25 resultados para Discomfort and comfort perception


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The urban microclimate plays an important role in building energy consumption and thermal comfort in outdoor spaces. Nowadays, cities need to increase energy efficiency, reduce pollutant emissions and mitigate the evident lack of sustainability. In light of this, attention has focused on the bioclimatic concepts use in the urban development. However, the speculative unsustainability of the growth model highlights the need to redirect the construction sector towards urban renovation using a bioclimatic approach. The public space plays a key role in improving the quality of today’s cities, especially in terms of providing places for citizens to meet and socialize in adequate thermal conditions. Thermal comfort affects perception of the environment, so microclimate conditions can be decisive for the success or failure of outdoor urban spaces and the activities held in them. For these reasons, the main focus of this work is on the definition of bioclimatic strategies for existing urban spaces, based on morpho-typological components, urban microclimate conditions and comfort requirements for all kinds of citizens. Two case studies were selected in Madrid, in a social housing neighbourhood constructed in the 1970s based on Rational Architecture style. Several renovation scenarios were performed using a computer simulation process based in ENVI-met and diverse microclimate conditions were compared. In addition, thermal comfort evaluation was carried out using the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) in order to investigate the relationship between microclimate conditions and thermal comfort perception. This paper introduces the microclimate computer simulation process as a valuable support for decision-making for neighbourhood renovation projects in order to provide new and better solutions according to the thermal quality of public spaces and reducing energy consumption by creating and selecting better microclimate areas.

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This paper presents the main results of a comparative evaluation of some acoustical parameters with the user´s perception of urban sounds. The study was carried out in three open spaces integrated with different environmental characteristics but similar objective conditions of urban noise. The subjective evaluation was done by means of a survey simultaneously with the objective measurements. The results of the crossed analysis confirmed that in environments with similar noise levels not always exists direct correlation between the objetive indicators and the acoustic comfort of the people. To predict the acustical quality of the soundscape it is necessary to consider aspects such as the background noise and the perception of natural or technological sounds as complements of the general sound level.

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This paper presents a comparison among different consumer 3D display technologies by means of a subjective assessment test. Therefore, four 55-in displays have been considered: one autostereoscopic display, one stereoscopic with polarized passive glasses, and two with active shutter glasses. In addition, a high-quality 3D video database has been used to show diverse material with both views in high definition. To carry out the test, standard recommendations have been followed considering also some modifications looking for a test environment more similar to real home viewing conditions, with the objective of obtaining more representative conclusions. Moreover, several perceptual factors have been considered to study the performance of the displays, such as picture quality, depth perception, and visual discomfort. The obtained results show interesting issues, like the performance improvement of active shutter glasses technology, the high performance of the polarized glasses technology in terms of quality and comfort, and the need of improvement of the autostereoscopic displays to complement the visual comfort to reach a global high-quality visual experience.

