Use of camera trapping in determining Iberian lynx population parameters: The use area and its limitations

Below are the results of the survey of the Iberian lynx obtained with camera-trapping between 2000 and 2007 in Sierra Morena. Two very important aspects of camera-trapping concerning its efficiency are also analyzed. The first is the evolution along years according to the camera-trapping type used of two efficiency indicators. The results obtained demonstrate that the most efficient lure is rabbit, though it is the less proven (92 trap-nights), followed by camera-trapping in the most frequent marking places (latrines). And, we propose as a novel the concept of use area as a spatial reference unit for the camera-trapping monitoring of non radio-marked animals is proposed, and its validity discussed.

Termination and cost analysis: Complexity and precision issues

The research in this thesis is related to static cost and termination analysis. Cost analysis aims at estimating the amount of resources that a given program consumes during the execution, and termination analysis aims at proving that the execution of a given program will eventually terminate. These analyses are strongly related, indeed cost analysis techniques heavily rely on techniques developed for termination analysis. Precision, scalability, and applicability are essential in static analysis in general. Precision is related to the quality of the inferred results, scalability to the size of programs that can be analyzed, and applicability to the class of programs that can be handled by the analysis (independently from precision and scalability issues). This thesis addresses these aspects in the context of cost and termination analysis, from both practical and theoretical perspectives. For cost analysis, we concentrate on the problem of solving cost relations (a form of recurrence relations) into closed-form upper and lower bounds, which is the heart of most modern cost analyzers, and also where most of the precision and applicability limitations can be found. We develop tools, and their underlying theoretical foundations, for solving cost relations that overcome the limitations of existing approaches, and demonstrate superiority in both precision and applicability. A unique feature of our techniques is the ability to smoothly handle both lower and upper bounds, by reversing the corresponding notions in the underlying theory. For termination analysis, we study the hardness of the problem of deciding termination for a speci�c form of simple loops that arise in the context of cost analysis. This study gives a better understanding of the (theoretical) limits of scalability and applicability for both termination and cost analysis.

Implementation and management of private traffic limitation in urban areas: experiences and methodologies.

This paper shows the results of a research aimed to formulate a general model for supporting the implementation and management of an urban road pricing scheme. After a preliminary work, to define the state of the art in the field of sustainable urban mobility strategies, the problem has been theoretically set up in terms of transport economy, introducing the external costs’ concept duly translated into the principle of pricing for the use of public infrastructures. The research is based on the definition of a set of direct and indirect indicators to qualify the urban areas by land use, mobility, environmental and economic conditions. These indicators have been calculated for a selected set of typical urban areas in Europe on the basis of the results of a survey carried out by means of a specific questionnaire. Once identified the most typical and interesting applications of the road pricing concept in cities such as London (Congestion Charging), Milan (Ecopass), Stockholm (Congestion Tax) and Rome (ZTL), a large benchmarking exercise and the cross analysis of direct and indirect indicators, has allowed to define a simple general model, guidelines and key requirements for the implementation of a pricing scheme based traffic restriction in a generic urban area. The model has been finally applied to the design of a road pricing scheme for a particular area in Madrid, and to the quantification of the expected results of its implementation from a land use, mobility, environmental and economic perspective.

AUTOFLY-Aid: Flight Deck Automation Support with Dynamic 4D Trajectory Management for Responsive and Adaptive Airborne Collision Avoidance

AUTOFLY-Aid Project aims to develop and demonstrate novel automation support algorithms and tools to the flight crew for flight critical collision avoidance using “dynamic 4D trajectory management”. The automation support system is envisioned to improve the primary shortcomings of TCAS, and to aid the pilot through add-on avionics/head-up displays and reality augmentation devices in dynamically evolving collision avoidance scenarios. The main theoretical innovative and novel concepts to be developed by AUTOFLY-Aid project are a) design and development of the mathematical models of the full composite airspace picture from the flight deck’s perspective, as seen/measured/informed by the aircraft flying in SESAR 2020, b) design and development of a dynamic trajectory planning algorithm that can generate at real-time (on the order of seconds) flyable (i.e. dynamically and performance-wise feasible) alternative trajectories across the evolving stochastic composite airspace picture (which includes new conflicts, blunder risks, terrain and weather limitations) and c) development and testing of the Collision Avoidance Automation Support System on a Boeing 737 NG FNPT II Flight Simulator with synthetic vision and reality augmentation while providing the flight crew with quantified and visual understanding of collision risks in terms of time and directions and countermeasures.

Comparative analysis of road financing approaches in Europe and the United States

Road infrastructure has a remarkable economic and social impact on society. This is why road financing has always drawn the attention of policymakers, especially when resources available for government spending become scarce. Nations exhibit differing approaches to dealing with road transportation financing. In the United States, the current system of road funding has been called into question because some regard it as insufficient to meet the amounts now required for road expenditures. By contrast, in most European countries, road charges are very high, but these revenues are not allocated for the funding of roads. This paper analyzes the balance between charging for the use of and expenditure on the road sector in the United States and compares the American policy with those of several European countries (Germany, United Kingdom, France, Spain, and Switzerland). To that end, a methodology is defined to calculate the annual amount of fee charges levied on light and heavy vehicles in the selected countries in order to compare those charges with annual road expenditures. The results show that road charges in America are noticeably lower than those paid in Europe. Additionally, the research concludes that in Europe, road-generated revenues exceed road expenditures in all the countries studied, so road charges actually subsidize other policies. By contrast, in the United States, the public sector subsidizes the road system in order to maintain the current level of expenditure.

Implications of the mesophyll conductance to CO2 for photosynthesis and water-use efficiency during long-term water stress and recovery in two contrasting Eucalyptu species

Water stress (WS) slows growth and photosynthesis (An), but most knowledge comes from short-time studies that do not account for longer term acclimation processes that are especially relevant in tree species. Using two Eucalyptus species that contrast in drought tolerance, we induced moderate and severe water deficits by withholding water until stomatal conductance (gsw) decreased to two pre-defined values for 24 d, WS was maintained at the target gsw for 29 d and then plants were re-watered. Additionally, we developed new equations to simulate the effect on mesophyll conductance (gm) of accounting for the resistance to refixation of CO2. The diffusive limitations to CO2, dominated by the stomata, were the most important constraints to An. Full recovery of An was reached after re-watering, characterized by quick recovery of gm and even higher biochemical capacity, in contrast to the slower recovery of gsw. The acclimation to long-term WS led to decreased mesophyll and biochemical limitations, in contrast to studies in which stress was imposed more rapidly. Finally, we provide evidence that higher gm under WS contributes to higher intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) and reduces the leaf oxidative stress, highlighting the importance of gm as a target for breeding/genetic engineering.

