Experience with PV-diesel hybrid village power systems in southern Morocco

In October 2002, under the auspices of Spanish Cooperation, a pilot electrification project put into operation two centralised PV-diesel hybrid systems in two different Moroccan villages. These systems currently provide a full-time energy service and supply electricity to more than a hundred of families, six community buildings, street lighting and one running water system. The appearance of the electricity service is very similar to an urban one: one phase AC supply (230V/50Hz) distributed up to each dwelling using a low-voltage mini-grid, which has been designed to be fully compatible with a future arrival of the utility grid. The management of this electricity service is based on a “fee-for-service” scheme agreed between a local NGO, partner of the project, and electricity associations created in each village, which are in charge of, among other tasks, recording the daily energy production of systems and the monthly energy consumption of each house. This register of data allows a systematic evaluation of both the system performance and the energy consumption of users. Now, after four years of operation, this paper presents the experience of this pilot electrification project and draws lessons that can be useful for designing, managing and sizing this type of small village PV-hybrid system

Reliability issues and cost structure in the 13000 SHS rural electrification programme in Morocco

Operalion and mainlenance (O&M) casi 01 solar home syslems (SHS) in pholovollaie rural electrification (PVRE) programmes is a key factor in the economic viability and long lerm suslainability. This paper reports on a 13000 inslalled SHSs programme carried oul in Moroceo. Il is presenled Ihe reliability analysis 01 Ihe SHSs as well as the distribution of real cests of installation, O&M and management to oblain respeclively Ihe reliability lunelions 01 Ihe SHS componenls and lo eharaclerize the overall programme cast structure.

Spaces of the Past, Histories of the Present: An Interview with Stuart Elden and Derek Gregory

The ontologies of space and territory, our experience of them and the techniques we use to govern them, the very conception of the socio-spatial formations that we inhabit, are all historically specific: they depend on a genealogy of practices, knowledges, discourses, regulations, performances and representations articulated in a way that is extremely complex yet nevertheless legible over time. In this interview we look at the logic and the patterns that intertwine space and time — both as objects and tools of inquiry — though a cross-disciplinary dialogue. The discussion with Stuart Elden and Derek Gregory covers the place of history in socio-spatial theory and in their own work, old and new ways of thinking about the intersection between history and territory, space and time, the implications of geography and history for thinking about contemporary politics, and the challenges now faced by critical thought and academic work in the current neo-liberal attack on public universities and the welfare state

Territory and the governmentalisation of social reproduction: parliamentary enclosure and spatial rationalities in the transition from feudalism to capitalism

Recent applications of Foucauldian categories in geography, spatial history and the history of town planning have opened up interesting new perspectives, with respect to both the evolution of spatial knowledge and the genealogy of territorial techniques and their relation to larger socio-political projects, that would be enriched if combined with other discursive traditions. This article proposes to conceptualise English parliamentary enclosureea favourite episode for Marxist historiography, frequently read in a strictly materialist fashioneas a precedent of a new form of sociospatial governmentality, a political technology that inaugurates a strategic manipulation of territory for social change on the threshold between feudal and capitalist spatial rationalities. I analyse the sociospatial dimensions of parliamentary enclosure’s technical and legal innovations and compare them to the forms of communal self-regulation of land use customs and everyday regionalisations that preceded it. Through a systematic, replicable mechanism of reterritorialisation, enclosure acts normalised spatial regulations, blurred regional differences in the social organisation of agriculture and erased the modes of autonomous social reproduction linked to common land. Their exercise of dispossession of material resources, social capital and community representations is interpreted therefore as an inaugural logic that would pervade the emergent spatial rationality later known as planning.