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El microclima urbano juega un rol importante en el consumo energético de los edificios y en las sensaciones de confort en los espacios exteriores. La urgente necesidad de aumentar la eficiencia energética, reducir las emisiones de los contaminantes y paliar la evidente falta de sostenibilidad que afecta a las ciudades, ha puesto la atención en el urbanismo bioclimático como referente para una propuesta de cambio en la forma de diseñar y vivir la ciudad. Hasta ahora las investigaciones en temas de microclima y eficiencia energética se han concentrado principalmente en como orientar el diseño de nuevos desarrollo. Sin embargo los principales problemas de la insostenibilidad de las actuales conurbaciones son el resultado del modelo de crecimiento especulativo y altamente agotador de recursos que han caracterizado el boom inmobiliario de las últimas décadas. Vemos entonces, tanto en España como en el resto de los Países Europeos, la necesidad de reorientar el sector de la construcción hacía la rehabilitación del espacio construido, como una alternativa capaz de dar una solución más sostenible para el mercado inmobiliario. En este propósito de mejorar la calidad de las ciudades actuales, el espacio público juega un papel fundamental, sobre todo como lugar para el encuentro y la socialización entre los ciudadanos. La sensación térmica condiciona la percepción de un ambiente, así que el microclima puede ser determinante para el éxito o el fracaso de un espacio urbano. Se plantea entonces cómo principal objetivo de la investigación, la definición de estrategias para el diseño bioclimático de los entornos urbanos construidos, fundamentados en las componentes morfotipológica, climática y de los requerimientos de confort para los ciudadanos. Como ulterior elemento de novedad se decide estudiar la rehabilitación de los barrios de construcción de mediado del siglo XX, que en muchos casos constituyen bolsas de degrado en la extendida periferia de las ciudades modernas. La metodología empleada para la investigación se basa en la evaluación de las condiciones climáticas y de confort térmico de diferentes escenarios de proyecto, aplicados a tres casos de estudio situados en un barrio periurbano de la ciudad de Madrid. Para la determinación de los parámetros climáticos se han empleado valores obtenidos con un proceso de simulación computarizada, basados en los principios de fluidodinámica, termodinámica y del intercambio radioactivo en el espacio construido. A través de uso de programas de simulación podemos hacer una previsión de las condiciones microclimáticas de las situaciones actuales y de los efectos de la aplicación de medidas. La gran ventaja en el uso de sistemas de cálculo es que se pueden evaluar diferentes escenarios de proyecto y elegir entre ellos el que asegura mejores prestaciones ambientales. Los resultados obtenidos en los diferentes escenarios han sido comparados con los valores de confort del estado actual, utilizando como indicador de la sensación térmica el índice UTCI. El análisis comparativo ha permitido la realización de una tabla de resumen donde se muestra la evaluación de las diferentes soluciones de rehabilitación. Se ha podido así demostrar que no existe una solución constructiva eficaz para todas las aplicaciones, sino que cada situación debe ser estudiada individualmente, aplicando caso por caso las medidas más oportunas. Si bien los sistemas de simulación computarizada pueden suponer un importante apoyo para la fase de diseño, es responsabilidad del proyectista emplear las herramientas más adecuadas en cada fase y elegir las soluciones más oportunas para cumplir con los objetivos del proyecto. The urban microclimate plays an important role on buildings energy consumption and comfort sensation in exterior spaces. Nowadays, cities need to increase energy efficiency, reduce the pollutants emissions and mitigate the evident lack of sustainability. In reason of this, attention has focused on the bioclimatic urbanism as a reference of change proposal of the way to design and live the city. Hitherto, the researches on microclimate and energy efficiency have mainly concentrated on guiding the design of new constructions. However the main problems of unsustainability of existing conurbations are the result of the growth model highly speculative and responsible of resources depletion that have characterized the real estate boom of recent decades. In Spain and other European countries, become define the need to redirect the construction sector towards urban refurbishment. This alternative is a more sustainable development model and is able to provide a solution for the real estate sector. In order to improve the quality of today's cities, the public space plays a key role, especially in order to provide to citizens places for meeting and socializing. The thermal sensation affects the environment perception, so microclimate conditions can be decisive for the success or failure of urban space. For this reasons, the main objective of this work is focused on the definition of bioclimatic strategies for existing urban spaces, based on the morpho-typological components, climate and comfort requirements for citizens. As novelty element, the regeneration of neighborhoods built in middle of the twentieth century has been studied, because are the major extended in periphery of modern cities and, in many cases, they represent deprived areas. The research methodology is based on the evaluation of climatic conditions and thermal comfort of different project scenarios, applied to three case studies located in a suburban neighborhood of Madrid. The climatic parameters have been obtained by computer simulation process, based on fluid dynamics, thermodynamics and radioactive exchange in urban environment using numerical approach. The great advantage in the use of computing systems is the capacity for evaluate different project scenarios. The results in the different scenarios were compared with the comfort value obtained in the current state, using the UTCI index as indicator of thermal sensation. Finally, an abacus of the thermal comfort improvement obtained by different countermeasures has been performed. One of the major achievement of doctoral work is the demonstration of there are not any design solution suitable for different cases. Each situation should be analyzed and specific design measures should be proposed. Computer simulation systems can be a significant support and help the designer in the decision making phase. However, the election of the most suitable tools and the appropriate solutions for each case is designer responsibility.

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The present work is focused on studying two issues: the “teamwork” generic competence and the “academic motivation”. Currently the professional profile of engineers has a strong component of teamwork. On the other hand, motivational profile of students determines their tendencies when they come to work in team, as well as their performance at work. In this context we suggest four hypotheses: (H1) students improve their teamwork capacity by specific training and carrying out a set of activities integrated into an active learning process; (H2) students with higher mastery motivation have better attitude towards team working; (H3) students with higher mastery motivation obtain better results in academic performance; and (H4) students show different motivation profiles in different circumstances: type of courses, teaching methodologies, different times of the learning process. This study was carried out with computer science engineering students from two Spanish universities. The first results point to an improvement in teamwork competence of students if they have previously received specific training in facets of that competence. Other results indicate that there is a correlation between the motivational profiles of students and their perception about teamwork competence. Finally, and contrary to the initial hypothesis, these profiles appear to not influence significantly the academic performance of students.