Contribution to the improvement of communication services in nanosatellite constellations using delay and disruption tolerant networking based architectures

Esta tesis se desarrolla dentro del marco de las comunicaciones satelitales en el innovador campo de los pequeños satélites también llamados nanosatélites o cubesats, llamados así por su forma cubica. Estos nanosatélites se caracterizan por su bajo costo debido a que usan componentes comerciales llamados COTS (commercial off-the-shelf) y su pequeño tamaño como los Cubesats 1U (10cm*10 cm*10 cm) con masa aproximada a 1 kg. Este trabajo de tesis tiene como base una iniciativa propuesta por el autor de la tesis para poner en órbita el primer satélite peruano en mi país llamado chasqui I, actualmente puesto en órbita desde la Estación Espacial Internacional. La experiencia de este trabajo de investigación me llevo a proponer una constelación de pequeños satélites llamada Waposat para dar servicio de monitoreo de sensores de calidad de agua a nivel global, escenario que es usado en esta tesis. Es ente entorno y dadas las características limitadas de los pequeños satélites, tanto en potencia como en velocidad de datos, es que propongo investigar una nueva arquitectura de comunicaciones que permita resolver en forma óptima la problemática planteada por los nanosatélites en órbita LEO debido a su carácter disruptivo en sus comunicaciones poniendo énfasis en las capas de enlace y aplicación. Esta tesis presenta y evalúa una nueva arquitectura de comunicaciones para proveer servicio a una red de sensores terrestres usando una solución basada en DTN (Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networking) para comunicaciones espaciales. Adicionalmente, propongo un nuevo protocolo de acceso múltiple que usa una extensión del protocolo ALOHA no ranurado, el cual toma en cuenta la prioridad del trafico del Gateway (ALOHAGP) con un mecanismo de contienda adaptativo. Utiliza la realimentación del satélite para implementar el control de la congestión y adapta dinámicamente el rendimiento efectivo del canal de una manera óptima. Asumimos un modelo de población de sensores finito y una condición de tráfico saturado en el que cada sensor tiene siempre tramas que transmitir. El desempeño de la red se evaluó en términos de rendimiento efectivo, retardo y la equidad del sistema. Además, se ha definido una capa de convergencia DTN (ALOHAGP-CL) como un subconjunto del estándar TCP-CL (Transmission Control Protocol-Convergency Layer). Esta tesis muestra que ALOHAGP/CL soporta adecuadamente el escenario DTN propuesto, sobre todo cuando se utiliza la fragmentación reactiva. Finalmente, esta tesis investiga una transferencia óptima de mensajes DTN (Bundles) utilizando estrategias de fragmentación proactivas para dar servicio a una red de sensores terrestres utilizando un enlace de comunicaciones satelitales que utiliza el mecanismo de acceso múltiple con prioridad en el tráfico de enlace descendente (ALOHAGP). El rendimiento efectivo ha sido optimizado mediante la adaptación de los parámetros del protocolo como una función del número actual de los sensores activos recibidos desde el satélite. También, actualmente no existe un método para advertir o negociar el tamaño máximo de un “bundle” que puede ser aceptado por un agente DTN “bundle” en las comunicaciones por satélite tanto para el almacenamiento y la entrega, por lo que los “bundles” que son demasiado grandes son eliminados o demasiado pequeños son ineficientes. He caracterizado este tipo de escenario obteniendo una distribución de probabilidad de la llegada de tramas al nanosatélite así como una distribución de probabilidad del tiempo de visibilidad del nanosatélite, los cuales proveen una fragmentación proactiva óptima de los DTN “bundles”. He encontrado que el rendimiento efectivo (goodput) de la fragmentación proactiva alcanza un valor ligeramente inferior al de la fragmentación reactiva. Esta contribución permite utilizar la fragmentación activa de forma óptima con todas sus ventajas tales como permitir implantar el modelo de seguridad de DTN y la simplicidad al implementarlo en equipos con muchas limitaciones de CPU y memoria. La implementación de estas contribuciones se han contemplado inicialmente como parte de la carga útil del nanosatélite QBito, que forma parte de la constelación de 50 nanosatélites que se está llevando a cabo dentro del proyecto QB50. ABSTRACT This thesis is developed within the framework of satellite communications in the innovative field of small satellites also known as nanosatellites (<10 kg) or CubeSats, so called from their cubic form. These nanosatellites are characterized by their low cost because they use commercial components called COTS (commercial off-the-shelf), and their small size and mass, such as 1U Cubesats (10cm * 10cm * 10cm) with approximately 1 kg mass. This thesis is based on a proposal made by the author of the thesis to put into orbit the first Peruvian satellite in his country called Chasqui I, which was successfully launched into orbit from the International Space Station in 2014. The experience of this research work led me to propose a constellation of small satellites named Waposat to provide water quality monitoring sensors worldwide, scenario that is used in this thesis. In this scenario and given the limited features of nanosatellites, both power and data rate, I propose to investigate a new communications architecture that allows solving in an optimal manner the problems of nanosatellites in orbit LEO due to the disruptive nature of their communications by putting emphasis on the link and application layers. This thesis presents and evaluates a new communications architecture to provide services to terrestrial sensor networks using a space Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) based solution. In addition, I propose a new multiple access mechanism protocol based on extended unslotted ALOHA that takes into account the priority of gateway traffic, which we call ALOHA multiple access with gateway priority (ALOHAGP) with an adaptive contention mechanism. It uses satellite feedback to implement the congestion control, and to dynamically adapt the channel effective throughput in an optimal way. We assume a finite sensor population model and a saturated traffic condition where every sensor always has frames to transmit. The performance was evaluated in terms of effective throughput, delay and system fairness. In addition, a DTN convergence layer (ALOHAGP-CL) has been defined as a subset of the standard TCP-CL (Transmission Control Protocol-Convergence Layer). This thesis reveals that ALOHAGP/CL adequately supports the proposed DTN scenario, mainly when reactive fragmentation is used. Finally, this thesis investigates an optimal DTN message (bundles) transfer using proactive fragmentation strategies to give service to a ground sensor network using a nanosatellite communications link which uses a multi-access mechanism with priority in downlink traffic (ALOHAGP). The effective throughput has been optimized by adapting the protocol parameters as a function of the current number of active sensors received from satellite. Also, there is currently no method for advertising or negotiating the maximum size of a bundle which can be accepted by a bundle agent in satellite communications for storage and delivery, so that bundles which are too large can be dropped or which are too small are inefficient. We have characterized this kind of scenario obtaining a probability distribution for frame arrivals to nanosatellite and visibility time distribution that provide an optimal proactive fragmentation of DTN bundles. We have found that the proactive effective throughput (goodput) reaches a value slightly lower than reactive fragmentation approach. This contribution allows to use the proactive fragmentation optimally with all its advantages such as the incorporation of the security model of DTN and simplicity in protocol implementation for computers with many CPU and memory limitations. The implementation of these contributions was initially contemplated as part of the payload of the nanosatellite QBito, which is part of the constellation of 50 nanosatellites envisaged under the QB50 project.

