Estrategias para la rehabilitación energética en los albergues del Camino de Santiago: la Vía de la Plata

El Camino de Santiago, ha experimentado un crecimiento exponencial, durante los últimos años, llegando a triplicarse el número de peregrinos. Esto se ha traducido en la necesidad de aumentar el número de albergues a lo largo del Camino de Santiago. Por otro lado, nos encontramos con que reducir la demanda energética y las emisiones de CO2 son algunos de los principales retos que se plantea la arquitectura actual, para cumplir los objetivos marcados por la Unión Europea en el 2020, 2030 y 2050. Surge por tanto el proceso de la rehabilitación energética, como la opción más lógica y viable para comenzar a hablar de posibles soluciones a un problema global (búsqueda de construcciones más eficaces y sostenibles) solventando a su vez una problemática concreta (creciente demanda de albergues de peregrinos). La ruta concreta seleccionada como marco para llevar a cabo el análisis ha sido la de la Vía de la Plata, hilo conductor de historia a través de nuestro país y conexión natural entre las distintas zonas climáticas españolas (mediterránea, continental y atlántica). Para ello, cuatro ciudades han sido seleccionadas como objeto de análisis: Sevilla, Cáceres, Zamora y Santiago de Compostela. El objetivo central de esta investigación ha sido la selección y análisis de una serie de estrategias para la rehabilitación energética de los albergues de la Vía de Plata. Estas estrategias han sido clasificadas atendiendo al nivel de reforma arquitectónica (bajo, medio y alto), tipo de contexto (urbano y rural), propiedades de la envolvente, proporción y orientación de los huecos y la morfología del edificio. Se ha planteado como hipótesis de trabajo que, bajo los criterios bioclimáticos adecuados, y atendiendo a unas necesidades de confort ajustadas al uso transitorio de los albergues, su demanda energética podría verse reducida en algunas de las regiones climáticas españolas analizadas, dependiendo de la estrategia seleccionada. Se ha obtenido en total una casuística de más de 600 potenciales escenarios, que ha permitido obtener una visión global del funcionamiento de los albergues a lo largo de la península, atendiendo a diferentes parámetros, principalmente enfocados en torno a criterios de confort, demanda energética y emisiones de CO2. Como tendencia general, los albergues de la mitad más septentrional, presentan menores niveles de demanda energética y emisiones de CO2 en contextos urbanos, teniendo un gran impacto en su funcionamiento las estrategias planteadas. Esta tendencia se invierte en la zona sur de la península, representada en este caso por Cáceres y Sevilla, donde las demandas son más elevados, siendo especialmente sensibles al aumento de área de hueco y las consiguientes ganancias solares. En el contexto rural serán Zamora y Santiago las que presenten niveles de demanda energética más elevados, mientras que Cáceres y Sevilla presentan los niveles más elevados de emisiones de CO2, por su demanda predominante de refrigeración, directamente relacionada con el consumo eléctrico de los albergues. El conjunto de resultados obtenidos ha servido para analizar, a diferentes escalas y con distintos enfoques, el funcionamiento de las estrategias de rehabilitación energética propuestas, para cada una de las regiones climáticas seleccionadas. ABSTRACT Saint James Way has experienced a huge increase over the last years, reaching values up to three times higher than fifteen years ago. Therefore, the need for more hostels for the pilgrims has become an issue. On the other hand, reducing the energy demand and CO2 emissions within the built environment is one of the main challenges of current architecture, in order to achieve the proposed targets for 2020, 2030 and 2050 by the European Union. In this context, energy refurbishment shows up as the most logical and viable option, to discuss about potential solutions for global concerns (more sustainable and efficient constructions) solving at the same time particular issues (growing demand of pilgrim´s hostels). The selected route to undertake this analysis is known as “Vía de la Plata”, historical connection from the South to the North of Spain and a natural link among the different climate zones (Mediterranean, continental and atlantic). The four cities selected for the analysis as the most representatives of this route were; Sevilla, Cáceres, Zamora and Santiago de Compostela. The final target of this research was to select and analyse certain strategies for the energy refurbishment of the hostels on the mentioned Way. These strategies were classified according to the level of architectural refurbishment (low, medium or high), type of context (urban or rural), properties of the envelope, proportion and orientation of the windows and the morphology of the building. The hypothesis of the research is based on the believe that, under the right environmental criteria and with comfort levels adjusted to the transient type of use of the hostels, the energy demand could be reduced in some of the analysed climate regions, depending on the selected strategies. Six hundred potential scenarios were assessed, what allowed for a general vision on the hostels performance throughout the country, according to different parameters, focused on comfort criteria, energy demands and CO2 emissions. As a general trend, the hostels on the northern part of Spain show lower levels of energy demand and CO2 emissions in urban contexts, with a great impact of the proposed strategies on reducing the original demands. This trend is reversed on the South (Cáceres and Seville), were demands are higher, specially with greater glazing ratios. Hostels in the countryside show higher levels of demand on the North of Spain (Zamora and Santiago), but the cities on the South produce higher levels of CO2 emissions as they are mainly driven by cooling demands, directly related in this analysis to the electrical consumption of the hostels. Final results were used to understand, at different scales and from different points of view, how each one of the proposed strategies performs for each one of the selected climate zones.

