMST, que consiste en encontrar el árbol de expansión mínimo no solo con restricciones de grado, sino también con restricciones de rol (DRCMST), es decir, a~nadimos restricciones para restringir el rol que los nodos tienen en el árbol. Estos roles pueden ser nodo raíz, nodo intermedio o nodo hoja. Por otra parte, no limitamos el número de nodos raíz a uno, por lo que, en general, construiremos bosques de DRCMSTs. El modelado en los problemas de dise~no de redes puede beneficiarse de la posibilidad de generar más de un árbol y determinar el rol de los nodos en la red. Proponemos una nueva representación basada en permutaciones para codificar los bosques de DRCMSTs. En esta nueva representación, una permutación codifica simultáneamente todos los árboles que se construirán. Nosotros simulamos una amplia variedad de problemas DRCMST que optimizamos utilizando ocho algoritmos de computación evolutiva diferentes que codifican los individuos de la población utilizando la representación propuesta. Los algoritmos que utilizamos son: algoritmo de estimación de distribuciones (EDA), algoritmo genético generacional (gGA), algoritmo genético de estado estacionario (ssGA), estrategia evolutiva basada en la matriz de covarianzas (CMAES), evolución diferencial (DE), estrategia evolutiva elitista (ElitistES), estrategia evolutiva no elitista (NonElitistES) y optimización por enjambre de partículas (PSO). Los mejores resultados fueron para el algoritmo de estimación de distribuciones utilizado y ambos tipos de algoritmos genéticos, aunque los algoritmos genéticos fueron significativamente más rápidos.---ABSTRACT---Finding the degree-constrained minimum spanning tree (DCMST) of a graph is a widely studied NP-hard problem. One of its most important applications is network design. Here we deal with a new variant of the DCMST problem, which consists of finding not only the degree- but also the role-constrained minimum spanning tree (DRCMST), i.e., we add constraints to restrict the role of the nodes in the tree to root, intermediate or leaf node. Furthermore, we do not limit the number of root nodes to one, thereby, generally, building a forest of DRCMSTs. The modeling of network design problems can benefit from the possibility of generating more than one tree and determining the role of the nodes in the network. We propose a novel permutation-based representation to encode the forest of DRCMSTs. In this new representation, one permutation simultaneously encodes all the trees to be built. We simulate a wide variety of DRCMST problems which we optimize using eight diferent evolutionary computation algorithms encoding individuals of the population using the proposed representation. The algorithms we use are: estimation of distribution algorithm (EDA), generational genetic algorithm (gGA), steady-state genetic algorithm (ssGA), covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMAES), diferential evolution (DE), elitist evolution strategy (ElististES), non-elitist evolution strategy (NonElististES) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). The best results are for the estimation of distribution algorithm and both types of genetic algorithms, although the genetic algorithms are significantly faster. iv