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The present work is aimed at discussing several issues related to the teamwork generic competence, motivational profiles and academic performance. In particular, we study the improvement of teamwork attitude, the predominant types of motivation in different contexts and some correlations among these three components of the learning process. The above-mentioned aspects are of great importance. Currently, the professional profile of engineers has a strong teamwork component and the motivational profile of students determines both their tendencies when they come to work as part of a team, as well as their performance at work. Taking these issues into consideration, we suggest four hypotheses: (H1) students improve their teamwork capacity through specific training and carrying out of a set of activities integrated into an active learning process; (H2) students with higher mastery motivation have a better attitude towards teamwork; (H3) students with different types of motivations reach different levels of academic performance; and (H4) students show different motivation profiles in different circumstances: type of courses, teaching methodologies, different times of the learning process. This study was carried out with Computer Science Engineering students from two Spanish universities. The first results point to an improvement in teamwork competence of students if they have previously received specific training in facets of that competence. Other results indicate that there is a correlation between the motivational profiles of students and their perception of teamwork competence. Finally, results point to a clear relationship between some kind of motivation and academic performance. In particular, four kinds of motivation are analyzed and students are classified into two groups according to them. After analyzing several marks obtained in compulsory courses, we perceive that those students that show higher motivation for avoiding failure obtain, in general, worse academic performance.

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La presente tesis investiga sobre la manera en que la arquitectura se ha construido para utilizar la luz natural, con el fin de aplicar estos conocimientos a la rehabilitación de edificios históricos. Para ello es necesario conocer aspectos técnicos en el uso de la luz, partiendo por comprender cuáles son los fenómenos físicos que debiéramos conocer los arquitectos para poder utilizarla adecuadamente. Es necesario también saber cómo es el comportamiento de los materiales frente a la luz y cómo utilizar¬los en el contexto rehabilitación. Dentro de los aspectos técnicos, se establece cuáles son las estrate¬gias, los sistemas y las tecnologías necesarias para la utilización de la luz en arquitectura, y se organiza esta información con el fin de hacerla clara, accesible y útil. Sin embargo, la luz no puede ser empleada en forma adecuada si no se conocen los requerimientos y las necesidades que el ser humano tiene respecto de ella, para habitar en forma confortable y salu¬dable. Es por eso que se establecen a su vez los requerimientos humanos respecto de la luz desde el punto de vista de sus características biológicas, su percepción y sus necesidades ergonómicas. Como la tesis se enmarca dentro de la problemática de la rehabilitación de edificios históricos, es necesario conocer cuál es la relación entre los procesos histórico-culturales y la técnica para utilizar la luz en la historia de la arquitectura. Se busca establecer la correlación entre historia y técnica, con el fin de responder en forma adecuada a los valores patrimoniales de un edificio histórico al alterar un aspecto tan importante como su iluminación natural. Con este conjunto de conocimientos técnicos, humanos e históricos establecidos en la primera parte de la tesis, se propone un protocolo de diseño para un proyecto de rehabilitación en cinco casos de estudio. Esta herramienta analiza el comportamiento actual de la luz para una determinada función, detecta los problemas lumínicos, establece criterios para la elección de soluciones y analiza el compor¬tamiento de estas soluciones. Finalmente compara los resultados lumínicos de las condiciones actua¬les y la solución propuesta. Por último, la investigación genera criterios que pueden ser aplicables a la normativa chilena de plani¬ficación territorial respecto del uso de la luz en contextos urbanos patrimoniales. ABSTRACT This thesis addresses how the architecture has been built to use natural light, in order to apply this knowledge to the historic buildings rehabilitation. This requires knowing technical aspects in the use of light, starting to understand what physical phenomena we, the architects, should know to use it properly. It is also necessary to know how materials behave in regards to light and how to use it in the rehabilitation context. Among the technical aspects, we should define strategies, systems and techno¬logies necessary for the use of light in architecture, and organize this information in order to make it clear, available and useful. However, light cannot be used properly if are not known requirements and needs that human beings have towards it, to live in comfortable and healthy way. That is why light human requirements are determined to know how light influences their cycles, perception and comfort. As the thesis is in frame of rehabilitation of historic building problem, it is necessary to know how is the relationship between historic-cultural processes and technology of light use, in the architecture history. It seeks to establish the correlation between History and technology, in order to give an ade¬quately answer to the heritage values of a historic building by altering an important aspect like its natural lighting. With this set of technical, human and historical knowledge, established in the first part of the thesis, a protocol is proposed for a rehabilitation project design in five study cases. This tool analyzes current behavior of light for a specifically function, detects lighting problems, establishes criteria for the selec¬tion of solutions and analyzes solution behaviors. Additionally, it compares results of current lighting conditions and the proposed solution. Finally this research generates criteria that may be applicable to Chilean territorial planning legislation, regarding use of light in patrimonial urban contexts.