Propuesta metodológica de evaluación de la pobreza energética en España: indicadores para la rehabilitación de viviendas

La pobreza energética es un fenómeno que afecta a un número cada vez mayor de hogares de la Unión Europea. Es por ello que resulta urgente el desarrollo de definiciones de pobreza energética adaptadas a las condiciones regionales que recojan no sólo los distintos niveles de renta de los hogares de cada país, sino también las significativas diferencias constructivas y climáticas existentes entre el norte y el sur, de modo que incorporen los problemas de sobrecalentamiento y las necesidades de climatización que además se verán exacerbadas por el incremento de temperaturas provocado por el cambio climático. En este contexto, se plantea esta investigación cuyo objetivo fundamental es desarrollar un método de evaluación de la pobreza energética de los hogares en el contexto español que incorpore las particularidades climáticas, edificatorias y socioeconómicas del país. Este método debe servir como herramienta en la identificación de los hogares que se encuentran en situación de pobreza energética, así como el grado de necesidad de los mismos. Además de esto, y dado que la calidad de las viviendas es, junto con el nivel de renta y el precio de la energía, una de las causas principales de la pobreza energética, el método constituye una ayuda en la toma de decisiones de cara al desarrollo de políticas y actuaciones de rehabilitación energética de viviendas. La propuesta de un nuevo método de evaluación de la pobreza energética en España surge de las limitaciones encontradas en las metodologías actuales para detectar correctamente los hogares en situación de pobreza energética, debido a las particularidades de las distintas regiones del país. Así, a partir de las carencias detectadas, se propone un método basado en el enfoque de ingresos y gastos, en el que además se incorpora el parámetro de la pobreza monetaria. En este método también se contempla el concepto de vulnerabilidad frente a la pobreza energética, de modo que, no sólo clasifica a los hogares como pobres energéticos o no, sino que valora el potencial de un hogar de caer en una situación de pobreza energética. El método permite, por tanto, la clasificación de los hogares en distintos grupos en función de su situación de pobreza energética y/o monetaria teniendo también en cuenta su grado de vulnerabilidad frente a las mismas. Gracias a esta división por grupos, es posible, en primer lugar, detectar aquellos hogares sobre los que resulta prioritario intervenir, así como el tipo de intervención que se debe acometer. Además de esto, la detección de grupos vulnerables permite prever posibles futuras situaciones de pobreza energética y por tanto tomar las medidas necesarias para que éstas no se produzcan. El desarrollo del método se ha realizado a través de una serie de ajustes, los cuales han ido modificándolo mediante la aplicación del mismo a distintas escalas y muestras de datos. A lo largo de la investigación que ha permitido la definición de este método, se ha establecido la incidencia de la pobreza energética en Castilla y León, la Comunidad de Madrid y Andalucía, las tres comunidades autónomas seleccionadas como casos de estudio, pudiendo delimitar aquellos hogares que se encuentran en situación de pobreza energética. También se ha establecido la relación entre la pobreza energética y la pobreza monetaria y las sinergias que se producen entre éstas y el parque de viviendas en el que habitan los hogares más desfavorecidos, el cual también se ha caracterizado y definido. Por último, mediante la selección de una muestra representativa de este parque de viviendas, se han establecido, mediante la utilización de criterios de bienestar adaptativo, las condiciones mínimas de habitabilidad que este parque debe proporcionar y las necesidades energéticas y de gasto asociados a este parque. ABSTRACT Fuel poverty affects an increasing number of households in the European Union. It is urgent the development of fuel poverty definitions adapted to regional conditions that gather not only different income levels but important construction and climatic differences between Northern and Southern countries. Furthermore, these definitions must include overheating problems and subsequent cooling needs that will likely be exacerbated by temperature increase due to climate change. In this context, the present research is aimed at developing a method for evaluating fuel poverty within the Spanish context that gathers climatic, building and socioeconomic particularities of the country. This method must constitute a useful tool for the identification of the fuel poor as well as the degree of the required need. Given that dwelling energy quality is, with income levels and energy prices, one of the main causes of fuel poverty, the method poses an aid in the decision making processes related to policy development and dwelling energy retrofitting actions. The proposal of a new method for evaluating fuel poverty in Spain relies on the limitations detected in existing methods in order to adequate delimit the fuel poor, due to the existing differences across Spanish regions. Grounded on these shortfalls, a new method is proposed; based on the income and expenditure approach, it also incorporates the parameter of monetary poverty. The concept of vulnerability towards fuel poverty is reflected too, so households can be classified as being fuel poor or not as well as their potential to fall under fuel poverty. The method allows the classification of households into different groups according to their situation regarding fuel or monetary poverty, also taking into account their vulnerability degree towards them. This division by groups enables establishing retrofitting intervention priorities of some groups over the others as well as the most appropriate type of intervention. Besides that, the detection of vulnerable groups helps to foresee possible situations of fuel poverty in the future and thus to take actions to prevent them. The development of the method was carried out through several adjustments. The modification of the method through these adjustments was the result of the analysis of different scale and source data. Along with the development of the method, the incidence of fuel poverty was established for the three Autonomous Regions selected as study cases; Castilla y León, the Autonomous Region of Madrid and Andalucía. The relation between fuel and monetary poverty was determined as well as the interactions amongst these two parameters and the housing stock where the fuel poor live in. This housing stock was characterized and a representative sample of it was selected. Minimal thermal habitability conditions that should be guaranteed for the fuel poor were determined based on adaptive thermal comfort criteria. Accordingly, energy needs and expenditure of this housing stock derived from these minimum requirements were appraised.

Fractal scaling of apparent soil moisture estimated from vertical planes of Vertisol pit images

Image analysis could be a useful tool for investigating the spatial patterns of apparent soil moisture at multiple resolutions. The objectives of the present work were (i) to define apparent soil moisture patterns from vertical planes of Vertisol pit images and (ii) to describe the scaling of apparent soil moisture distribution using fractal parameters. Twelve soil pits (0.70 m long × 0.60 m width × 0.30 m depth) were excavated on a bare Mazic Pellic Vertisol. Six of them were excavated in April/2011 and six pits were established in May/2011 after 3 days of a moderate rainfall event. Digital photographs were taken from each Vertisol pit using a Kodak™ digital camera. The mean image size was 1600 × 945 pixels with one physical pixel ≈373 μm of the photographed soil pit. Each soil image was analyzed using two fractal scaling exponents, box counting (capacity) dimension (DBC) and interface fractal dimension (Di), and three prefractal scaling coefficients, the total number of boxes intercepting the foreground pattern at a unit scale (A), fractal lacunarity at the unit scale (Λ1) and Shannon entropy at the unit scale (S1). All the scaling parameters identified significant differences between both sets of spatial patterns. Fractal lacunarity was the best discriminator between apparent soil moisture patterns. Soil image interpretation with fractal exponents and prefractal coefficients can be incorporated within a site-specific agriculture toolbox. While fractal exponents convey information on space filling characteristics of the pattern, prefractal coefficients represent the investigated soil property as seen through a higher resolution microscope. In spite of some computational and practical limitations, image analysis of apparent soil moisture patterns could be used in connection with traditional soil moisture sampling, which always renders punctual estimates