Offices For Junta Castilla y León, Zamora (Spain) 2012

HORTUS CONCLUSUS. In collaboration with Pablo Fernández Lorenzo, Pablo Redondo Díez, Alfonso González Gaisán and Francisco Blanco Velasco

Hontoria’s stone (Burgos, Spain): Characteristics and weathering

This paper deals with petrological and petrophysical features of the Hontaria's stone, Burgos (Spain), with which many important monuments were built in northern Spain, in orderr to establish a basis for individual monument restoration. The study contains an historical reference to sorne buildings in which this stone was employed, geological considerations of the origin area, laboratory analysis of the samples, and results of the most common characterization tests. As a conclusion, it can be stated that the Hontoria's stone is apure limestone, with good mechanical and hydrological behaviour, resistent to weathering, easy to quarry (underground mining) and with large resources

Death of Dr Francisco Javier Ayala-Carcedo, Spanish INHIGEO Member, at Burgos, Spain, 28 November 2004

Death of Dr Francisco Javier Ayala-Carcedo, Spanish lNHIGEO Member, at Burgos, Spain, 28 November 2004

Preliminary Study and Proposal for Restoring a Jesuit College at Saragossa, Spain

A historical study and a construction pathology survey were conducted prior to proposing a solution for restoring the upper windows on the south side of Old San Carlos College at Saragossa (16th-17th centuries), wich had been forteited to add a third storey to the cloister. Althought initially designed to a simple large hall format, the church is a harmonius blend of Aragonese Gothic architecture and typical Jesuit scheme, consisting in a central nave flanket by chapel-confessional and raised galleries for the community. A subsequent enlargement of the roof, wich rests on the original framing over the central nave, reduced the mechanical strength of the principal rafters on the opposite side, prompting a concomitant imbalance of forces that has affected the entire structure. In view of the foregoing, in addition to restituting the upper window, the proposal solution envisages restoring the roof over the central nave to its original design, and with the interior lighting in the church.

Impact radiologique liés au transport de matières radioactives par route en Espagne / Radiological impact associated with the transport by road of radioactive material in Spain

Questions relating to the transport of radioactive materials are very much an issue of current interest due to the increasing mobility of the materials involved in the nuclear fuel cycle, commitment to the environment, the safety and protection of persons and the corresponding regulatory legal framework. The radiological impact associated with this type of transport was assessed by means of a new data-processing tool that may be of use and serve as complementary documentation to that included in transport regulations. Thus, by determining the level of radiation at a distance of one metre from the transport vehicle and by selecting a route, the associated impacts will be obtained, such as the affected populations, the dose received by the most highly exposed individual, the overall radiological impact, the doses received by the population along the route and the possible detriment to their health. The most important conclusion is that the emissions of ionising radiation from the transport of radioactive material by road in Spain are not significant as regards the generation of adverse effects on human health, and that their radiological impact may be considered negligible.

Long-term persistence of Mediterranean pine forests in the Duero Basin (central Spain) during the Holocene: The case of Pinus pinaster Aiton

In the southern Duero Basin of central Spain, there are vast areas of aeolian sand sheets and dune fields. A comprehensive survey of the sand quarries in this area identified a number of palaeosols in sedimentary sequences. The identification and AMS radiocarbon dating of soil charcoal fragments collected in these palaeosols indicate the persistence of Pinus pinaster in this area throughout most of the Holocene. Although potential natural vegetation models have usually considered the Pinus pinaster forests in this inland area of artificial origin, soil charcoal analysis provides firm evidence of a natural origin. Our data fit perfectly with the pattern of Holocene vegetation development for inland areas of Iberia, which are characterised by stability of pine forests throughout the Holocene. Finally, the growing body of palaeobotanical evidence from Iberia (macrofossils and pollen) is contributing to improve our knowledge of P. pinaster ecology, showing that this species has been present in most Iberian regions during the Holocene, where it has inhabited areas characterised by a very diverse set of climatic and soil conditions.

