Electric current of an electrified jet issuing from a long metallic tube.

This paper presents an analysis of the transport of electric current in a jet of an electrically conducting liquid discharging from a metallic tube into a gas or a vacuum, and subject to an electric field due to a high voltage applied between the tube and a far electrode. The flow, the surface charge and the electric field are computed in the current transfer region of the jet, where conduction current in the liquid becomes surface current due to the convection of electric charge accumulated at its surface. The electric current computed as a function of the flow rate of the liquid injected through the tube increases first as the square root of this flow rate, levels to a nearly constant value when the flow rate is increased and finally sets to a linear increase when the flow rate is further increased. The current increases linearly with the applied voltage at small and moderate values of this variable, and faster than linearly at high voltages. The characteristic length and structure of the current transfer region are determined. Order-of-magnitude estimates for jets which are only weakly stretched by the electric stresses are worked out that qualitatively account for some of the numerical results.

Using the Journalistic Metaphor to Design User Interfaces That Explain Sensor Data

Facilitating general access to data from sensor networks (including traffic, hydrology and other domains) increases their utility. In this paper we argue that the journalistic metaphor can be effectively used to automatically generate multimedia presentations that help non-expert users analyze and understand sensor data. The journalistic layout and style are familiar to most users. Furthermore, the journalistic approach of ordering information from most general to most specific helps users obtain a high-level understanding while providing them the freedom to choose the depth of analysis to which they want to go. We describe the general characteristics and architectural requirements for an interactive intelligent user interface for exploring sensor data that uses the journalistic metaphor. We also describe our experience in developing this interface in real-world domains (e.g., hydrology).

A User Centered Design Approach for Patient Interfaces to a Diabetes IT Platform

Improving patient self-management can have a greater impact than improving any clinical treatment (WHO). We propose here a systematic and comprehensive user centered design approach for delivering a technological platform for diabetes disease management. The system was developed under the METABO research project framework, involving patients from 3 different clinical centers in Parma, Modena and Madrid.

Using SCXML to integrate semantic sensor information into context-aware user interfaces

This paper describes a novel architecture to introduce automatic annotation and processing of semantic sensor data within context-aware applications. Based on the well-known state-charts technologies, and represented using W3C SCXML language combined with Semantic Web technologies, our architecture is able to provide enriched higher-level semantic representations of user’s context. This capability to detect and model relevant user situations allows a seamless modeling of the actual interaction situation, which can be integrated during the design of multimodal user interfaces (also based on SCXML) for them to be adequately adapted. Therefore, the final result of this contribution can be described as a flexible context-aware SCXML-based architecture, suitable for both designing a wide range of multimodal context-aware user interfaces, and implementing the automatic enrichment of sensor data, making it available to the entire Semantic Sensor Web