Discriminant Analysis of Geographical Origin of Cork Planks and Stoppers by Near Infrared Spectroscopy

The objective of this study was to assess the potential of visible and near infrared spectroscopy (VIS+NIRS) combined with multivariate analysis for identifying the geographical origin of cork. The study was carried out on cork planks and natural cork stoppers from the most representative cork-producing areas in the world. Two training sets of international and national cork planks were studied. The first set comprised a total of 479 samples from Morocco, Portugal, and Spain, while the second set comprised a total of 179 samples from the Spanish regions of Andalusia, Catalonia, and Extremadura. A training set of 90 cork stoppers from Andalusia and Catalonia was also studied. Original spectroscopic data were obtained for the transverse sections of the cork planks and for the body and top of the cork stoppers by means of a 6500 Foss-NIRSystems SY II spectrophotometer using a fiber optic probe. Remote reflectance was employed in the wavelength range of 400 to 2500 nm. After analyzing the spectroscopic data, discriminant models were obtained by means of partial least square (PLS) with 70% of the samples. The best models were then validated using 30% of the remaining samples. At least 98% of the international cork plank samples and 95% of the national samples were correctly classified in the calibration and validation stage. The best model for the cork stoppers was obtained for the top of the stoppers, with at least 90% of the samples being correctly classified. The results demonstrate the potential of VIS + NIRS technology as a rapid and accurate method for predicting the geographical origin of cork plank and stoppers

Design and evaluation of an educational platform for implementing and testing bilateral control algorithms

This paper describes the design and evaluation of a new platform created in order to improve the learning experience of bilateral control algorithms in teleoperation. This experimental platform, developed at Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, is used by the students of the Master on Automation and Robotics in the practices of the subject called “Telerobotics and Teleoperation”. The main objective is to easily implement different control architectures in the developed platform and evaluate them under different conditions to better understand the main advantages and drawbacks of each control scheme. So, the student’s tasks are focused on adjusting the control parameters of the predefined controllers and designing new ones to analyze the changes in the behavior of the whole system. A description of the subject, main topics and the platform constructed are detailed in the paper. Furthermore, the methodology followed in the practices and the bilateral control algorithms are presented. Finally, the results obtained in the experiments with students are also shown.

Analysis of a thermal system through remote laboratories

This paper describes the experiences using remote laboratories for thorough analysis of a thermal system, including disturbances. Remote laboratories for education in subjects of control, is a common resorted method, used by universities. This method is applied to offer a flexible service in schedules so as to obtain greater and better results of available resources. Remote laboratories have been used for controlling physical devices remotely. Furthermore, remote labs have been used for transfer function identification of real equipment. Nevertheless, remote analyses of disturbances have not been done. The aim of this contribution is thereby to apply the experience of remote laboratories in the study of disturbances. Some experiments are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness in using remote laboratories for complete analysis of a thermal system. Considering the remote access to thermal system, “Sistema de Laboratorios a Distancia” (SLD) was used.

La modernidad arquitectónica en México : una mirada a través del arte y los medios impresos