Negative responses of highland pines to anthropogenic activities in inland Spain: a palaeoecological perspective

Palaeoecological evidence indicates that highland pines were dominant in extensive areas of the mountains of Central and Northern Iberia during the first half of the Holocene. However, following several millennia of anthropogenic pressure, their natural ranges are now severely reduced. Although pines have been frequently viewed as first-stage successional species responding positively to human disturbance, some recent palaeobotanical work has proposed fire disturbance and human deforestation as the main drivers of this vegetation turnover. To assess the strength of the evidence for this hypothesis and to identify other possible explanations for this scenario, we review the available information on past vegetation change in the mountains of northern inland Iberia. We have chosen data from several sites that offer good chronological control, including palynological records with microscopic charcoal data and sites with plant macro- and megafossil occurrence. We conclude that although the available long-term data are still fragmentary and that new methods are needed for a better understanding of the ecological history of Iberia, fire events and human activities (probably modulated by climate) have triggered the pine demise at different locations and different temporal scales. In addition, all palaeoxylological, palynological and charcoal results obtained so far are fully compatible with a rapid human-induced ecological change that could have caused a range contraction of highland pines in western Iberia.

New data on the ophiolitic VMS deposits of Moeche (Cabo Ortegal Complex, NW Spain)

As a result of the variscan collision, several allochtonous complexes were emplaced on the Iberian margin in Devonian times, among them the Cabo Ortegal Complex comprising the Moeche ophiolitic sequence. Copper has been won from several mines (Piquitos I & II, Barqueira, Maruxa) from disseminated ores and thin massive sulphide layers in the Moeche Unit, a strongly deformed meta-volcanic sequence comprising mainly quartz-chlorite schists and mylonites, which defines the top of the ophiolite. The ores were metamorphosed and strongly deformed under brittle conditions (for pyrite), but their textures are often apparently post-deformational, due to very common solution-transfer processes; they are composed mostly of pyrite and chalcopyrite, with minor sphalerite, pyrrhotite, etc., and with traces of native gold and PGE. The geology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of the orebodies relate closely to VMS of the Cu-Zn (Cyprus) type. Fluid inclusion studies allowed an estimation of metamorphic conditions at pressures of 2/2’5 kb and T 325/350ºC. New determinations using the chlorite geothermometer yield temperatures around 320 ºC, corresponding to pressures near 2 kb according to the isochores deduced from the fluid inclusion study, although in the Barqueira mine higher temperatures, up to 350 ºC, are found, corresponding to presssures up to 2’5 kb. Pb isotopic compositions of pyrite point to a double source of Pb, i.e. a main mantle and a subordinate crustal source. The values for 87SR/86Sr in pyrite support this interpretation, but some results suggest later mobilization in an open system, corresponding to solution-transfer. Age determinations of pyrite deduced from the Pb isotope uranogenic graph, ≈ 480 Ma, do not fit with the metamorphic ages published for the Moeche Unit, and might point to the age of Pb extraction from the mantle.

Effects of N fertilisation, year and prolamin alleles on guten quality in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. turgidum) landraces from Spain

A subset of durum wheat Spanish landraces, previously evaluated for yield at low and high nitrogen (N) levels, was analysed for quality, protein content (P) and sodium dodecyl sulphate sedimentation (SDSS) test. The evaluation was carried out at the two N rates and in two years. The influence of prolamin alleles at the Glu-1, Glu-3, Glu-B2 and Gli-1 loci on quality parameters was also studied. The non significant Variety-by-Year or Variety-by-N interactions suggested that year and N affected all the varieties in a similar manner. Year and N effects were larger than variety effect for P, which increased with N. In contrast, variety genotype exhibited a stronger influence on SDSS test, which was not affected by year and fertilizer. Variety effects on P did not reflect the variety differences for SDSS test. A high positive influence of some prolamin alleles on quality parameters was detected, mainly for SDSS values. No correlation between yield and P was detected in the landraces adapted to low N. Based on the results of yield and quality evaluations, four landraces with high yield and high gluten strength were pre-selected for low N production.