Generador de interfaces de usuario como periódicos gráficos interactivos

El proyecto se encuadra en el ámbito de la generación automática de interfaces de usuario, orientados a entornos web y con contenido multimedia, por otro lado dicha generación de interfaces, encaja en la disciplina de simulación del periodismo de datos, concretamente en el área de presentación y difusión. Sobre la generación automática de interfaces de usuario, en este proyecto se considera un tipo de interfaz de usuario a modo de periódico virtual, que permita al usuario visualizar de forma clara la información de diferentes noticias y permita la interacción entre los diferentes elementos de dicha presentación. Dicho interfaz de usuario se diseña usando la metáfora periodística, es decir, con un esquema de organización similar al del periódico clásico, para así facilitar la comprensión de las noticias, gracias a un interfaz sencillo y claro. OBJETIVOS El objetivo principal de este proyecto consiste en dar solución a la problemática de generar presentaciones multimedia de manera automática. Dichas presentaciones deben mostrar de una manera clara y sencilla la información a partir de planes de presentación de noticias y un sistema de base de datos. Para dicho fin se pretende desarrollar una herramienta, que genere presentaciones, a modo de periódico virtual. Las presentaciones de las noticias permiten al usuario interactuar de manera directa con los diferentes elementos de la presentación, ya sean texto, imágenes, animaciones, gráficos, mapas, etc. lo que facilita la comprensión de la información que se quiere ofrecer al usuario. De manera más detallada se presentan los objetivos concretos para el desarrollo del presente proyecto fin de carrera: • Análisis del problema. Se realiza un estudio de la problemática que se pretende solucionar con el sistema. Se revisan las técnicas y estado de la técnica en el campo Generador de interfaces de usuario como periódicos gráficos interactivos 4 de la generación automática de interfaces de usuario y su adaptación para ofrecer la difusión de la información a través de internet mediante aplicaciones web. Se identifica y estudia el contexto del sistema, el cual se orienta a la simulación del periodismo de datos. • Diseño del sistema. Se pretende diseñar un sistema informático completo, desde la capa de datos hasta la capa de presentación, que cumpla con los objetivos o requisitos propuestos. El diseño es general dado que un objetivo es permitir que el sistema pueda operar en dominios de naturaleza variada. • Implementación. Se aborda la fase de implementación con el objetivo de realizar un código modular, que sea fácil de mantener y aumentar, ya que esta herramienta pretende ofrecer servicio a diferentes sistemas de dominios variados y por lo tanto pueden surgir nuevas necesidades según el ámbito donde opere. Otro objetivo en esta parte del desarrollo, es que el sistema sea eficiente y capaz de manejar grandes volúmenes de datos así como realizar una adecuada generación automática de la presentación multimedia con texto y gráficos. • Validación. Para verificar el buen funcionamiento del sistema se desarrollan pruebas específicas que prueban las funcionalidades del sistema de manera unitaria. Para probar la generalidad del sistema se plantean diversos ejemplos de noticias en diferentes escenarios o dominios de datos, lo que nos permite comprobar la versatilidad del sistema. Para probar la robustez y solidez del sistema se pretende introducir este generador de interfaces de usuario dentro de un sistema generador automático de noticias de información hidrológica en tiempo real. El sistema generador de interfaces de usuario debe recoger cada plan de noticia, realizar automáticamente la presentación de cada noticia y organizar toda la colección de dichas noticias en un periódico virtual adaptado a las noticias que va a presentar. ORGANIZACIÓN DE LA MEMORIA La memoria se estructura de la siguiente manera; en primer lugar se presenta el estado de la técnica, con los avances y últimos desarrollos en la temática de la generación automática de interfaces de usuario, las aplicaciones web como solución de interfaz de usuario y de difusión a través de internet y los avances en simulación de periodismo dirigido por datos. Seguidamente se presenta la descripción del software, con una explicación de las diferentes fases del proceso de desarrollo software, como análisis, diseño e implementación, así como la ubicación que ocupa este sistema en un sistema de simulación de periodismo de datos. En esta parte se muestran los detalles concretos a tecnologías, lenguajes y bibliotecas utilizadas. En el siguiente capítulo se trata la validación del producto, se detallan las características del sistema automático de información hidrológica (SAIH), con el cual se ha podido probar completamente el sistema de generación automática de interfaces de usuario. Seguidamente se detallan las conclusiones a las que se ha llegado después de la realización de este proyecto, haciendo un repaso de los objetivos planteados así como las líneas futuras sobre estas técnicas. Por último se adjunta el manual de usuario de la herramienta y una colección de ejemplos mostrando las entradas y salidas procesadas por el software.

Computational study of ligand binding in lipid transfer proteins: Structures, interfaces, and free energies of protein-lipid complexes

Plant nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) bind a wide variety of lipids, which allows them to perform disparate functions. Recent reports on their multifunctionality in plant growth processes have posed new questions on the versatile binding abilities of these proteins. The lack of binding specificity has been customarily explained in qualitative terms on the basis of a supposed structural flexibility and nonspecificity of hydrophobic protein-ligand interactions. We present here a computational study of protein-ligand complexes formed between five nsLTPs and seven lipids bound in two different ways in every receptor protein. After optimizing geometries inmolecular dynamics calculations, we computed Poisson- Boltzmann electrostatic potentials, solvation energies, properties of the protein-ligand interfaces, and estimates of binding free energies of the resulting complexes. Our results provide the first quantitative information on the ligand abilities of nsLTPs, shed new light into protein-lipid interactions, and reveal new features which supplement commonly held assumptions on their lack of binding specificity.

Análisis de interfaces basadas en movimientos de iris y de cabeza para personas con parálisis cerebral