Esta tesis se basa en la hipótesis de que la modernidad arquitectónica en México no es, como se ha pretendido, una historia homogénea, centrada en un puñado de figuras clave, sino una multiplicidad de narrativas complejas en las cuales el arte y los medios impresos juegan un papel esencial. Por tanto, se propone una nueva mirada sobre la arquitectura del siglo XX en México a partir de la relación con la fotografía, el dibujo, las ideas y los medios. La tesis se plantea con el fin de vincular la arquitectura con los movimientos artísticos relevantes, los autores con las publicaciones, las formas con los manifiestos. Asímismo, uno de los principales intereses es explorar los conceptos de modernidad y de identidad, como parte de la construcción misma de la arquitectura de dicha época y del concepto de “lo mexicano”. A pesar del énfasis que se ha dado en la construcción de un canon, muchas veces ligado a la noción de monumentalidad, regionalismo, y mestizaje, este trabajo parte de una mirada puesta no en las formas sino en los procesos. A partir de las conexiones entre distintas capas de información, se buscan nuevas maneras de abordar el proyecto arquitectónico. El crítico de arquitectura brasileño Hugo Segawa ha descrito la investigación sobre la arquitectura latinoamericana como “una tarea más de índole arqueológica que historiográfica”, sin embargo, también ha calificado a México como “el más vigoroso centro de debates teóricos en Latinoamérica a lo largo del siglo XX.” Ese descompas entre la ruina y el vigor, entre la abundancia de producción y la precariedad de su conservación, ha definido no solo el estudio de la arquitectura sino las propias formas de creación. Por tanto, la tesis se plantea como una nueva plataforma desde la cual sea posible reformular la arquitectura, lejos de su condición amnésica, pensada en cambio, como un sistema basado en una misma voluntad por indagar y crear. Se busca, siguiendo al crítico británico Anthony Vidler, “relacionar” la historia con el proyecto. Con el fin de quitarle lo escurridizo a una historia incompleta y sobre todo de poder entender la manera en que las ideas se convierten en forma o en objeto, la tesis se estructura a partir de 22 líneas de tiempo organizadas en tres recorridos que se cruzan: arquitectura; arte y pensamiento. A partir de referencias como el Atlas Mnemosyne de Aby Wargurg o la serie Asterisms del artista Gabriel Orozco, se crean nuevos dispositivos para ver. De tal manera, se desdoblan los distintos temas para trazar relaciones entre la ciudad, los edificios, las utopías, las publicaciones y la publicidad. El trabajo se construye como un nuevo instrumento de exploración articulado por medio de capas, como un mapa genealógico evolutivo. El objetivo es abarcar aquella arquitectura construida no sólo en la ciudad sino también en el papel. Iniciando con el trabajo de la generación que llevó la arquitectura al siglo XX, el estudio se extiende a manera de epílogo hasta la primera década del siglo XXI, reuniendo obras que normalmente se han visto de manera aislada para entenderlas en su contexto más amplio. Como escenario de búsquedas, esta tesis intenta provocar el cruce de significados, creyendo imprescindible una nueva reflexión en torno a la disciplina y a los escenarios en los cuales se inscribe. La arquitectura de México –un país que en el siglo XX pasó de tener 13 millones de habitantes a 100 millonescorresponde esencialmente a una producción anónima, o bien, fabricada a partir de estereotipos. Pero entre la mancha de desarrollo informal y el hito reconocible está un trabajo tan amplio como inexplorado. Por tanto, se ofrece una serie de nuevas constelaciones que comprenden desde la Revolución de 1910 a los Juegos Olímpicos de 1968; del terremoto de la ciudad de México en 1985 a los concursos internacionales de las últimas décadas. This thesis’ hypothesis states that architectural modernity in Mexico is not, as sometimes pretended, a homogeneous history, focused on some key figures, but rather a multiple and complex narrative, in which art and print media have played an essential role. Therefore, it proposes a new perspective on 20th century architecture in Mexico analized through the relationship between architecture and photography, art, theory and media. Its aim is to link architecture and artistic movements, authors and publications, forms and manifestos. What is intended here is to explore the concepts of ‘modernity’ and ‘identity’ as part of the construction of architecture and the concept of ‘Mexicanity’. Despite the emphasis that has been given to the construction of an architectural canon —mostly related to the notions of monumentality, regionalism and mestizaje/métissage— this thesis’ approach is focused mainly in processes and not in forms. Through connections between diverse layers of information, new ways of dealing with the architectural project are explored. Brazilian architecture critic Hugo Segawa has described the research on Latin American architecture as «more a task of archaeology than of historiography». Nonetheless, he has also described Mexico as «the most vigorous center of theoretical debates in Latin America throughout the 20th century». This acute discrepancy between decay and vigor, between abundance of production and precarious state of conservation has determined not only the ways in which architecture is studied and understood but also the process of architectural creation. This work is therefore outlined as a new platform in order to reformulate the discipline as a system based on a common will to research and create, far from the existing amnesiac attitude. Following British critic Anthony Vidler, the interest relies in the attempt to ‘relate’ History to project. In order to reduce the elusiveness of an incomplete history and, specially, to understand how ideas become forms and objects, this thesis is composed of 22 timelines organized in three intersecting itineraries: Architecture, Art and Theory. Drawing inspiration from Aby Warburg’s Atlas Mnemosyne and Gabriel Orozco’s series Asterisms, new exploration devices are created. In such a way, diverse topics unfold to draw connections between built environment, utopian projects, publications, photography and publicity. This work is developed as a new tool for exploration, articulated by layers, like an evolutionary genealogy map. Its objective is to analyze not only the architecture build in cities, but produced on paper. Starting with the work of the generation that led Mexican architecture into the 20th century, this research extends until the first decade of the 21st century (the epilogue), gathering together works which have been usually seen in isolation, and therefore making possible its understanding in a broader context. As a scenario for exploration, this work tries to prompt the crossing of meanings, in the belief that new approaches on the discipline and its context are needed. Architecture in Mexico — a country whose population grew in the 20th century form 13 to 100 million— is related essentially with an anonymous production, or else made from stereotypes. However, between the sprawl of informal urban developments and landmark buildings there is an architectural production as extensive as it is unexamined. This essay introduces a series of new constellations, ranging from the Revolution in 1910 to the Olympic Games in 1968; from the earthquake in Mexico City in 1985 to the international competitions of the last decade. These myriad perspectives present buildings that were never built, forgotten writings, iconic images and unpublished material.