Afectación de los agrosistemas de la zona del Caño San Miguel por la salinización de los suelos

La degradación por salinización de los suelos regados con aguas salobres viene aumentando a escala mundial. El problema de la concentración de sales más solubles que el yeso depende principalmente del agua de riego, la aridez climática y la ausencia de drenaje. Estas condiciones se dan en el aluvium del río Limón, que es un tributario del lago Maracaibo, sito en el estado de Zulia de Venezuela. La regulación del río Limón mediante el cierre de los embalses de Manuelote y Tulé ha disminuido los aportes de aguas y sedimentos de las avenidas de inundación, que tienen carácter diluyente. Por otro lado, el balance de sales solubles en el suelo ha registrado una acumulación neta en los años de extrema aridez anteriores al año 2006, dado que la mayor dilución de las aguas ombrogénicas embalsadas procedentes de las lluvias no ha sido suficiente para compensar la concentración por evapotranspiración “in situ” de las aguas retenidas en la cuenca baja, sobre todo en ausencia de desagüe superficial y drenaje profundo. Las inundaciones posteriores a 2006 fueron suficientes para disminuir la salinidad superficial hasta los valores encontrados en 2010. El estudio experimental de esta problemática en el sector del caño San Miguel ha sido abordado mediante el establecimiento del perfil de salinidad acoplado con el perfil hipotético de humedad usado en la taxonomía de suelos. Este perfil define la disponibilidad del agua del suelo para la vegetación en función de tres potenciales: 1) el potencial físico-químico o matricial, que depende de la energía de adsorción a la superficie de las partículas; 2) el potencial gravitatorio, que depende de la profundidad; y 3) el potencial osmótico, que depende de la concentración de la solución del suelo; lo que supone un avance respecto a tener en cuenta sólo el perfil de humedad, que solamente considera el potencial gravi-químico integrado por el matricial y el gravitatorio. El perfil normalizado de 200 mm de de agua útil, retenida entre 33 y 1500 kPa de succión, incluye ocho fases gravi-químicas de 25 mm. La presente investigación incluye el potencial osmótico estimado por la conductividad eléctrica del extracto de pasta saturada. Los experimentos de lavado de sales en columnas de suelo, simulando la distribución de las lluvias en cinco años representativos de los cuartiles estadísticos de la serie disponible de 38 años completos, han determinado el comportamiento de las sales solubles en un suelo sometido a drenaje. Los resultados han evidenciado que el balance de sales unido al balance de agua controla la degradación de los agrosistemas por salinización. La alternativa frutícola puede ser aumentada en estas condiciones, porque el balance de sales favorece el establecimiento de cultivos permanentes a costa de otros usos del suelo de menor interés económico, como el cultivo de forrajes en regadío y el aprovechamiento de los pastizales en secano durante el barbecho de desalinización, cuya caracterización se ha completado con el estudio de la vegetación indicadora del grado de salinidad. ABSTRACT Saline degradation of soils irrigated with brackish water is increasing worldwide. The problem of salts concentration more soluble than gypsum depends on irrigation water quality, climatic aridity, and drainage limitations. These conditions meet in Limón River alluvium, which is tributary to Maracaibo´s Lake in Zulia State, Venezuela. Limón River regulation by closing Manuelote and Tulé reservoirs has diminished the input of water and sediments from inundations, which exerted dilutive effects. On the other hand, the soil balance of soluble salts has registered a net accumulation during those extremely dry years before 2006 because the greater dilution of ombrogenic dammed water coming from rain has not been enough to compensate salt concentration by “in situ” evapotranspiration in middle basin water, mainly in the absence of superficial runoff and deep drainage. Floods after 2006 were enough to reduce the high superficial salinity figures to those addressed in 2010. The experimental study of this trouble in San Miguel´s pipe area has been addressed through of the establishment of its salinity profile together to the hypothetic moisture profile typically used in soil taxonomy. This salinity profile describes soil water availability for vegetation according to three potentials: 1) physico-chemical or matrix potential, which depends on the adsorption energy of the soil solution to the surface of soil particles; 2) gravitational potential, which depends on soil depth; and 3) osmotic potential, which depends on the concentration of the soil solution. This represents an advance from just using moisture regime, which only considers the matrix and gravitational components of a gravi-chemical potential. The standardized moisture profile of 200 mm useful water being retained between 33 and 1500 kPa includes eight gravi-chemical stages of 25 mm. This research also includes the osmotic component, which is estimated by the electric conductivity of the saturated paste extract. Salts leaching trials in soil columns simulating rain distribution along five model years, representing the statistical quartiles of the available series of 38 complete years, have determined the behaviour of soluble salts in a soil being subjected to drainage. Results have evidenced that salt and water balances considered together are able to control the agrosystem’s degradation by salinization. The fruit production alternative could be improved under these conditions because the salts balance favours the establishment of permanent crops to the detriment of other soil uses of lower economical interest such as irrigated forage and non-irrigated pasture during desalinization fallow, which characterization has been completed through assessing the presence of salinity-indicator vegetation.

Fractal scaling of apparent soil moisture estimated from vertical planesof Vertisol pit images

Image analysis could be a useful tool for investigating the spatial patterns of apparent soil moisture at multiple resolutions. The objectives of the present work were (i) to define apparent soil moisture patterns from vertical planes of Vertisol pit images and (ii) to describe the scaling of apparent soil moisture distribution using fractal parameters. Twelve soil pits (0.70 m long × 0.60 m width × 0.30 m depth) were excavated on a bare Mazic Pellic Vertisol. Six of them were excavated in April/2011 and six pits were established in May/2011 after 3 days of a moderate rainfall event. Digital photographs were taken from each Vertisol pit using a Kodak? digital camera. The mean image size was 1600 × 945 pixels with one physical pixel ?373 ?m of the photographed soil pit. Each soil image was analyzed using two fractal scaling exponents, box counting (capacity) dimension (DBC) and interface fractal dimension (Di), and three prefractal scaling coefficients, the total number of boxes intercepting the foreground pattern at a unit scale (A), fractal lacunarity at the unit scale (?1) and Shannon entropy at the unit scale (S1). All the scaling parameters identified significant differences between both sets of spatial patterns. Fractal lacunarity was the best discriminator between apparent soil moisture patterns. Soil image interpretation with fractal exponents and prefractal coefficients can be incorporated within a site-specific agriculture toolbox. While fractal exponents convey information on space filling characteristics of the pattern, prefractal coefficients represent the investigated soil property as seen through a higher resolution microscope. In spite of some computational and practical limitations, image analysis of apparent soil moisture patterns could be used in connection with traditional soil moisture sampling, which always renders punctual estimates.