Este documento es la memoria final del trabajo de fin de Máster para optar al título de Máster en Ingeniería de Sistemas Electrónicos. El trabajo lleva por nombre “Análisis de interfaces basadas en movimientos de iris y de cabeza para personas con parálisis cerebral”. Ha sido desarrollado por el Ing. Alejandro Clemotte bajo la supervisión del Dr. Rafael Raya, Dr. Ramón Ceres y el Dr. Ricardo de Cordoba en el periodo 2011-2013. El trabajo ha sido desarrollado en las instalaciones del grupo de bioingeniería del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (GBIO-CSIC) [1] en el marco de desarrollo del Máster en Ingeniería de Sistemas Electrónicos de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Los avances tecnológicos permiten mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas. Sin embargo en ocasiones, la tecnología no se encuentra al alcance de todos los seres humanos ya que quienes padecen de limitaciones motrices, auditivas, del habla, etc., no pueden acceder a estos beneficios por la falta de interfaces adaptadas a las capacidades de estos colectivos menores. En particular el ordenador es una herramienta tecnológica que permite realizar infinitud de tareas, tanto sociales, de rehabilitación, del tipo lúdicas, etc. [2], difícilmente accesible para personas con capacidades limitadas. Es por ello importante el desarrollo de esfuerzos que permitan la construcción de herramientas de acceso universal. El trabajo realizado consiste en estudiar de forma práctica el desempeño de personas con parálisis cerebral y sin discapacidad mientras que estas realizan tareas de alcance al objetivo. Las tareas serán realizadas con dos interfaces alternativas al ordenador. Se analizaran las limitaciones técnicas de cada una de ellas mediante la definición de métricas especiales y se realizará una propuesta conceptual para la reducción de tales limitaciones, con el fin de mejorar la accesibilidad del computador para el grupo de personas con discapacidad. Calificación del tribunal: 10 con matrícula de honor

Using clustering techniques for intelligent camera-based user interfaces

The area of Human-Machine Interface is growing fast due to its high importance in all technological systems. The basic idea behind designing human-machine interfaces is to enrich the communication with the technology in a natural and easy way. Gesture interfaces are a good example of transparent interfaces. Such interfaces must identify properly the action the user wants to perform, so the proper gesture recognition is of the highest importance. However, most of the systems based on gesture recognition use complex methods requiring high-resource devices. In this work, we propose to model gestures capturing their temporal properties, which significantly reduce storage requirements, and use clustering techniques, namely self-organizing maps and unsupervised genetic algorithm, for their classification. We further propose to train a certain number of algorithms with different parameters and combine their decision using majority voting in order to decrease the false positive rate. The main advantage of the approach is its simplicity, which enables the implementation using devices with limited resources, and therefore low cost. The testing results demonstrate its high potential.

A cybernetic theory about computer interfaces and human factors within a framework of technological innovation

This paper is based on the following postulates taken from a book recently published by this author (Sáez-Vacas, 1990(1)): a) technological innovation in a company is understood to be the process and set of changes that the company undergoes as a result of a specific type of technology; b) the incorporation of technology in the company does not necessarily result in innovation, modernization and progress; c) the very words "modernization" and "progress" are completely bereft of any meaning if isolated from the concept of complexity in its broadest sense, including the human factor. Turning to office technology in specific, the problem of managing office technology for business innovation purposes can be likened to the problem of managing third level complexity, following the guidelines of a three-level complexity model proposed by the author some years ago

Pulsating emission of droplets from an electrified meniscus.

A numerical description is given for the pulsating emission of droplets from an electrified meniscus of an inviscid liquid of infinite electrical conductivity which is injected at a constant flow rate into a region of uniform, continuous or time periodic, electric field. Under a continuous field, the meniscus attains a periodic regime in which bursts of tiny droplets are emitted from its tip. At low electric fields this regime consists of sequences of emission bursts interspersed with sequences of meniscus oscillations without droplet emission, while at higher fields the bursts occur periodically. These results are in qualitative agreement with experimental results in the literature. Under a time periodic electric field with square waveform, the electric stress that acts on the surface of the liquid while the field is on may generate a tip that emits tiny droplets or may accelerate part of the meniscus and lead to a second emission mode in which a few large droplets are emitted after the electric field is turned off. Conditions under which each emission mode or a combination of the two are realized are discussed for low frequency oscillatory fields. A simplified model is proposed for high electric field frequencies, of the order of the capillary frequency of the meniscus. This model allows computing the average emission rate as a function of the amplitude, duration and bias of the electric field square wave, and shows that droplet emission fails to follow the applied field above a certain frequency

New generation of human machine interfaces for controlling UAV through depth based gesture recognition

New forms of natural interactions between human operators and UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) are demanded by the military industry to achieve a better balance of the UAV control and the burden of the human operator. In this work, a human machine interface (HMI) based on a novel gesture recognition system using depth imagery is proposed for the control of UAVs. Hand gesture recognition based on depth imagery is a promising approach for HMIs because it is more intuitive, natural, and non-intrusive than other alternatives using complex controllers. The proposed system is based on a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier that uses spatio-temporal depth descriptors as input features. The designed descriptor is based on a variation of the Local Binary Pattern (LBP) technique to efficiently work with depth video sequences. Other major consideration is the especial hand sign language used for the UAV control. A tradeoff between the use of natural hand signs and the minimization of the inter-sign interference has been established. Promising results have been achieved in a depth based database of hand gestures especially developed for the validation of the proposed system.