Mealiness assessment in fruits using MRI techniques.

Mealiness is a sensory attribute that cannot be defined by a single parameter but through a combination of variables (multidimensional structure). Previous studies propose the definition of mealiness as the lack of crispiness, of hardness and of juiciness. Current aims are focused on establishing non destructive tests for mealiness assessment. MultiSliceMultiEcho Magnetic resonance images (MRI, 64*64pixels) have been taken corresponding to a 3ms of Echo time. Small samples of Top Red apples stored 6 months at controlled atmosphere (expected to be non mealy) and 2°C (expected to be mealy) have been used for MRI imaging. Three out of four apples corresponding to the sample maintained at controlled atmosphere did not develop mealiness while three out of four fruits corresponding to the sample stored at 2°C became mealy after 6 month of storage. The minimum T2 values/image obtained for the mealy apples shows to be significantly lower when compared with non mealy apples pointing that a more dis-aggregated structure leads to a quicker loss of signal Also, there is a significant linear correlation (r=-0.76) between the number of pixels with a T2 value below 35ms within a fruit image and the deformation parameter registered during the Magness-Taylor firmness test. Finally, all the T2 images of the mealy apples show a regional variation of contrast which is not shown for non mealy apples. This variation of contrast is similar to the MRI images of water-cored apples indicating that in these cases there is a differential water movement that may precede the internal browning.

A quality assessment system for fresh fruits in hypermarkets and fruit trading centres.

When the fresh fruit reaches the final markets from the suppliers, its quality is not always as good as it should, either because it has been mishandled during transportation or because it lacks an adequate quality control at the producer level, before being shipped. This is why it is necessary for the final markets to establish their own quality assessment system if they want to ensure to their customers the quality they want to sell. In this work, a system to control fruit quality at the last level of the distribution channel has been designed. The system combines rapid control techniques with laboratory equipment and statistical sampling protocols, to obtain a dynamic, objective process, which can substitute advantageously the quality control inspections carried out visually by human experts at the reception platform of most hypermarkets. Portable measuring equipment have been chosen (firmness tester, temperature and humidity sensors...) as well as easy-to-use laboratory equipment (texturometer, colorimeter, refractometer..,) combining them to control the most important fruit quality parameters (firmness, colour, sugars, acids). A complete computer network has been designed to control all the processes and store the collected data in real time, and to perform the computations. The sampling methods have been also defined to guarantee the confidence of the results. Some of the advantages of a quality assessment system as the proposed one are: the minimisation of human subjectivity, the ability to use modern measuring techniques, and the possibility of using it also as a supplier's quality control system. It can be also a way to clarify the quality limits of fruits among members of the commercial channel, as well as the first step in the standardisation of quality control procedures.