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El gran desarrollo experimentado por la alta velocidad en los principales países de la Unión Europea, en los últimos 30 años, hace que este campo haya sido y aún sea uno de los principales referentes en lo que a investigación se refiere. Por otra parte, la aparición del concepto super − alta velocidad hace que la investigación en el campo de la ingeniería ferroviaria siga adquiriendo importancia en los principales centros de investigación de los países en los que se desea implantar este modo de transporte, o en los que habiendo sido ya implantado, se pretenda mejorar. Las premisas de eficacia, eficiencia, seguridad y confort, que este medio de transporte tiene como razón de ser pueden verse comprometidas por diversos factores. Las zonas de transición, definidas en la ingeniería ferroviaria como aquellas secciones en las que se produce un cambio en las condiciones de soporte de la vía, pueden afectar al normal comportamiento para el que fue diseñada la infraestructura, comprometiendo seriamente los estándares de eficiencia en el tiempo de viaje, confort de los pasajeros y aumentando considerablemente los costes de mantenimiento de la vía, si no se toman las medidas oportunas. En esta tesis se realiza un estudio detallado de la zonas de transición, concretamente de aquellas en las que existe una cambio en la rigidez vertical de la vía debido a la presencia de un marco hidráulico. Para realizar dicho estudio se lleva a cabo un análisis numérico de interacción entre el vehículo y la estructura, con un modelo bidimensional de elemento finitos, calibrado experimentalmente, en estado de tensión plana. En este análisis se tiene en cuenta el efecto de las irregularidades de la vía y el comportamiento mecánico de la interfaz suelo-estructura, con el objetivo de reproducir de la forma más real posible el efecto de interacción entre el vehículo, la vía y la estructura. Otros efectos como la influencia de la velocidad del tren y los asientos diferenciales, debidos a deformaciones por consolidación de los terraplenes a ambos lados el marco hidráulico, son también analizados en este trabajo. En esta tesis, los cálculos de interacción se han llevado a cabo en dos fases diferentes. En la primera, se ha considerado una interacción sencilla debida al paso de un bogie de un tren Eurostar. Los cálculos derivados de esta fase se han denominado cálculos a corto plazo. En la segunda, se ha realizado un análisis considerando múltiples pasos de bogie del tren Eurostar, conformando un análisis de degradación en el que se tiene en cuenta, en cada ciclo, la deformación de la capa de balasto. Los cálculos derivados de esta fase, son denominados en el texto como cálculos a largo plazo. Los resultados analizados muestran que la utilización de los denominados elementos de contacto es fundamental cuando se desea estudiar la influencia de asientos diferenciales, especialmente en transiciones terraplén-estructura en las que la cuña de cimentación no llega hasta la base de cimentación de la estructura. Por otra parte, tener en cuenta los asientos del terraplén, es sumamente importante, cuando se desea realizar un análisis de degradación de la vía ya que su influencia en la interacción entre el vehículo y la vía es muy elevada, especialmente para valores altos de velocidad del tren. En cuanto a la influencia de las irregularidades de la vía, en los cálculos efectuados, se revela que su importancia es muy notable, siendo su influencia muy destacada cuanto mayor sea la velocidad del tren. En este punto cabe destacar la diferencia de resultados derivada de la consideración de perfiles de irregularidades de distinta naturaleza. Los resultados provenientes de considerar perfiles artificiales son en general muy elevados, siendo estos más apropiados para realizar estudios de otra índole, como por ejemplo de seguridad al descarrilamiento. Los resultados provenientes de perfiles reales, dados por diferentes Administradores ferroviarios, presentan resultados menos elevados y más propios del problema analizar. Su influencia en la interacción dinámica entre el vehículo y la vía es muy importante, especialmente para velocidades elevadas del tren. Además el fenómeno de degradación conocido como danza de traviesas, asociado a zonas de transición, es muy susceptible a la consideración de irregularidades de la vía, tal y como se desprende de los cálculos efectuados a largo plazo. The major development experienced by high speed in the main countries of the European Union, in the last 30 years, makes railway research one of the main references in the research field. It should also be mentioned that the emergence of the concept superhigh − speed makes research in the field of Railway Engineering continues to gain importance in major research centers in the countries in which this mode of transportation is already implemented or planned to be implemented. The characteristics that this transport has as rationale such as: effectiveness, efficiency, safety and comfort, may be compromised by several factors. The transition zones are defined in railway engineering as a region in which there is an abrupt change of track stiffness. This stiffness variation can affect the normal behavior for which the infrastructure has been designed, seriously compromising efficiency standards in the travel time, passenger comfort and significantly increasing the costs of track maintenance, if appropriate measures are not taken. In this thesis a detailed study of the transition zones has been performed, particularly of those in which there is a change in vertical stiffness of the track due to the presence of a reinforced concrete culvert. To perform such a study a numerical interaction analysis between the vehicle, the track and the structure has been developed. With this purpose a two-dimensional finite element model, experimentally calibrated, in a state of plane stress, has been used. The implemented numerical models have considered the effects of track irregularities and mechanical behavior of soil-structure interface, with the objective of reproducing as accurately as possible the dynamic interaction between the vehicle the track and the structure. Other effects such as the influence of train speed and differential settlement, due to secondary consolidation of the embankments on both sides of culvert, have also been analyzed. In this work, the interaction analysis has been carried out in two different phases. In the first part a simple interaction due to the passage of a bogie of a Eurostar train has been considered. Calculations derived from this phase have been named short-term analysis. In the second part, a multi-load assessment considering an Eurostar train bogie moving along the transition zone, has been performed. The objective here is to simulate a degradation process in which vertical deformation of the ballast layer was considered. Calculations derived from this phase have been named long-term analysis. The analyzed results show that the use of so-called contact elements is essential when one wants to analyze the influence of differential settlements, especially in embankment-structure transitions in which the wedge-shaped backfill does not reach the foundation base of the structure. Moreover, considering embankment settlement is extremely important when it is desired to perform an analysis of track degradation. In these cases the influence on the interaction behaviour between the vehicle and the track is very high, especially for higher values of speed train. Regarding the influence of the track irregularities, this study has proven that the track’s dynamic response is heavily influenced by the irregularity profile and that this influence is more important for higher train velocities. It should also be noted that the difference in results derived from consideration of irregularities profiles of different nature. The results coming from artificial profiles are generally very high, these might be more appropriate in order to study other effects, such as derailment safety. Results from real profiles, given by the monitoring works of different rail Managers, are softer and they fit better to the context of this thesis. The influence of irregularity profiles on the dynamic interaction between the train and the track is very important, especially for high-speeds of the train. Furthermore, the degradation phenomenon known as hanging sleepers, associated with transition zones, is very susceptible to the consideration of track irregularities, as it can be concluded from the long-term analysis.