Bifurcation diagrams for polymer blends with diffuse interfaces in confined and adaptive geometries

Dynamics of binary mixtures such as polymer blends, and fluids near the critical point, is described by the model-H, which couples momentum transport and diffusion of the components [1]. We present an extended version of the model-H that allows to study the combined effect of phase separation in a polymer blend and surface structuring of the film itself [2]. We apply it to analyze the stability of vertically stratified base states on extended films of polymer blends and show that convective transport leads to new mechanisms of instability as compared to the simpler diffusive case described by the Cahn- Hilliard model [3, 4]. We carry out this analysis for realistic parameters of polymer blends used in experimental setups such as PS/PVME. However, geometrically more complicated states involving lateral structuring, strong deflections of the free surface, oblique diffuse interfaces, checkerboard modes, or droplets of a component above of the other are possible at critical composition solving the Cahn Hilliard equation in the static limit for rectangular domains [5, 6] or with deformable free surfaces [6]. We extend these results for off-critical compositions, since balanced overall composition in experiments are unusual. In particular, we study steady nonlinear solutions of the Cahn-Hilliard equation for bidimensional layers with fixed geometry and deformable free surface. Furthermore we distinguished the cases with and without energetic bias at the free surface. We present bifurcation diagrams for off-critical films of polymer blends with free surfaces, showing their free energy, and the L2-norms of surface deflection and the concentration field, as a function of lateral domain size and mean composition. Simultaneously, we look at spatial dependent profiles of the height and concentration. To treat the problem of films with arbitrary surface deflections our calculations are based on minimizing the free energy functional at given composition and geometric constraints using a variational approach based on the Cahn-Hilliard equation. The problem is solved numerically using the finite element method (FEM).

Performance assessment of an architecture with adaptative interfaces for people with special needs

People in industrial societies carry more and more portable electronic devices (e.g., smartphone or console) with some kind of wireles connectivity support. Interaction with auto-discovered target devices present in the environment (e.g., the air conditioning of a hotel) is not so easy since devices may provide inaccessible user interfaces (e.g., in a foreign language that the user cannot understand). Scalability for multiple concurrent users and response times are still problems in this domain. In this paper, we assess an interoperable architecture, which enables interaction between people with some kind of special need and their environment. The assessment, based on performance patterns and antipatterns, tries to detect performance issues and also tries to enhance the architecture design for improving system performance. As a result of the assessment, the initial design changed substantially. We refactorized the design according to the Fast Path pattern and The Ramp antipattern. Moreover, resources were correctly allocated. Finally, the required response time was fulfilled in all system scenarios. For a specific scenario, response time was reduced from 60 seconds to less than 6 seconds.

Development of Brain-Computer Interfaces using Evolvable Hardware

Brain-Computer Interfaces are usually tackled from a medical point of view, correlating observed phenomena to physical facts known about the brain. Existing methods of classification lie in the application of deterministic algorithms and depend on certain degree of knowledge about the underlying phenomena so as to process data. In this demo, different architectures for an evolvable hardware classifier implemented on an FPGA are proposed, in line with the objective of generalizing evolutionary algorithms regardless of the application.

Evaluación de entornos de desarrollo para la cámara de profundidad DS325 de SoftKinetic para aplicaciones de interfaces hombre-máquina y prototipado de un sistema de reconocimiento gestual basado en redes neuronales

En este Trabajo Fin de Grado se ha realizado primero un informe técnico de la cámara de profundidad de la empresa SoftKinetic DepthSense 325 y de cuatro entornos de desarrollo que tiene como objetivo el uso de dicha cámara para el desarrollo de interfaces hombre-máquina: Perceptual Computing, RealSense, DepthSense e iisu. Posteriormente, tras la evaluación de los entornos de desarrollo y selección del más adecuado para el objetivo, se ha desarrollado un prototipo de un sistema de reconocimiento visual de gestos de manos. La principal contribución a dicho sistema es el uso de redes neuronales para la clasificación de patrones espacio-temporales que representan los gestos a reconocer. Para el entrenamiento de las redes neuronales, se han probado varias configuraciones y los métodos de optimización basados en Gradiente Conjugado y el Gradiente Conjugado Escalado, eficaces para grandes cantidades de información. El sistema propuesto basado en redes neuronales se ha comparado con las populares Máquinas Vectores Soporte, obteniéndose resultados equiparables en términos de reconocimiento de gestos