COMSOL Multyphisics Super Resolution Analysis of a Spherical Geodesic Waveguide Suitable for Manufacturing

Recently it has been proved theoretically (Miñano et al, 2011) that the super-resolution up to ?/500 can be achieved using an ideal metallic Spherical Geodesic Waveguide (SGW). This SGW is a theoretical design, in which the conductive walls are considered to be lossless conductors with zero thickness. In this paper, we study some key parameters that might influence the super resolution properties reported in (Miñano et al, 2011), such as losses, metal type, the thickness of conductive walls and the deformation from perfect sphere. We implement a realistic SGW in COMSOL multiphysics and analyze its super-resolution properties. The realistic model is designed in accordance with the manufacturing requirements and technological limitations.

Super resolution using a modified Spherical Geodesic Waveguide suitable for manufacturing

The previous publications (Miñano et al, 2011) have shown that using a Spherical Geodesic Waveguide (SGW), it can be achieved the super-resolution up to ? /500 close to a set of discrete frequencies. These frequencies are directly connected with the well-known Schumann resonance frequencies of spherical symmetric systems. However, the Spherical Geodesic Waveguide (SGW) has been presented as an ideal system, in which the technological obstacles or manufacturing feasibility and their influence on final results were not taken into account. In order to prove the concept of superresolution experimentally, the Spherical Geodesic Waveguide is modified according to the manufacturing requirements and technological limitations. Each manufacturing process imposes some imperfections which can affect the experimental results. Here, we analyze the influence of the manufacturing limitations on the super-resolution properties of the SGW. Beside the theoretical work, herein, there has been presented the experimental results, as well.

Proyectando entre ruinas : lógicas de intervención continua en la arquitectura contemporánea