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Recent research has shown large differences between the expected and the actual energy consumption in buildings. The differences have been attributed partially, to the assumptions made during the design phase of buildings when simulation methods are employed. More accurate occupancy profiles on building operation could help to carry out more precise building performance calculations. This study focuses on the post-occupancy evaluation of two apartments, one renovated and one non renovated, in Madrid within the same building complex. The aim of this paper is to present an application of the mixed-methods methodology (Creswell, 2007) to assess thermal comfort and occupancy practices used in the case studies, and to discuss the shortcomings and opportunities associated with it. The mixed-methods methodology offers strategies for integrating qualitative and quantitative methods to investigate complex phenomena. This approach is expected to contribute to the growing knowledge of occupants’ behaviour and building performance by explaining the differences observed between energy consumption and thermal comfort in relation to people’s saving and comfort practices and the related experiences, preferences and values.

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Background The aim of this study is to present face, content, and constructs validity of the endoscopic orthogonal video system (EndoViS) training system and determines its efficiency as a training and objective assessment tool of the surgeons’ psychomotor skills. Methods Thirty-five surgeons and medical students participated in this study: 11 medical students, 19 residents, and 5 experts. All participants performed four basic skill tasks using conventional laparoscopic instruments and EndoViS training system. Subsequently, participants filled out a questionnaire regarding the design, realism, overall functionality, and its capabilities to train hand–eye coordination and depth perception, rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Motion data of the instruments were obtained by means of two webcams built into a laparoscopic physical trainer. To identify the surgical instruments in the images, colored markers were placed in each instrument. Thirteen motion-related metrics were used to assess laparoscopic performance of the participants. Statistical analysis of performance was made between novice, intermediate, and expert groups. Internal consistency of all metrics was analyzed with Cronbach’s α test. Results Overall scores about features of the EndoViS system were positives. Participants agreed with the usefulness of tasks and the training capacities of EndoViS system (score >4). Results presented significant differences in the execution of three skill tasks performed by participants. Seven metrics showed construct validity for assessment of performance with high consistency levels. Conclusions EndoViS training system has been successfully validated. Results showed that EndoViS was able to differentiate between participants of varying laparoscopic experience. This simulator is a useful and effective tool to objectively assess laparoscopic psychomotor skills of the surgeons.