Set agreement and the loneliness failure detector in crash-recovery systems

The set agreement problem states that from n proposed values at most n-1 can be decided. Traditionally, this problem is solved using a failure detector in asynchronous systems where processes may crash but not recover, where processes have different identities, and where all processes initially know the membership. In this paper we study the set agreement problem and the weakest failure detector L used to solve it in asynchronous message passing systems where processes may crash and recover, with homonyms (i.e., processes may have equal identities) and without a complete initial knowledge of the membership.

A unified framework for linear function approximation of value functions in stochastic control

This paper contributes with a unified formulation that merges previ- ous analysis on the prediction of the performance ( value function ) of certain sequence of actions ( policy ) when an agent operates a Markov decision process with large state-space. When the states are represented by features and the value function is linearly approxi- mated, our analysis reveals a new relationship between two common cost functions used to obtain the optimal approximation. In addition, this analysis allows us to propose an efficient adaptive algorithm that provides an unbiased linear estimate. The performance of the pro- posed algorithm is illustrated by simulation, showing competitive results when compared with the state-of-the-art solutions.

Infancia y experiencias de tracción en la obra de R. B. Fuller

Fuller explicitly connects his career with a childhood full of experiences marked by a merger between the biological and the cultural, constituting a major source of imagery, handled over his whole life. Childhood mobile games like the rope, kyte, swing, wheel, or balloon, all characterized by their dynamic condition, serve as narrative vehicles and provide a context to relate childhood, science and architectural design through an universal approach. We pose three elementary cathegories, in order to trace a genealogy of primary technical objects which operate under tension and mobility principles. Rescued experiences, notions and attitudes from Fuller?s childhood memories, refer to the experience of tension which, in clear contrast with traditional structural methods, which perpetuate the Euclidean, the stable, the massive and the compressive, promote multipolar, dynamic en the ephimeral.

The Role of Multilateral Coordination in Transport Policy: The Case of the Maghreb Countries

El WCTR es un congreso de reconocido prestigio internacional en el ámbito de la investigación del transporte y aunque las actas publicadas están en formato digital y sin ISSN ni ISBN, lo consideramos lo suficientemente importante como para que se considere en los indicadores. This paper aims at describing how multilateral cooperation policies are influencing national transport policies in developing countries. It considers the evolution of national transport policies and institutional frameworks in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia in the last 10 years, and analyses the influence that EU cooperation programmes (particularly those within the Euromed programme initiative) and international coordination activities have played in the evolution towards efficient, sustainable transport systems in those countries. Notwithstanding the significant socioeconomic, political and institutional differences among the three countries, three major traits are common to the transport policy framework in all cases: a focus on megaprojects; substitution of traditional ministerial services by ad hoc public agencies to develop those megaprojects, and progressive involvement of international private players for the operation (and eventually the design and construction) of new projects, focusing on know-how transfer rather than investment needs. The hypotheses is that these similarities are largely due to the influence of the international cooperation promoted by the European Union since the mid- 1990s. The new decision making situation is characterized by the involvement of two new relevant stakeholders, the EU and a limited number of global transport operators. The hierarchical governance model evolves towards more complex structures, which explain the three common traits mentioned above. International coordination has been crucial for developing national transport visions, which are coherent with a regional, transnational system.

Operational costs and reliability in a large rural electrification programme based on solar home systems

Experiences in decentralized rural electrification programmes using solar home systems have suffered difficulties during the operation and maintenance phase, due in many cases, to the underestimation of the maintenance cost, because of the decentralized character of the activity, and also because the reliability of the solar home system components is frequently unknown. This paper reports on the reliability study and cost characterization achieved in a large photovoltaic rural electrification programme carried out in Morocco. The paper aims to determinate the reliability features of the solar systems, focusing in the in-field testing for batteries and photovoltaic modules. The degradation rates for batteries and PV modules have been extracted from the in-field experiments. On the other hand, the main costs related to the operation and maintenance activity have been identified with the aim of establishing the main factors that lead to the failure of the quality sustainability in many rural electrification programmes.