Gold Ores Related to Shear Zones, West Santa Comba Fervenza Area (Galicia, NW Spain): A Mineralogical Study

Recent research has discovered high-grade Au ores in NNE-SSW trending shear zones in metamorphic proterozoic and palaeozoic terranes, some 40 km NW of Santiago de Compostela (NW Spain). The orebodies are bound to late-stage Hercynian structures, mainly due to brittle deformation, which are superimposed on earlier ductile shear zones, cutting through various catazonal lithologies, including ortho- and paragneisses, amphibolites, eclogites, and granites. Ore mineralogy, alteration, and ore textures define a frame whose main features are common to all prospects in the area. Main minerals are arsenopyrite and pyrite - accompanied by quartz, adularia, sericite, + (tourmaline, chlorite, carbonates, graphite), as main gangue minerals - with subordinate amounts of boulangerite, bismuthinite, kobellite, jamesonite, chalcopyrite, marcasite, galena, sphalerite, rutile, titanite, scheelite, beryl, fluorite, and minor native gold, electrum, native bismuth, fahlore, pyrrhotite, mackinawite, etc., defining a meso-catathermal paragenesis. Detailed microscopic study allows the author to propose a general descriptive scheme of textural classification for this type of ore. Most of the ores fill open spaces or veins, seal cracks or cement breccias; disseminated ores with replacement features related to alteration (mainly silicification, sericitization, and adularization) are also observed. Intensive and repeated cataclasis is a common feature of many ores, suggesting successive events of brittle deformation, hydrothermal flow, and ore precipitation. Gold may be transported and accumulated in any of these events, but tends to be concentrated in later ones. The origin of the gold ores is explained in terms of hydrotherreal discharge, associated with mainly brittle deformation and possibly related to granitic magmas, in the global tectonic frame of crustal evolution of West Galicia. The mineralogical and textural study suggests some criteria which will be of practical value for exploration and for ore processing. Ore grades can be improved by flotation of arsenopyrite. Non-conventional methods, such as pressure or bacterial leaching, may subsequently obtain a residue enriched in gold.

HispaVeg: a new online vegetation plot database for Spain

We describe a new online database, named HispaVeg, which currently holds data from 2663 vegetation plots of Spanish woodlands, scrublands and grasslands. Unlike other similar databases, a detailed description of the structure is stored with the floristic data of each plot (i.e., number and physiognomy of the vertical layers, cover values for each layer).Most of the vegetation plots are large rectangles (400 to 2000 square meters) with an average of 34 species per plot. The survey dates range from 1956 to present, with most of the records between 1964 and 1994. The elevation of the plots ranges from 0 to 2880, with most of the plots between 300 and 1500 m. HispaVeg is freely available to the scientific community. Users can query the online database, view printable reports for each plot and download spreadsheet-like raw data for subsets of vegetation plots.

Improving runoff estimates from regional climate models: a performance analysis in Spain

An important step to assess water availability is to have monthly time series representative of the current situation. In this context, a simple methodology is presented for application in large-scale studies in regions where a properly calibrated hydrologic model is not available, using the output variables simulated by regional climate models (RCMs) of the European project PRUDENCE under current climate conditions (period 1961–1990). The methodology compares different interpolation methods and alternatives to generate annual times series that minimise the bias with respect to observed values. The objective is to identify the best alternative to obtain bias-corrected, monthly runoff time series from the output of RCM simulations. This study uses information from 338 basins in Spain that cover the entire mainland territory and whose observed values of natural runoff have been estimated by the distributed hydrological model SIMPA. Four interpolation methods for downscaling runoff to the basin scale from 10 RCMs are compared with emphasis on the ability of each method to reproduce the observed behaviour of this variable. The alternatives consider the use of the direct runoff of the RCMs and the mean annual runoff calculated using five functional forms of the aridity index, defined as the ratio between potential evapotranspiration and precipitation. In addition, the comparison with respect to the global runoff reference of the UNH/GRDC dataset is evaluated, as a contrast of the “best estimator” of current runoff on a large scale. Results show that the bias is minimised using the direct original interpolation method and the best alternative for bias correction of the monthly direct runoff time series of RCMs is the UNH/GRDC dataset, although the formula proposed by Schreiber (1904) also gives good results