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Este trabajo constituye una propuesta didáctica para incluir en los procesos de enseñanza de la arquitectura y del dibujo y la teoría del proyecto arquitectónico en la Facultad de Arquitectura de la Universidad de la República del Uruguay. Se parte de la afirmación ya demostrada de que el cine de ficción resulta un medio adecuado y complementario de otros procedimientos para enseñar y estudiar arquitectura. El trabajo establece una ejercitación alternativa a las tradicionales basada en el método de la comparación que permite establecer relaciones entre diferentes realidades: entre la realidad y la ficción o entre diferentes mundos de ficción. Si se hace referencia concreta a la ejercitación desarrollada en los cursos de proyecto y dibujo arquitectónicos de la Facultad de Arquitectura, no es novedad que las prácticas del dibujo de observación directa del objeto real o mediatizado –croquis de observación directa y restitución (pasaje de un sistema de representación codificada a otro) – o del manejo de referentes paradigmáticos durante los procesos creativos, se basan todas en la comparación entre dos cosas. Toda comparación nos induce a fijar la atención en dos o más objetos para descubrir sus relaciones y estimar sus semejanzas lo que nos permite conocer con mayor precisión sus atributos. El ejercicio de ideación de un objeto –propio del proceso proyectual– se sustenta en el cotejo sucesivo y alternativo de la observación del objeto imaginado y de su representación gráfica progresiva. En ese proceso son puestos en juego mecanismos que activan y relacionan nuestras sensaciones con nuestra memoria inconsciente y con redes de conceptos adquiridos a través de la enseñanza y la reflexión. Por un lado, este trabajo busca –mediante el planteo de hipótesis– poner en juego diferentes recursos de análisis de filmes para su debida demostración y, al extraer conclusiones, aportar al conocimiento científico sobre un tema. Por otra parte procura mostrar un camino alternativo para el manejo del recurso cine en los procesos de enseñanza del estudiante de arquitectura. Un camino que estructure diferentes procedimientos de análisis –que por sí mismos implican un ejercicio de la percepción y de la sensibilización– para verificar los contenidos y el alcance de las hipótesis planteadas. This work emerges from a reflection based on the capacity of the cinematographic resource in architecture teaching. The proposal consists in alternative exercises different from the traditional ones, specially designed for architecture students. The exercises handle the potential value of the cinema, especially fictional film or narrative film, as a tool for developing our perception and reflection, thus stimulating the rational and emotional aspects of each person. It is based on the comparative method which allows the establishment of relations among different realities: between fiction and reality and between different fiction worlds. It has been structured into three modules of increasing difficulty. Each one initiates its discourse with a hypothesis formulation which must be demonstrated and triggers a research process where the student’s knowledge, reasoning and ability to evaluate are put into play through a set of exercises. These involve the graphic survey of film spaces, cinematic languages and significance perception systems in order to detect archetypical architectural spaces common to different films. In this particular case, the proposal is addressed to the analysis of interior domestic spaces and its furnishings.

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El presente proyecto surge como resultado de un proyecto real, consistente en la elaboración de un estudio energético a un edificio perteneciente al Sector Terciario. Pretende llevarse a cabo la realización de una auditoría energética en una Residencia de Mayores con el objetivo principal de obtener un conocimiento óptimo del perfil de los consumos energéticos, identificando y valorando las posibilidades de ahorro de energía según cada sistema, proponiendo medidas de mejora y realizando su evaluación técnica y económica. Para la consecución de este objetivo principal se ha necesitado realizar una campaña de medidas que ha consistido en la obtención de mediciones y registros de parámetros eléctricos, térmicos y de confort, inventariar equipos e instalaciones existentes, conocer las condiciones normales de funcionamiento del centro, analizar y estudiar los datos recogidos durante las visitas y la información aportada por el personal del centro. Con las medidas de mejora energética propuestas se reduce el consumo del edificio un 4,39 %, dando como resultado un periodo de retorno de 4,40 años. ABSTRACT The following project is the result of a real project, involving the development of an energy study to a building belonging to the Tertiary Sector. Energetic audit is performed at a home for the elderly with the main aim of getting knowledge on its optimal energy consumption profile. For this purpose, the possibilities in the energy savings for each system are identified and evaluated. To achieve our goal, we have carried out a measurement campaign consisting of: obtaining and recording measurements of electrical, thermal and comfort parameters, inventory of existing equipment and facilities, acquisition of knowledge about the normal operating conditions of the center, and analysis and study of the data collected during visits and information provided by the staff. As a conclusion of this study it should be noted that the proposed improvement measures will minimize energy consumption of the building 4.39%, resulting in a payback period of 4,40 years.