Los cambios percibidos hacia finales del siglo XX y a principios del nuevo milenio, nos ha mostrado que la crisis cultural de la que somos participes refleja también una crisis de los modelos universales. Nuestra situación contemporánea, parece indicar que ya no es posible formular un sistema estético para atribuirle una vigencia universal e intemporal más allá de su estricta eficacia puntual. La referencia organizada, delimitada, invariable y específica que ofrecía cualquier emplazamiento, en tanto preexistencia, reflejaba una jerarquía del sistema formal basado en lo extensivo: la medida, las normas, el movimiento, el tiempo, la modulación, los códigos y las reglas. Sin embargo, actualmente, algunos aspectos que permanecían latentes sobre lo construido, emergen bajo connotaciones intensivas, transgrediendo la simple manifestación visual y expresiva, para centrase en las propiedades del comportamiento de la materia y la energía como determinantes de un proceso de adaptación en el entorno. A lo largo del todo el siglo XX, el desarrollo de la relación del proyecto sobre lo construido ha sido abordado, casi en exclusiva, entre acciones de preservación o intervención. Ambas perspectivas, manifestaban esfuerzos por articular un pensamiento que diera una consistencia teórica, como soporte para la producción de la acción aditiva. No obstante, en las últimas décadas de finales de siglo, la teoría arquitectónica terminó por incluir pensamientos de otros campos que parecen contaminar la visión sesgada que nos refería lo construido. Todo este entramado conceptual previo, aglomeraba valiosos intentos por dar contenido a una teoría que pudiese ser entendida desde una sola posición argumental. Es así, que en 1979 Ignasi Solá-Morales integró todas las imprecisiones que referían una actuación sobre una arquitectura existente, bajo el termino de “intervención”, el cual fue argumentado en dos sentidos: El primero referido a cualquier tipo de actuación que se puede hacer en un edificio, desde la defensa, preservación, conservación, reutilización, y demás acciones. Se trata de un ámbito donde permanece latente el sentido de intensidad, como factor común de entendimiento de una misma acción. En segundo lugar, más restringido, la idea de intervención se erige como el acto crítico a las ideas anteriores. Ambos representan en definitiva, formas de interpretación de un nuevo discurso. “Una intervención, es tanto como intentar que el edificio vuelva a decir algo o lo diga en una determinada dirección”. A mediados de 1985, motivado por la corriente de revisión historiográfica y la preocupación del deterioro de los centros históricos que recorría toda Europa, Solá-Morales se propone reflexionar sobre “la relación” entre una intervención de nueva arquitectura y la arquitectura previamente existente. Relación condicionada estrictamente bajo consideraciones lingüísticas, a su entender, en sintonía con toda la producción arquitectónica de todo el siglo XX. Del Contraste a la Analogía, resumirá las transformaciones en la concepción discursiva de la intervención arquitectónica, como un fenómeno cambiante en función de los valores culturales, pero a su vez, mostrando una clara tendencia dialógica entres dos categorías formales: El Contraste, enfatizando las posibilidades de la novedad y la diferencia; y por otro lado la emergente Analogía, como una nueva sensibilidad de interpretación del edificio antiguo, donde la semejanza y la diversidad se manifiestan simultáneamente. El aporte reflexivo de los escritos de Solá-Morales podría ser definitivo, si en las últimas décadas antes del fin de siglo, no se hubiesen percibido ciertos cambios sobre la continuidad de la expresión lingüística que fomentaba la arquitectura, hacia una especie de hipertrofia figurativa. Entre muchos argumentos: La disolución de la consistencia compositiva y el estilo unitario, la incorporación volumétrica del proyecto como dispositivo reactivo, y el cambio de visión desde lo retrospectivo hacia lo prospectivo que sugiere la nueva conservación. En este contexto de desintegración, el proyecto, en tanto incorporación o añadido sobre un edificio construido, deja de ser considerado como un apéndice volumétrico subordinado por la reglas compositivas y formales de lo antiguo, para ser considerado como un organismo de orden reactivo, que produce en el soporte existente una alteración en su conformación estructural y sistémica. La extensión, antes espacial, se considera ahora una extensión sensorial y morfológica con la implementación de la tecnología y la hiper-información, pero a su vez, marcados por una fuerte tendencia de optimización energética en su rol operativo, ante el surgimiento del factor ecológico en la producción contemporánea. En una sociedad, como la nuestra, que se está modernizando intensamente, es difícil compartir una adecuada sintonía con las formas del pasado. Desde 1790, fecha de la primera convención francesa para la conservación de monumentos, la escala de lo que se pretende preservar es cada vez más ambiciosa, tanto es así, que al día de hoy el repertorio de lo que se conserva incluye prácticamente todas las tipologías del entorno construido. Para Koolhaas, el intervalo entre el objeto y el momento en el cual se decide su conservación se ha reducido, desde dos milenios en 1882 a unas décadas hoy en día. En breve este lapso desaparecerá, demostrando un cambio radical desde lo retrospectivo hacia lo prospectivo, es decir, que dentro de poco habrá que decidir que es lo que se conserva antes de construir. Solá-Morales, en su momento, distinguió la relación entre lo nuevo y lo antiguo, entre el contraste y la analogía. Hoy casi tres décadas después, el objetivo consiste en evaluar si el modelo de intervención arquitectónica sobre lo construido se ha mantenido desde entonces o si han aparecido nuevas formas de posicionamiento del proyecto sobre lo construido. Nuestro trabajo pretende demostrar el cambio de enfoque proyectual con la preexistencia y que éste tiene estrecha relación con la incorporación de nuevos conceptos, técnicas, herramientas y necesidades que imprimen el contexto cultural, producido por el cambio de siglo. Esta suposición nos orienta a establecer un paralelismo arquitectónico entre los modos de relación en que se manifiesta lo nuevo, entre una posición comúnmente asumida (Tópica), genérica y ortodoxa, fundamentada en lo visual y expresivo de las últimas décadas del siglo XX, y una realidad emergente (Heterotópica), extraordinaria y heterodoxa que estimula lo inmaterial y que parece emerger con creciente intensidad en el siglo XXI. Si a lo largo de todo el siglo XX, el proyecto de intervención arquitectónico, se debatía entre la continuidad y discontinuidad de las categorías formales marcadas por la expresión del edificio preexistente, la nueva intervención contemporánea, como dispositivo reactivo en el paisaje y en el territorio, demanda una absoluta continuidad, ya no visual, expresiva, ni funcional, sino una continuidad fisiológica de adaptación y cambio con la propia dinámica del territorio, bajo nuevas reglas de juego y desplegando planes y estrategias operativas (proyectivas) desde su propia lógica y contingencia. El objeto de esta investigación es determinar los nuevos modos de continuidad y las posibles lógicas de producción que se manifiestan dentro de la Intervención Arquitectónica, intentando superar lo aparente de su relación física y visual, como resultado de la incorporación del factor operativo desplegado por el nuevo dispositivo contemporáneo. Creemos que es acertado mantener la senda connotativa que marca la denominación intervención arquitectónica, por aglutinar conceptos y acercamientos teóricos previos que han ido evolucionando en el tiempo. Si bien el término adolece de mayor alcance operativo desde su formulación, una cualidad que infieren nuestras lógicas contemporáneas, podría ser la reformulación y consolidación de un concepto de intervención más idóneo con nuestros tiempos, anteponiendo un procedimiento lógico desde su propia necesidad y contingencia. Finalmente, nuestro planteamiento inicial aspira a constituir un nueva forma de reflexión que nos permita comprender las complejas implicaciones que infiere la nueva arquitectura sobre la preexistencia, motivada por las incorporación de factores externos al simple juicio formal y expresivo preponderante a finales del siglo XX. Del mismo modo, nuestro camino propuesto, como alternativa, permite proyectar posibles sendas de prospección, al considerar lo preexistente como un ámbito que abarca la totalidad del territorio con dinámicas emergentes de cambio, y con ellas, sus lógicas de intervención.Abstract The perceived changes towards the end of the XXth century and at the beginning of the new milennium have shown us that the cultural crisis in which we participate also reflects a crisis of the universal models. The difference between our contemporary situation and the typical situations of modern orthodoxy and post-modernistic fragmentation, seems to indicate that it is no longer possible to formulate a valid esthetic system, to assign a universal and eternal validity to it beyond its strictly punctual effectiveness; which is even subject to questioning because of the continuous transformations that take place in time and in the sensibility of the subject itself every time it takes over the place. The organised reference that any location offered, limited, invariable and specific, while pre-existing, reflected a hierarchy of the formal system based on the applicable: measure, standards, movement, time, modulation, codes and rules. Authors like Marshall Mc Luhan, Paul Virilio, or Marc Augé anticipated a reality where the conventional system already did not seem to respond to the new architectural requests in which information, speed, disappearance and the virtual had blurred the traditional limits of place; pre-existence did no longer possess a specific delimitation and, on the contrary, they expect to reach a global scale. Currently, some aspects that stayed latent relating to the constructed, surface from intensive connotations, transgressing the simple visual and expressive manifestation in order to focus on the traits of the behaviour of material and energy as determinants of a process of adaptation to the surroundings. Throughout the entire Century, the development of the relation of the project relating to the constructed has been addressed, almost exclusively, in preservational or interventianal actions. Both perspectives showed efforts in order to express a thought that would give a theoretical consistency as a base for the production of the additive action. Nevertheless, the last decades of the Century, architectural theory ended up including thoughts from other fields that seem to contaminate the biased vision 15 which the constructed related us. Ecology, planning, philosophy, global economy, etc, suggest new approaches to the construction of the contemporary city; but this time with a determined idea of change and continuous transformation, that enriches the panorama of thought and architectural practice, at the same time, according to some, it puts disciplinary specification at risk, given that there is no architecture without destruction, the constructed organism requires mutation in order to adjust to the change of shape. All of this previous conceptual framework gathered valuable intents to give importance to a theory that could be understood solely from an argumental position. Thusly, in 1979 Ignasi Solá-Morales integrated all of the imprecisions that referred to an action in existing architecture under the term of “Intervention”, which was explained in two ways: The first referring to any type of intervention that can be carried out in a building, regarding protection, conservation, reuse, etc. It is about a scope where the meaning of intensity stays latent as a common factor of the understanding of a single action. Secondly, more limitedly, the idea of intervention is established as the critical act to the other previous ideas such as restauration, conservation, reuse, etc. Both ultimately represent ways of interpretation of a new speech. “An intervention, is as much as trying to make the building say something again or that it be said in a certain direction”. Mid 1985, motivated by the current of historiographical revision and the concerns regarding the deterioration of historical centres that traversed Europe, Solá-Morales decides to reflect on “the relationship” between an intervention of the new architecture and the previously existing architecture. A relationship determined strictly by linguistic considerations, to his understanding, in harmony with all of the architectural production of the XXth century. From Contrast to Analogy would summarise transformations in the discursive perception of architectural intervention, as a changing phenomenon depending on cultural values, but at the same time, showing a clear dialogical tendency between two formal categories: Contrast, emphasising the possibilities of novelty and difference; and on the other hand the emerging Analogy, as a new awareness of interpretation of the ancient building, where the similarity and diversity are manifested simultaneously. For Solá-Morales the analogical procedure is not based on the visible simultaneity of formal orders, but on associations that the subject establishes throughout time. Through analogy it is tried to overcome the simple visual relationship with the antique, to focus on its spacial, physical and geographical nature. If the analogical attempt guides an opening towards a new continuity; it still persists in the connection of dimensional, typological and figurative factors, subordinate to the formal hierarchy of the preexisting subjects. 16 The reflexive contribution of Solá-Morales’ works could be final, if in the last decades before the end of the century there had not been certain changes regarding linguistic expression, encouraged by architecture, towards a kind of figurative hypertrophy, amongst many arguments we are in this case interested in three moments: The dissolution of the compositional consistency and the united style, the volumetric incorporation of the project as a reactive mechanism, and the change of the vision from retrospective towards prospective that the new conservation suggests. The recurrence to the history of architecture and its recognisable forms, as a way of perpetuating memory and establishing a reference, dissolved any instinct of compositive unity and style, provoking permanent relationships to tend to disappear. The composition and coherence lead to suppose a type of discontinuity of isolated objects in which only possible relationships could appear; no longer as an order of certain formal and compositive rules, but as a special way of setting elements in a specific work. The new globalised field required new forms of consistency between the project and the pre-existent subject, motivated amongst others by the higher pace of market evolution, increase of consumer tax and the level of information and competence between different locations; aspects which finally made stylistic consistence inefficient. In this context of disintegration, the project, in incorporation as well as added to a constructed building, stops being considered as a volumetric appendix subordinate to compositive and formal rules of old, to be considered as an organism of reactive order, that causes a change in the structural and systematic configuration of the existing foundation. The extension, previsouly spatial, is now considered a sensorial and morphological extension, with the implementation of technology and hyper-information, but at the same time, marked by a strong tendency of energetic optimization in its operational role, facing the emergence of the ecological factor in contemporary production. The technological world turns into a new nature, a nature that should be analysed from ecological terms; in other words, as an event of transition in the continuous redistribution of energy. In this area, effectiveness is not only determined by the capacity of adaptation to changing conditions, but also by its transforming capacity “expressly” in order to change an environment. In a society, like ours, that is modernising intensively, it is difficult to share an adecuate agreement with the forms of the past. From 1790, the date of the first French convention for the conservation of monuments, the scale of what is expexted to be preserved is more and more ambitious, so much so that nowadays the repertoire of that what is conserved includes practically all typologies of the constructed surroundings. For Koolhaas, the ínterval between the object and the moment when its conservation is decided has been reduced, from two 17 milennia in 1882 to a few decades nowadays. Shortly this lapse will disappear, showing a radical change of retrospective towards prospective, that is to say, that soon it will be necessary to decide what to conserve before constructing. The shapes of cities are the result of the continuous incorporation of architecture, and perhaps that only through architecture the response to the universe can be understood, the continuity of what has already been constructed. Our work is understood also within that system, modifying the field of action and leaving the road ready for the next movement of those that will follow after us. Continuity does not mean conservatism, continuity means being conscient of the transitory value of our answers to specific needs, accepting the change that we have received. That what has been constructed to remain and last, should cause future interventions to be integrated in it. It is necessary to accept continuity as a rule. Solá-Morales, in his time, distinguished between the relationship with new and old, between contrast and analogy. Today, almost three decades later, the objective consists of evaluating whether the model of architectural intervention in the constructed has been maintained since then or if new ways of positioning the project regarding the constructed have appeared. Our work claims to show the change of the approach of projects with pre-existing subjects and that this has got a close relation to the incorporation of new concepts, techniques, tools and necessities that impress the cultural context, caused by the change of centuries. This assumption guides us to establish a parallelism between the forms of connection where that what is new is manifested between a commonly assumed (topical), generic and orthodox position, based on that what is visual and expressive in the last decades of the XXth century, and an emerging (heterotopical), extraordinary and heterodox reality that stimulates the immaterial and that seems to emerge with growing intensity in the XXIst century. If throughout the XXth century the project of architectural intervention was considered from the continuity and discontinuity of formal categories, marked by the expression of the pre-existing building, the new contemporary intervention, as a reactive device in the landscape and territory, demands an absolute continuity. No longer a visual, expressive or functional one but a morphological continuity of adaptation and change with its own territorial dynamics, under new game rules and unfolding new operative (projective) strategies from its own logic and contingency. 18 The aim of this research is to determine new forms of continuity and the possible logic of production that are expressed in the Architectural Intervention, trying to overcome the obviousness of its physical and visual relationship, at the beginning of this new century, as a result of the incorporation of the operative factor that the new architectural device unfolds. We think it is correct to maintain the connotative path that marks the name architectural intervention by bringing previous concepts and theorical approaches that have been evolving through time together. If the name suffers from a wider operational range because of its formulation, a quality that our contemporary logic provokes, the reformulation and consolidation of an interventional concept could be more suitable for our times, giving preference to a logical method from its own necessity and contingency. It seems that now time shapes the topics, it is no longer about materialising a certain time but about expressing the changes that its new temporality generates. Finally, our initial approach aspires to form a new way of reflection that permits us to understand the complex implications that the new architecture submits the pre-existing subject to, motivated by the incorporation of factors external to simple formal and expressive judgement, prevailing at the end of the XXth century. In the same way, our set road, as an alternative, permits the contemplation of possible research paths, considering that what is pre-existing as an area that spans the whole territory with emerging changing dynamics and, with them, their interventional logics.