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La rápida adopción de dispositivos electrónicos en el automóvil, ha contribuido a mejorar en gran medida la seguridad y el confort. Desde principios del siglo 20, la investigación en sistemas de seguridad activa ha originado el desarrollo de tecnologías como ABS (Antilock Brake System), TCS (Traction Control System) y ESP (Electronic Stability Program). El coste de despliegue de estos sistemas es crítico: históricamente, sólo han sido ampliamente adoptados cuando el precio de los sensores y la electrónica necesarios para su construcción ha caído hasta un valor marginal. Hoy en día, los vehículos a motor incluyen un amplio rango de sensores para implementar las funciones de seguridad. La incorporación de sistemas que detecten la presencia de agua, hielo o nieve en la vía es un factor adicional que podría ayudar a evitar situaciones de riesgo. Existen algunas implementaciones prácticas capaces de detectar carreteras mojadas, heladas y nevadas, aunque con limitaciones importantes. En esta tesis doctoral, se propone una aproximación novedosa al problema, basada en el análisis del ruido de rodadura generado durante la conducción. El ruido de rodadura es capturado y preprocesado. Después es analizado utilizando un clasificador basado en máquinas de vectores soporte (SVM), con el fin de generar una estimación del estado del firme. Todas estas operaciones se realizan en el propio vehículo. El sistema propuesto se ha desarrollado y evaluado utilizando Matlabr, mostrando tasas de aciertos de más del 90%. Se ha realizado una implementación en tiempo real, utilizando un prototipo basado en DSP. Después se han introducido varias optimizaciones para permitir que el sistema sea realizable usando un microcontrolador de propósito general. Finalmente se ha realizado una implementación hardware basada en un microcontrolador, integrándola estrechamente con las ECU del vehículo, pudiendo obtener datos capturados por los sensores del mismo y enviar las estimaciones del estado del firme. El sistema resultante ha sido patentado, y destaca por su elevada tasa de aciertos con un tamaño, consumo y coste reducidos. ABSTRACT Proliferation of automotive electronics, has greatly improved driving safety and comfort. Since the beginning of the 20th century, investigation in active safety systems has resulted in the development of technologies such as ABS (Antilock Brake System), TCS (Traction Control System) and ESP (Electronic Stability Program). Deployment cost of these systems is critical: historically, they have been widely adopted only when the price of the sensors and electronics needed to build them has been cut to a marginal value. Nowadays, motor vehicles include a wide range of sensors to implement the safety functions. Incorporation of systems capable of detecting water, ice or snow on the road is an additional factor that could help avoiding risky situations. There are some implementations capable of detecting wet, icy and snowy roads, although with important limitations. In this PhD Thesis, a novel approach is proposed, based on the analysis of the tyre/road noise radiated during driving. Tyre/road noise is captured and pre-processed. Then it is analysed using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) based classifier, to output an estimation of the road status. All these operations are performed on-board. Proposed system is developed and evaluated using Matlabr, showing success rates greater than 90%. A real time implementation is carried out using a DSP based prototype. Several optimizations are introduced enabling the system to work using a low-cost general purpose microcontroller. Finally a microcontroller based hardware implementation is developed. This implementation is tightly integrated with the vehicle ECUs, allowing it to obtain data captured by its sensors, and to send the road status estimations. Resulting system has been patented, and is notable because of its high hit rate, small size, low power consumption and low cost.