Localización óptima de una planta de bioetanol a partir de tubérculos de pataca (Helianthus tuberosus l.) en la Cuenca del Duero

El objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar la localización óptima de una planta de producción de 30.000 m3/año de bioetanol a partir de tubérculos de pataca (Helianthus tuberosus L.) cultivada en regadío, en tierras de barbecho de la Cuenca Hidrográfica del Duero (CH Duero). Inicialmente se elaboró, a partir de datos bibliográficos, un modelo de producción de pataca en base a una ecuación de regresión que relaciona datos experimentales de rendimientos de variedades tardías con variables agroclimáticas. Así se obtuvo una función de producción basada en la cantidad de agua disponible (precipitación efectiva + dosis de riego) y en la radiación global acumulada en el periodo brotación‐senescencia del cultivo. A continuación se estima la superficie potencial de cultivo de pataca en la CH Duero a partir de la superficie arable en regadío cartografiada por el Sistema de Ocupación del Suelo (SIOSE), a la cual se le aplican, en base a los requerimientos del cultivo, unas restricciones climáticas, edafológicas, topográficas y logísticas mediante el uso de Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG). La proporción de superficie de regadío restringida se cuantifica a escala municipal con el fin de calcular la superficie de barbecho en regadío apta para el cultivo de pataca. A partir de las bases de datos georreferenciadas de precipitación, radiación global, y la dotación de agua para el riego de cultivos no específicos establecida en el Plan Hidrológico de la Cuenca del Duero a escala comarcal, se estimó la producción potencial de tubérculos de pataca sobre la superficie de barbecho de regadío según el modelo de producción elaborado. Así, en las 53.360 ha de barbecho en regadío aptas para el cultivo de pataca se podrían producir 3,8 Mt de tubérculos al año (80 % de humedad) (761.156 t ms/año) de los que se podría obtener 304.462 m3/año de bioetanol, considerando un rendimiento en la transformación de 12,5 kg mf/l de etanol. Se estiman los costes de las labores de cultivo de pataca así como los costes de la logística de suministro a una planta de transformación considerando una distancia media de transporte de 25 km, en base a las hojas de cálculo de utilización de aperos y maquinaria agrícola oficiales del Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente (MAGRAMA). Considerando el balance de costes asociados a la producción de bioetanol (costes de transformación, distribución y transporte del producto, costes estructurales de la planta, ahorro de costes por la utilización de las vinazas generadas en el proceso como fertilizante y un beneficio industrial), se ha estimado que el coste de producción de bioetanol a partir de tubérculos de pataca asciende a 61,03 c€/l. Se calculan los beneficios fiscales para el Estado por el cultivo de 5.522 ha de pataca que suministren la materia prima necesaria para una planta de bioetanol de 30.000 m3/año, en concepto de cotizaciones a la Seguridad Social de los trabajadores, impuestos sobre el valor añadido de los productos consumidos, impuesto sobre sociedades y ahorro de las prestaciones por desempleo. Se obtuvieron unos beneficios fiscales de 10,25 c€ por litro de bioetanol producido. El coste de producción de bioetanol depende del rendimiento de tubérculos por hectárea y de la distancia de transporte desde las zonas de producción de la materia prima hasta la planta. Se calculó la distancia máxima de transporte para que el precio de coste del bioetanol producido sea competitivo con el precio de mercado del bioetanol. Como resultado se determinó que el precio del bioetanol (incluido un beneficio industrial del 15%) de la planta sería igual o inferior al precio de venta en el mercado (66,35 c€/l) con una distancia máxima de transporte de 25 km y un rendimiento mínimo del cultivo de 60,1 t mf/ha. Una vez conocido el área de influencia de la planta según la distancia de transporte máxima, se determinó la localización óptima de la planta de producción de bioetanol mediante un proceso de ubicación‐asignación realizado con SIG. Para ello se analizan los puntos candidatos a la ubicación de la planta según el cumplimiento de unos requerimientos técnicos establecidos (distancia a fuentes de suministro eléctrico y de recursos hídricos, distancia a estaciones de ferrocarril, distancia a núcleos urbanos y existencia de Espacios Naturales Protegidos) que minimizan la distancia de transporte maximizando la cantidad de biomasa disponible según la producción potencial estimada anteriormente. Por último, la superficie destinada al cultivo de pataca en el área de influencia de la planta se determina en base a un patrón de distribución del cultivo alrededor de una agroindustria. Dicho patrón se ha obtenido a partir del análisis del grado de ocupación del cultivo de la remolacha en función de la distancia de transporte a la planta azucarera de Miranda de Ebro (Burgos). El patrón resultante muestra que la relación entre el grado de ocupación del suelo por el cultivo y la distancia de transporte a la planta siguen una ecuación logística. La localización óptima que se ha obtenido mediante la metodología descrita se ubica en el municipio leonés de El Burgo Ranero, donde la producción potencial de tubérculos de pataca en la superficie de barbecho situada en un radio de acción de 25 km es de 375.665 t mf/año, superando las 375.000 t mf requeridas anualmente por la planta de bioetanol. ABSTRACT Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is a harsh crop with a high potential for biomass production. Its main use is related to bioethanol production from the carbohydrates, inulin mainly, accumulated in its tubers at the end of the crop cycle. The aerial biomass could be used as solid biofuel to provide energy to the bioethanol production process. Therefore, Jerusalem artichoke is a promising crop as feedstock for biofuel production in order to achieve the biofuels consumption objectives established by the Government of Spain (PER 2011‐2020 and RDL 4/2013) and the European Union (Directive 2009/28/EC). This work aims at the determination of the optimal location for a 30,000 m3/year bioethanol production plant from Jerusalem artichoke tubers in the Duero river basin. With this purpose, a crop production model was developed by means of a regression equation that relates experimental yield data of late Jerusalem artichoke varieties with pedo‐climatic parameters from a bibliographic data matrix. The resulting crop production model was based on the crop water availability (including effective rainfall and irrigation water supplied) and on global radiation accumulated in the crop emergence‐senescence period. The crop potential cultivation area for Jerusalem artichoke in the Duero basin was estimated using the georeferenced irrigated arable land from the “Sistema de Ocupación del Suelo” (SIOSE) of Spain. Climatic, soil, slope and logistic restrictions were considered by means of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The limited potential growing area was then applied to a municipality scale in order to calculate the amount of fallow land suitable for Jerusalem artichoke production. Rainfall and global radiation georeferenced layers as well as data of irrigation water supply for crop production (established within the Duero Hydrologic Plan) were use to estimate the potential production of Jerusalem artichoke tubers in the suitable fallow land according to the crop production model. As a result of this estimation, there are 53,360 ha of fallow land suitable for Jerusalem artichoke production in the Duero basin, where 3.8 M t fm/year could be produced. Considering a bioethanol processing yield of 12.5 kg mf per liter of bioethanol, the above mentioned tuber potential production could be processed in 304,462 m3/year of bioethanol. The Jerusalem crop production costs and the logistic supply costs (considering an average transport distance of 25 km) were estimated according to official agricultural machinery cost calculation sheets of the Minister of Agriculture of Spain (MAGRAMA). The bioethanol production cost from Jerusalem artichoke tubers was calculated considering bioethanol processing, transport and structural costs, industrial profits as well as plant cost savings from the use of vinasses as fertilizer. The resulting bioetanol production cost from Jerusalem artichoke tubers was 61.03 c€/l. Additionally, revenues for the state coffers regarding Social Security contributions, added value taxes of consumed raw materials, corporation tax and unemployment benefit savings due to the cultivation of 5,522 ha of Jerusalem artichoke for the 30.000 m3/year bioethanol plant supply were calculated. The calculated revenues amounted to 10.25 c€/l. Bioethanol production cost and consequently the bioethanol plant economic viability are strongly related to the crop yield as well as to road transport distance from feedstock production areas to the processing plant. The previously estimated bioethanol production cost was compared to the bioethanol market price in order to determine the maximum supply transport distance and the minimum crop yield to reach the bioethanol plant economic viability. The results showed that the proposed plant would be economically viable at a maximum transport distance of 25 km and at a crop yield not less than 60.1 t fm/ha. By means of a GIS location‐allocation analysis, the optimal bioethanol plant location was determined. Suitable candidates were detected according to several plant technical requirements (distance to power and water supply sources, distance to freight station, and distance to urban areas and to Natural Protected Areas). The optimal bioethanol plant location must minimize the supply transport distance whereas it maximizes the amount of available biomass according to the previously estimated biomass potential production. Lastly, the agricultural area around the bioethanol plant finally dedicated to Jerusalem artichoke cultivation was planned according to a crop distribution model. The crop distribution model was established from the analysis of the relation between the sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) cropping area and the road transport distance from the sugar processing plant of Miranda de Ebro (Burgos, North of Spain). The optimal location was situated in the municipality of ‘El Burgo Ranero’ in the province of León. The potential production of Jerusalem artichoke tubers in the fallow land within 25 km distance from the plant location was 375,665 t fm/year, which exceeds the amount of biomass yearly required by the bioethanol plant.