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El consumo de cannabis es uno de los principales problemas de salud pública, especialmente entre los jóvenes, dadas sus prevalencias de consumo. Esta droga puede provocar alteraciones psicomotrices en el individuo, por ello, el presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo principal comprobar si el consumo de cannabis supone un riesgo añadido a la práctica físico-deportiva. Para alcanzar dicho objetivo, se dividió el trabajo en dos estudios interrelacionados entre sí. En el primer estudio o Estudio 1, “Repercusión del consumo de cannabis en las clases de Educación Física”, se realizó un cuestionario autoadministrado, dirigido al profesorado de Educación Física de la Comunidad de Madrid, con el fin de recoger su opinión sobre la posible presencia de consumidores de cannabis en sus aulas. El segundo estudio o Estudio 2, “Influencia del cannabis en el equilibrio, la coordinación, el tiempo de respuesta y la percepción temporal”, consistió en la realización de una serie de pruebas por parte de un grupo control y un grupo de consumidores de cannabis, para así cuantificar y cualificar los efectos de la inhalación de esta droga en la condición motriz. La encuesta que se utilizó para el Estudio 1, “El cannabis, los adolescentes y la práctica físico-deportiva”, pasó primero por una fase de elaboración, corrección y validación, y después, utilizándose la técnica de muestreo aleatorio por conglomerados, fue distribuido por los centros públicos de enseñanzas secundarias de la Comunidad de Madrid seleccionados. Se obtuvo respuesta de 93 profesores de Educación Física pertenecientes a 76 centros, es decir el 22,35% de los centros de la comunidad. Por último, se procedió al análisis, discusión y difusión de los resultados. En el Estudio 2, primero se procedió al diseño de la batería de pruebas a realizar, compuesta por 7 tests con 16 variables que valoraron el equilibrio, la coordinación, el tiempo de respuesta y la percepción temporal de los sujetos. Después se procedió a la selección de la muestra, formada por dos grupos de voluntarios de entre 18 y 30 años: un grupo control de 52 participantes, y un grupo de consumidores de cannabis, de 28 participantes con un hábito de consumo diferente. Los sujetos del grupo de consumidores realizaron las pruebas 20 minutos después de la inhalación de cannabis. Tras la realización de las pruebas por parte de todos los sujetos se procedió al análisis de los resultados obtenidos, segmentándolos por sexo y apareando las variables para evitar posibles efectos confundidores. Los resultados del primer estudio indicaron que el 75,27% del profesorado ha pensado alguna vez que sus alumnos consumían cannabis antes del inicio de su clase, hecho asociado a alteraciones psicológicas (90,63%) y cognitivo-conductuales (68,75%); no siendo factores influyentes el sexo o la experiencia docente de los encuestados (p>0,05). El segundo estudio aportó como principal resultado el empeoramiento de la percepción temporal y la conducta motriz de los sujetos que consumieron cannabis, en especial de su equilibrio y su coordinación (p<0,05). También indicó que hubo ligeras diferencias en función del hábito de consumo de esta droga, si bien los resultados se vieron influenciados por el tamaño de la muestra. Las conclusiones extraídas mostraron que el profesorado de Educación Física percibe la presencia de consumidores de cannabis en sus aulas, utiliza el diálogo con el alumnado como herramienta de actuación, y conoce la influencia negativa que tiene el consumo de esta droga en el rendimiento motor. También demuestran que el cannabis supone un riesgo añadido a la práctica físico-deportiva, debido al empeoramiento de la conducta motriz, en especial de la coordinación y el equilibrio. Además, las diferencias surgidas en base al hábito de consumo no son concluyentes pero si apuntan a que el consumo esporádico puede conllevar un peor rendimiento motor que el consumo habitual. ABSTRACT Cannabis use is one of the most important concerns of public health, particularly among young people, given their use prevalence. This drug can produce psychomotor alterations in the subject; therefore, this research work has as main aim to check if cannabis use is an added risk for physical and sporting practices. In order to achieve the objectives pursued, work was divided in two interrelated studies. First study or Study 1, “Cannabis use impact in Physical Education lessons”, a self-managed questionnaire addressed to Physical Education teachers in Community of Madrid was carried out, in order to gather the opinion about the possible existence of Cannabis users in their classes. Second Study or Study 2, “Cannabis influence in balance, coordination, reaction time and temporal perception”, consisted in a series of tests performed by a control group and a cannabis users group, in order to quantify and qualify the effects of inhalation of this drug in the motor skills. The questionnaire used for Study 1, “Cannabis, teenagers, and physical and sporting practices”, firstly went through an elaboration y correction phase, and then, using cluster sampling technique, was distributed within selected Secondary Education Centres from Community of Madrid. Response from 93 Physical Education teachers from 76 High Schools were obtained, this is 22,35% of total High Schools in Madrid. Finally, analysis, discussion and dissemination of results were held. In Study 2, first of all design of tests to be made was done, consisting on 7 different test with 16 variables that measured balance, coordination, response time and temporal perception in subjects. After that, sample selection was performed, comprised of 2 volunteers groups of ages between 18-30 years: a control group of 52 participants, and a Cannabis Users Group of 28 participants with different consumption habits. Users group subjects carried out tests 20 minutes after cannabis inhalation. After tests were performed by all subjects, results were analyzed and segmented by sex and matching variables in order to avoid confusion effects. First study results brought out that 75,27% of teachers have ever thought that their pupils used cannabis before getting into class, this fact is linked to psychological alterations (90,63%) and cognitive-behavioral (68,75%); not being influencing factors sex or teaching experience of the surveyed (p>0,05). Second study provided as most significant result the worsening of temporal perception and motor tasks behavior in subjects that had used cannabis, especially in regards of their balance and coordination (p<0,05). Also resulted that there were slight differences in consumption habits, although results were influenced by the sample size. Conclusions drawn showed that Physical Education teachers notice the presence of cannabis users in lessons, use dialogue with pupils as an action tool and acknowledge the negative influence this drug has in motor tasks performance. Also, it is shown that cannabis is an additional risk for physical and sporting practices due to deteriorating in motor skills, particularly in coordination and balance. In addition, the differences that may arise depending on the consumption habits are not conclusive, but they suggest that the sporadic drug use may be related to a worse motor performance than usual consumption.

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The effects of nature on people's mind have been an active research theme for decades. However, the impact of people's mind on landscape ecological health has received less attention. How and why perception, meanings and mental constructs determine the way nature is valued and consequently managed? How this interplay should be? These are in some cases more relevant questions than knowing what particular landscapes are preferred (Carlson 1993). This was the underlying inquiry in the focus group experience held in a natural protected area in La Rioja (Spain). Participants were asked to locate in a map areas representing low/high quality in terms of ecology and aesthetics. Some relevant conclusions for landscape management were derived from the analysis of participant's discourse in terms of ecological aesthetical appreciation and their consideration about how human takes place in nature.